Arranged to be A Learning Medium for 12th Grade Students (2nd Semester)

Writer : Eva Djuliawati, S.Pd, MM.

SOREANG 1 HIGH SCHOOL

Jl. Soreang-Banjaran, Soreang, Kec. Soreang, Bandung, West Java

40911 Telp. (022)5891662

School Year 2020/2021

1
FOREWORD

Assalamu'alaikum Wr. Wb.

Praise the authors pray to the presence of Allah SWT who has provided guidance and strength so that this English
Learning Module can be completed.

This module is organized and made based on available materials. This module aims to increase
knowledge and insight in knowing all English material in 12th grade.

In the preparation of this module, not a few obstacles faced. However, the smooth development of this
module is due to the help, encouragement and guidance so that the obstacles encountered can be overcome.
Therefore the authors thank: English teacher, Ms. Eva Djuliawati, S.Pd, MM. which has provided instructions
so that this English Module can be completed.

Hopefully this module can be useful and be a contribution of thought for those in need, the author also
hopes that critics and suggestions from readers for all the deficiencies in this module.

Wassalamualaikum Wr. Wb.

Bandung, January, 2021

Writer
CHAPTER LIST

Chapter 4: News Item Text

Chapter 5: Why Don’t You Visit Seattle (Conditional Statements)

Chapter 6: Procedure Text ( Steps In Using Technological Products/ How To Make )

Chapter 7: Procedure Text (Do It Carefully)

Chapter 8: Let’s Make A Better World For All (Songs)

Chapter 4 : News Item Text
In this module you will study a news item text and the language characteristics of it. The purpose of News Item Text is
to inform readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important

Some examples of news item text :

Text 1

Winning Award for Airport Toilet

Surabaya's Juanda International Airport has won the Culture and Tourism Ministry's 2009 toilet award, beating out the
2007 Denpasar Ngurah Rai Airport winner, which now drops to fourth. Indonesia's main gateway, Soekarno-Hatta
International Airport, just outside Jakarta, moves up from fourth in 2007 to second, in the biennial "Sapta Pesona Clean
Public Toilet Award" The award was first handed out in 2007, and has so far involved only international airports. Acting
Culture and Tourism Minister Muhammad Noah said he expected the award in the future to also cover public toilets at
tourist sites across the country.

"Granting the award to those running public toilets at tourist sites is expected to improve the quality of products and
services, particularly in terms of cleanliness. As part of efforts to enhance the image of national culture," Noah said
during the award presentation ceremony.

The organization text of news item text

1. Main Events / Newsworthy event(s): it recounts the event in summary form : Surabaya's Juanda International
Airport has won the Culture and Tourism Ministry's 2009 toilet award
2. Elaboration / Background event(s): they elaborate what happened, to whom, in what circumstance : Beating out
2007 Denpasar's Ngurah Rai Airport winner, which now drops to fourth. Indonesia's main gateway, Soekarno-Hatta
International Airport, just outside Jakarta, moves up from fourth in 2007 to second, in the biennial "Sapta Pesona
Clean Public Toilet Award" The award was first handed out in 2007, and has so far involved only international
airports. Acting Culture and Tourism Minister Muhammad Noah said he expected the award in the future to also
cover public toilets at tourist sites across the country.
3. Resource of Information (Source) : it contains comments by participants in, witnesses to and authorities expert
on the event : "Granting the award to those running public toilets at tourist sites is expected to improve the
quality of products and services, particularly in terms of cleanliness. As part of efforts to enhance the image of
national culture," Noah said during the award presentation ceremony.

Text 2

Parents Upset, Disappointed With Online School Registration

The Jakarta Post, Jakarta | Headlines | Sat, July 05, 2014, 9:25 AM

Hundreds of parents thronged the Jakarta Education Agency's office in Kuningan, South Jakarta, to report problems
with the online school registration system on Friday.

During their visit to the agency's office, the parents expressed their dissatisfaction with the online system, which
according to them was disorganized and made it difficult for them to register their children for enrollment in public
schools.

Riki Setyanto, one of the parents, said that he had registered his daughter for enrollment at state vocational high
school SMKN 47 Jakarta, but she then got rejected due to the minimum height policy applied by the state-run school.

However, he added, his daughter was also turned down after she registered at a different school because her name was
still listed for SMKN 47 Jakarta.

"First, my daughter was rejected because of her height, and now due to technical issues, she can't register at any
school. I just want to get her into a good school," he said, adding that he hoped the agency could solve the problems as
soon as possible.

Nuraisyah Paransa, another parent, also said that she was unable to register her son at any state-run high school due to
similar technical problems.
She said that her son was initially accepted at East Jakarta public school through public admission phase. However, he did
not re- register with that school as he wanted to shoot for a better state-run school through the local admission phase.

But the second school rejected him because he had been accepted through the public admission phase. Since my son did
not re- register at the first school, now he isn't registered anywhere," she said.
The online registration system has been applied in the capital since 2004. No such problems occurred with the
previous registration system.

This year's student admission system has three phases: public admission, where students vie for seats with other
students throughout the country; local admission, where students compete with others in the same province; and third
admission, where students who did not get accepted during first and second admission resubmit their applications.

Lasro Marbun, head of the Jakarta Education Agency, said that anyone who did not re-register in the public admission
phase and was unable to register during local admission or third admission, could register their children at private
schools.

"They can then transfer them to a public school in the second semester," he said on Thursday as quoted by
kompas.com. However, Rida Afrida, who wanted to register her son at state junior high school SMP 194, did not
agree with that idea. According to her, a lot of people have chosen public schools over private schools for financial
reasons.
"I cannot pay for a private school, if he thinks that is a good alternative for us, he should just give us the money to pay
for those schools," she said.

Meanwhile, acting Jakarta governor Basuki Tjahaja Purnama said that the parents should be patient and not panic.

"We had no problems last year. The process might be a little complicated, but there's no reason to panic," the acting
governor told reporters at City Hall. (idb/dwa)

Text 3

El Nino

The El Nino weather pattern, known to trigger an extension to the dry season, is reported to have had limited impact
on Indonesia’s rice production. The nation’s harvest area and rice productivity per hectare increased by 2.31 percent
and 3.97 percent respectively last year.

According to a preliminary Central Statistics Agency (BPS) report, rice production in Indonesia reached 75.36 million tons
last year, an increase of 4.51 million tons or 6.37 percent from the 70.85 million tons reported during the 2014 harvest.

“The productivity of rice crops increased by 2.04 quintal per hectare or 3.97 percent compared to that of in 2014,” BPS
head Suryamin announced during a press conference in Jakarta on Tuesday.

In addition, the harvest area rose 320,000 hectares (ha), an increase of 2.31 percent compared to the 2014 harvest
area.

The jump in rice production was mostly due to an increase in production between May to August, following the
increase to harvest area between January and April, which reached 505,410 ha, he explained.

El Nino, according to the Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics (BMKG) report, started in March,
rose in August and peaked to extremes in October and November.

“When the intensity of El Nino began to strengthen, rice that had been planted from May to August was already in its
growth phase, a period which does not necessarily require a lot of water,” Suryamin told reporters.

However, the impact of El Nino on rice production between September and December was apparent, compacted by a
4.08 percent year-on-year decrease in harvest area during the period, down to 128,100 hectares.

Meanwhile, corn production rose by 600,000 tons or 3.17 percent to 19.61 million tons last year, despite a decrease in
harvest area, by 1.31 percent or 50,200 ha. Corn production stood at 19.01 million tons in 2014.

“Productivity rose 2.25 quintals per ha, up by 4.54 percent,” Suryamin said.

Soybean production amounted to 963,100 tons last year, an increase of 8,100 tons compared to 955,000 tons in 2014.
Seeing productivity up 1.16 percent or 0.18 quintals per hectare, the harvest area shrank 1,800 ha, 0.29 percent.
SUMMARY
News Item Text

News item text is a text that informs readers about daily events that are newsworthy or important. So, the function of
news items is to provide information about daily events or events.

Purpose News Item Text

The purpose of news items text is to inform readers or listeners of news about daily events / events that
are worth reporting or important. And the events reported are usually the latest events or events.

Structure of News Item Text

 Main Event / Newsworthy Event: this section is the part that tells or contains news about an event or core
event that is usually written in summary form.

 Event Background / Elaboration: this section tells in detail the background of an event or an event that
occurred, the people involved, where and how an event occurred.

 Source: is the last part of the structure of news item text, tells about comments, witnesses to events,
opinions of experts / informants, and so on about events or events reported.

LANGUAGE RULES of News Item Text

Using saying verbs

example: “….”, She said, informed, told, reported, expressed

Using adverbs (time, place and manner)

example: time (now, yesterday, late, soon), place (down, here, there, somewhere, home), manner (adjective + -ly
adverb)

Using temporal conjunctions (time)

example: then, after, finally.

Using material process to retell the news

Using language:
 Raw and simple
 Short, compact and straightforward
 Communicative
 Neutral or objective.

Using past tense in explaining, but Using present tense if it is still happening now or still in the form of facts.
example :.....them was disorganized.. (past tense)
CHARACTERISTIC of News Item Text

 Actual, is an event becomes the talk of many people, news is current, or new.
 Factual, is an event that is real, actually happens and is not bound by time, whether it happened now,
or in the past.
 Interesting, is the news must create curiosity, and interest from the public to listen the contents
 Objective, is the news delivered is not influenced by personal or group views or opinions and is neutral

WRITING PATTERNS of News Item Text

News item text using inverted pyramid. Inverted pyramid is a story method by arranging events from
important to not important.
 Leads (Important top priority / headline), is the main information that contains 5 W+1H elements.
 Neck (very important), is shifting the flow of news in the lead to proceed to the low priority.
 Body (Important), is a description of the lead and neck for example the answer why and how.
 Advanced Body (Less Important), is the part that includes data that is not too important placed.

TYPE of News Item Text

 Straight news is news that is scanned briefly and straightforwardly.

 Depth news is news developed with the deepening of the event.
 Investigation news is news based on research, observation or investigation.
 Interpretative news is news with the opinion or judgment of the writer or reporter.
 Opinion news is news about someone's opinion about something.
READING TECHNIQUES of News Item Text

 Pronunciation is a way for a person or group of people to pronounce the sounds of language.
Sounds include vowels, consonants, diftones, consonant combinations
 Pressure or tone is the high or low pronunciation of a word. serves to put special emphasis on certain words
 Tempo is a slow or fast reading of a news
 Pause is the stop of a sentence song. There are 3 types of pauses, namely: long pause (period), medium
pause
(comma), short pause (space)
 Volume is the measure slowly or loudly the sound issued
 Intonation is the rise and fall of sentence songs. Function as forming the meaning of the sentence

DIRECT and INDIRECT sentences

Direct Sentences, is the sentence quoted from someone's conversation is exactly what he said. The utterances are quoted
("...")
example: "I cannot pay for a private school, if he thinks that is a good alternative for us, he should just give us the
money to pay for those schools," she said.

Indirect Sentences, are sentences that report the words or utterances of others.
example: Lasro Marbun, head of the Jakarta Education Agency, said that anyone who did not re-register in the
public admission phase and was unable to register during local admission or third admission, could register their
children at private schools.

Exercise 1
Arrange the random paragraps below into the correct text!
1. It was Thailand's second bird flu fatality this year, following the death of a 17-ear-old farmer who got sick on
July 24 after buying a dead chicken with bare hands. He had 16 chickens at his farm, but the ministry did not
say whether or not all of his chickens were dead.
2. THAILAND: Officials, reported the country's 16th bird flu death after test results confirmed that a 27-year-old
man had been edited from the H5N1 virus.
3. "The victim was a 27-year-old man from the central province of Uthai Thani," said Thawat Sunthrajarn, Director
General of the Public Health Ministry's Disease Control Department. Thawat said the man edited on Thursday.

Exercise 2
Complete the table below based on the news item text in Exercise 1

The organisation of News item

1. Newsworthy event :
2. Background Event :
3. Source :

Exercise 3
Please answer the following question based on the news item text below!

Growing Number of High School Student Smoking

A survey has found about 13 percent of first-time smokers in the country are junior high school students. It also
revealed 89 percent of young female employees were smokers. The survey was conducted in five major cities across the
country, including Surakarta in Central Java Muhammad Syahril Mansyur, the Surakarta Health Agency's respiratory illness
division, said that the finding of the survey showed an alarming growth rate of Indonesian smokers. "This situation is a
cause for concern," he said. "It appears the country’s younger generation is uneducated about the health risks of
smoking." The Indonesian anti-tobacco campaign has reportedly been deemed as ineffective as the government refuses
to sign the international convention on tobacco control.It said that cigarette producers contributed to a large amount to
state revenu and gave jobs to thousands of workers.
Questions

1. Who are the first time smokers according to the survey?

2. Where was the survey conducted?
3. What does Syahriel think about the survey result?
4. Why did it happen to the young according to Syrian opinion?
5, Why does the government refuse to sign the international convention?

Exercie 4: Choose the one answer that you think is the most correct.
Jakarta: City official will donate their annual bonus worth IDR 330 million in total to a project helping develop fishing
villages on Jakarta's north coast.

Governor Sutiyoso said, Thursday, that some 80 high-ranking city officials had agreed to donate their annual bonuses,
popularly called the 13th salary because it is equivalent to one month’s pay. He said that the money would be
allocated in this year’s additional city budget and the paying out would be conducted in September.

Questions

1. What is the text about?

a. The plan of Governor Sutiyoso to help other people.
b. The project development on fishing villages.
c. The annual bonus of high-ranking officials.
d. The donation of the annual bonus for the development of fishing villages.
e. The paying out of the donation will be conducted in September.

2. What do you call the first paragraph of the text?

a. Orientation c. Newsworthy event e. Identification
b. Thesis d. General classification

3. Which statement is not true based on the text?

a. There is a project helping develop fishing villages.
b. Some high-ranking city officials have agreed to donate their annual bonuses.
c. Governor Sutiyoso supported the program.
d. The donation would be channeled directly to the needy.
e. The paying out will be conducted in September.

4. Who are the sources of information

a. The fisherman b. The villager
c. The fishing village d. The governor
e. city official

Text 2

112 Die in France from July Heat Wave

A heat wave that struck Europe last moth killed 112 people in France, on Thursday, many of them were elderly. Of
the people whose deaths were attributed to the temperature swelling in France, 66 of them were age 75 or up.
French officials said "This year people should be more careful to avoid a repeat of the summer of 2003, when
15,000 people, most of them were elderly, edited from heart related causes."

5. Who has survived a lot of heart waves?

a. Young people
b. Old people
c. Children
d. Women
e. Teenagers

6. Why were the French officials said that people should be more careful about this year's heat wave?
a. Because the present condition is better.
b. Because the present condition is worse than that in 2003.
c. Because in 2003 more people had die
d. Because they didn't want more people die
e. Because they are responsible for the citizen’s safety

7. "Of the people whose deaths were attributed to the sweltering temperatures..........The underlined word has almost the
same meaning as the word .......
a. due to c. associate with e. for the sake of
b. comply with d. in response to

8. What is the newsworthy event of text 2?

a. French officials said "This year, people must be more careful to avoid a repeat of the summer of 2003."
b. A heat wave that struck Europe last month killed 112 people in France on
Thursday, many of them are elderly.
c. Of the people whose deaths were attributed to the sweltering temperatures in
France, 66 of them were age 75 or up.
d. Many of them are elderly
e. When 15,000 people, most of them are elderly, edited from heart related causes.

Text 3
The soccer star, David Beckham and his wife are going to court to defend their image and marriage. The Beckham are
angry that a British tabloid newspaper printed a story that their happy marriage was a lie. The news of the world wrote
an article saying the Beckham is just pretending to be happily married to make more money from their Beckham
brand. The newspaper said the marriage was really on the rocks because of a relationship David had with another
woman. He strongly denies this.

9. The Beckham huge income is depended on their ...

a. news
b. image
c. contract
d. marriage
e. lifestyle

10. According to the newspaper, the Beckham marriage was unhappy because of David Beckham’s ...
a. affair
b. income
c. profession
d. public image
e. free kick

Jakartans working late at night have warmly welcomed Transjakarta’s 24-hour service, which they say facilities them with
cheap and safe public transportation.
Since June 1, Transjakarta has provided a 24-hour service to passenger traveling along three of its corridor: Corridor I, the
Blok M-Kota route; Corridor III, the Kalideres-Pasar baru route; and Corridor IX, the Pinang Ranti-Pluit route
A bus serving one of the most crowded routes during rush hour, Blok M-Kota, still carried many passenger on its night
shift – from 11 p.m to 4 a.m. – on Tuesday night. The Blok M-Kota route passes several of the city’s business centre
on Jl. Sudirman in South Jakarta, and Jl. M.H Thamrin in Central Jakarta.
Although the street were deserted that evening, dozens of passengers were still queuing for a bus at the Dukuh Atas
1 bus stop in Central Jakarta. Dukuh Atas 1 is one of the most jam-packed Transjakarta bus stops during rush hours.
Around 20 passengers were on board the bus. One passengers, Damas Wicaksana, a worker at a government office near
the Sarinah building on Jl. M.H Thamrin, was reading a magazine to stay awake. Damas said that he often worked
late nights and was forced to take a taxi as he did not own a private vehicle. He changed from taxing to Transjakarta
as as the 24-hour service was implemented.
“I sometimes get off work at 11 p.m or midnight. You can imagine how expensive it would be if I took a taxi from
Sarinah to my house in Bekasi every day,” Damas said.
Damas added that he would get on at the Sarinah bus stop and get off at Benhil stop to catch a bus at Semanggi for Pinang
Ranti, East Jakarta. “From Pinang Ranti, I take a taxi. I can save up to Rp 40.000 *US\)3.43+ a day with this route.” he said.
Jakarta Transportation Agency head Muhammad Akbar previously said that Transjakarta would gradually expand 24-hour
service to the remaining nine corridors and increase the number of buses to 80.
Currently, 18 buses operate on the night service – six for each route – and two buses are on standby asss backup. (dwa)

11. Why are Jakartans working late able to safe their money more on public transport?

A. The companies provide public transport for them

B. The government suggest them to use private transport
C. There are more taxi available
D. There is Transjakarta’s 24-hour service
E. The government limits work hour for the workers

12. “… the streets were deserted that evening, dozens of passengers were still queuing for a bus…” (paragraph
4) The underlined word closest in meaning to…
A.Quiet
B.Abondened
C.Empty
D.Hollow
E.Effervescent

13. Which corridor does serve the most crowded routes?

A. Corridor I
B. Corridor VIII
C. Corridor III
D. Corridor V
E. Corridor IX

14. Which one of the followings in the source of the news item?
A. The Jakarta Post
B. Damas Wicaksana
C. Jakarta Transportation Agency
D. Muhammad Akbar
E.Jakartans working late at
night

BRITAIN: They have a show. They have a social networking. Now comes, Wikileaks – the album. Wikileaks is branching out
into the entertainment industry, announcing a “Beat the Blockade” CD intended to raise money to keep the online
transparency advocates afloat.
The group said in a statement late Thursday that the CD would feature 12 song including “Where There Are No
Secret,” “The Ballad of Julian Assange,” and “B Manning”.
It’s the latest attack outside the secret-busting business for Wikileaks, which has spawned a TV show called “The
World Tomorrow” and started its own social network, called Friends of Wikileaks.
Wikileaks chief Julian Assange say his website, drop once featured an anonymous electronic drop box for secret document,
has been effectively mothballed by a US financial blockade.- AP

15. What is meant by the latest attack outside the secret-busting business for Wikileaks?
A. The website business of Wikileaks
B. The TV show called “The World Tomorrow”
C. The social network called Friends of Wikileaks
D. The music CD called “Beat the Blockade”
E. The electronic box of secret documents

The Surabaya Police have arrested a man, identified only as MN, for allegedly buying an infant via Instagram.
MN was arrested at his house on Jl. Karah in Jambangan district in Surabaya, East Java, on Sunday. He was found to
have paid some Rp 3.8 million (US$250) for a baby boy when he was only three days olD.
Surabaya police chief Sr. Comr. Rudi Setiawan said recently that the transaction was conducted in Semarang, Central
Java, on Sept. 23. The baby’s parents live in Tangerang in Banten.
“The baby is now safe with the Surabaya administration,” Rudi said on Monday (The Jakarta Post, Tue, October 16,
2018)

16. What is the purpose of the text?

A. To inform readers about arrested man for buying an infant
B.To describe the important person for readers
C.To argue that arresting the man is important
D. To explain how police arrested the man
E.To convince reader that buying infant is illegal
17. What is the generic structure of the text above?
A. Orientation – Complication – Reorientation
B. Orientation – Series of event – Reorientation
C. Stating thesis – Arguments – Reiteration
D. Goal – Equipments – Steps
E.Newsworthy event – Background events – Sources

18. “MN was arrested at his house…” The underlined word refers to a house belongs to…….
A. The police officer
B. The arrested man
C.The infant parent
D. A Surabaya administration officer
E.A Semarang administration officer
19. “…for allegedly buying an infant” The infant word has similar meaning with ……
A. Adult
B. Teenager
C. Child
D. Grown
E. Man
Geneva (AP): Indonesia has recorded another human case of the H5N1 strain of the bird flu, raising its world-leading total to
117 cases, according to the World Health Organization.
The agency said Friday night that the Indonesian Health Ministry had reported that a 16-year-old girl from West Java
Province has been hospitalized since Jan. 4 with symptoms of the diseasE. It said the strain had been confirmed as
H5N1.
Of the total number of human cases in Indonesia, 94 have been fatal. WHO says that globally 349 people have been
infected with H5N1 since the 2003 outbreak of the diseasE. Of those, 216 have dieD.
After Indonesia the country with the next highest number of cases in Vietnam with 101, followed by Egypt with 43,
according to the U.N. health agency.

20. Which of the following statement is true according to the text?

A. Egypt ranked second as the highest number of bird flu cases
B.Indonesia’s 117th human case of bird flu was found in West Java
C.The article is taken from the UN report
D.Since 2003, it has been reported that all 117 Indonesians died of bird flu
E.According to WHO, there have been 349 people in Indonesia infected by H5N1
Chapter 5 : Why Don’t You Visit Seattle (Conditional Statements)

Six Things to Do if You Visit Seattle

There are 6 must-have experiences that you should do if you visit Seattle where city and nature come together. If you
visit Seattle, arrive with this list in hand and you’ll be off to a foolproof start for exploring the Emerald City’s most
unforgettable sights and sounds.

If you visit Seattle, do the following things :

1. Feel the fresh air on your face as you sail to Bainbrige Island on a Washington State Ferry. From the ferry you can
enjoy the view of the Seattle skyline. If you want to enjoy Bainbrige Island, stroll around downtown’s galleries, boutiques,
coffee houses and cafes. Seasonal gardens and natural woodlands at the Boedel Reserve are as the other options.

2. Why don’t you tour the Pike Place Market’s produce stands to buy something you’ve never tasted. The Pike Place
Market is much more than a farmer’s market. Its entire district is full of shopping, attractions and favorite sights. The
area is festival of sounds, tastes and smells and it is part of the reason. It’s called the soul of Seattle. Unless you have
allergic to noises, make sure you take time to spot these beloved icons.

3. Book a night at one of the many cozy B & Bs or resorts available throughout the Sun Juan Islands. Cozy bed and
breakfasts are the perfect way to enjoy the friendly island culture. If you have enough time, tour the numerous art
galleries in Friday Harbor. You can also enjoy naturalist-guided tours, wildlife spotting, whale watching and storm
watching.

4. See exciting and experimental works at Chihuly Garden and Glass. A visit to this site is an opportunity to take full
advantage of the location at the Seattle Center, a premier destination for arts, entertainment and leisure activities. If
you visit this city, you should explore the Space Needle and Pacific Science Center. Experience Music Project and a
variety of cultural activities offered throughout the year.

5. Watch the world’s most sophisticated aircraft be built before your eyes at the Boeing factory in Mukilteo. If you are
curious to know about it, you should explore the dynamics of flight and experience new aviation innovation. Go behind
the scenes at Boeing to watch the very same jets you may one day be a passenger on being assembled.

6. Tour the Theo Chocolate Factory in Freemont and learn how their delicious confections are made. This factory has a
mission to create change in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) where it has 300,000 square miles of farmable land
but only 2% is being farmed due to conflict there. The factory trains 2,000 Congolese farmers to grow high quality
cocoa.

The Patterns

1. An example of ‘if clause’ + a reminder is:

If you want to pass the exam, you have to study harder.

2. An example of 'if clause' + a suggestion is:

If you want a good price, why don’t you go to the factory outlet?

3. An example of 'if clause' + a general truth is:

If you want to be the chair of OSIS, offer a good program to improve the school environtment.

4. An example of 'if clause' + an imperative is:

If you don’t put some cherries on it, your cake will look pale and dull.

5. An example of 'if clause' to show a dream is:

If I am elected president, I will waive taxes for poor people.

Conditional Sentences and IF Clauses

Conditional sentences consist of two parts:

1). The if-clause (which is a condition)

2). The main clause (which is) a result

For example: If it rains, we will cancel the trip. If it rains …. is the if-clause (the condition). An if-clause begins with If and
has a subject and a verb. We will cancel the trip …. is the main clause (the result)

 If introduces a condition. This is something that may or may not happen, depending on the
circumstances. We don’t know exactly if it is going to rain so we say… If it rains,
 And what is the result of this condition? We will cancel the trip.

-There is always a condition and a result.

-The IF-clause introduces a condition. The main clause is the result of that condition.
-What happens in the main clause is conditional to what happens in the if-clause. In other words, the main clause only happens
when the events in the if-clause happen.

Note: There are two ways of ordering a conditional sentence.

- Condition, + Result (with a comma after the condition) …. OR …

- Result + Condition (without a comma)

Look at the original sentence

1) If it rains, we will cancel the trip.

Notice how there is a comma after the verb rains which is the last part of the if-
clause. When the if-clause comes first in the sentence, we put a comma (,) after
it.
If it rains,(COMMA) we will cancel the trip.

2) BUT, when the main clause comes first in the sentence, the comma (,) is not necessary.

We will cancel the trip if it rains.

(Notice how there is no comma in this last sentence) You can use either order, they are both used and correct.

Zero Conditional
If you leave ice in the sun, it melts.

This is an example of a zero conditional sentence.

The first part is in the present simple tense and the second part is in the present simple
tense too. What does this mean?

Zero Conditionals – If clauses

 Zero conditionals are used for facts that are generally true and do not change.
 It refers to a general situation that always happen (for example in the rules of a game) if a condition is
met.
 The condition always has the same result.
 The zero conditional uses the present simple in the if-clause and in the main clause.
 Zero Conditionals are also known as Type 0 conditionals (general truth – general rule)
If + condition, result

Let’s look at this sentence again:

If you leave ice in the sun, it melts.

The condition is: if you leave ice in the sun. This is an if-clause because it begins with IF.

What is the result of this if-clause? The result is: the ice melts. But to avoid repeating the word ICE,
we use the pronoun IT so we say: it melts.

Also, we have to use a comma at the end of an if-clause, when an if-clause comes at the beginning of the sentence.

Now, this condition (if you leave ice in the sun) always has the same result (the ice melts). That is why we used the
zero conditional with the if-clause, or condition in the present simple tense and the result in the present simple
tense, because we are talking about a fact or a general truth.

Let’s look at some other example sentences:

 If you stand in the rain, you get wet.

(The condition is: If you stand in the rain, the result is: you get wet.) Yes, this is a general truth or fact… if
you don’t have an umbrella.
 If you keep milk in the fridge, it lasts longer.
(The condition is: If you keep milk in the fridge, the result is: the milk lasts longer.) Yes, this is a fact.
 If you put water in the freezer, it becomes ice.
(The condition is: If you put water in the freezer, the result is: the water becomes ice.) This is another fact.
 If I drink coffee at night, it takes me a long time to fall asleep.
 (The condition is: If I drink coffee at night, the result is: it takes me a long time to fall asleep.) Yes, this is
generally true about me.

All of these sentences begin with an if-clause. Notice how there is comma after the if-clause when this if-clause is
at the beginning.

In these examples, what tenses were used? All of the verbs are in the present simple tense.

So we know we are using the zero conditional, which means all of these sentences refer to a general truth or

general fact. So, we have seen the order of If-clause comma main clause which is the condition + result.

If you stand in the rain (the condition) you get wet (the result).

A comma is necessary between the two clauses. BUT….

Result + if + condition

We can also change the order of the sentence and have the main clause (the result) before the if-clause (the

condition). How we can we change our example sentence (If you stand in the rain, you get wet) to this order?

We say:

You get wet if you stand in the rain.

Note that with this order, we do NOT use a comma between the clauses.
Let’s change the order of the example sentences we have already seen.

 Ice melts if you leave it in the sun.

 You get wet if you stand in the rain.
 Milk lasts longer if you keep it in the fridge.
 Water becomes ice if you put it in the freezer.
 It takes me a long time to fall asleep if I drink coffee at night.

IF / WHEN

We can often use WHEN instead of IF and it has the same meaning.

 If you keep milk in the fridge, it lasts longer.

 When you keep milk in the fridge, it lasts longer.

The result is always the same. One thing (a condition) always leads to another (a result).

Another example:

 If you leave ice in the sun, it melts.

 When you leave ice in the sun, it melts.

There is no difference in meaning when you change IF for WHEN in zero conditional sentences.

First Conditional

If we work hard, we will finish the project on time.

 This is an example of a first conditional sentence.

 The first part is in the present simple tense and the second part is in the future
simple tense. What does this mean?

First Conditionals – If clauses

Also known as Type 1 conditionals (real present)

 The first conditional is used to express a real or very probable situation in the present or future.
 It is for things that will possibly happen in the future if a condition is met. In a way, we are predicting a likely
result in the future if a certain condition happens.
 The first conditional uses the present simple in the if-clause and the future simple in the main clause.

If + Present Simple, Future Simple

(If + condition, result)

Let’s look at this sentence again:

If we work hard, we will finish the project on time.

The condition is: if we work hard. This is an if-clause because it begins with IF.
What is the result of this if-clause? The result is: we will finish the project on time.

Also, we have to use a comma at the end of an if-clause, when an if-clause comes at the beginning of the sentence.

Here I am saying it is possible that we will finish the project on time on the condition of working hard now. I am
predicting that this is the likely result in the future. The main clause is in the future simple tense… we WILL finish.
It is also important to note that the if-clause must be in the present simple
tense. We say: If we work hard, we will finish the project on time.
We cannot say: If we will work hard… (this is NOT correct)

Here are some more example sentences of the first conditional.

 If you like Suzy Singer, then you’ll love her new album. (Remember: you’ll is a contraction of you will.)
 If you take this medicine, you will feel much better.
 A: Where are my keys?
B: If you look in the garage, you will find them.
 Don’t worry. If I see John, I won’t tell him about the surprise.
(You can see that we can use a negative form of the future simple… won’t is a contraction of will not)
 If I don’t feel well tomorrow, I won’t go to work.
 If the weather is nice tomorrow, we will have a picnic at the park.
 If he doesn’t arrive soon, we will leave without him.

Notice how there is a comma after the if-

clause. Look at this sentence:

If it rains tomorrow, we will stay home.

Remember, we cannot say “If it will rain tomorrow”. The if-clause needs to be in the present simple tense.

Result + if + condition

We can also change the order of the sentence and have the main clause (the result) before the if-clause (the

condition). How can we change our example sentence (If it rains tomorrow, we will stay home) to this order?

We say:

We will stay home if it rains tomorrow.

Note that with this order, we do NOT use a comma between the

clauses. Let’s change the order of the example sentences we have

already seen.

 You will find them if you look in the garage.

 You will feel much better if you take this medicine.
 I won’t tell John about the surprise if I see him.
 We will leave without him if he doesn’t arrive soon.

Possible plans, promises, warnings, threats, persuasion

The first conditional is common when we are talking about possible plans, promises, warnings, threats or for
persuading someone. We are predicting a likely result in the future if a condition is fulfilled.

 If I go to Egypt next month for work, I’ll visit the pyramids. (plans)
 If I have time, I will do help you. (promise)
 If you touch that wire, you will get an electric shock. (warning)
 If you eat my chocolate, you’ll sleep outside with the dog. (threat)
 If you drive us to the concert, I’ll pay for the parking. (persuasion)

The Second Conditional

The second conditional uses the past simple after if, then 'would' and the infinitive:
if + past simple, ...would + infinitive
(We can use 'were' instead of 'was' with 'I' and 'he/she/it'. This is mostly done in formal
writing). It has two uses.
 First, we can use it to talk about things in the future that are probably not going to be true. Maybe I'm
imagining some dream for examples :
1. If I won the lottery, I would buy a big house. (I probably won't win the lottery)
2. If I met the Queen of England, I would say hello.
3. She would travel all over the world if she were rich.
4. She would pass the exam if she ever studied. (She never studies, so this won't happen)

 Second, we can use it to talk about something in the present which is impossible, because it's not true. Is that
clear? Have a look at the examples:
1. If I had his number, I would call him. (I don't have his number now, so it's impossible for me to call him).
2. If I were you, I wouldn't go out with that man.

How is this different from the first conditional?

 This kind of conditional sentence is different from the first conditional because this is a lot more unlikely.
For example (second conditional): If I had enough money, I would buy a house with twenty bedrooms and a
swimming pool (I'm probably not going to have this much money, it's just a dream, not very real)

 But (first conditional): If I have enough money, I'll buy some new shoes (It's much more likely that I'll
have enough money to buy some shoes)

The Third Conditional

We make the third conditional by using the past perfect after 'if' and then 'would have' and the past participle in the
second part of the sentence:

if + past perfect, ...would + have + past participle

It talks about the past. It's used to describe a situation that didn't happen, and to imagine the result of this situation.

 If she had studied, she would have passed the exam (but, really we know she didn't study and so she didn't pass)
 If I hadn't eaten so much, I wouldn't have felt sick (but I did eat a lot, and so I did feel sick).
 If we had taken a taxi, we wouldn't have missed the plane
 She wouldn't have been tired if she had gone to bed earlier
 She would have become a teacher if she had gone to university
 He would have been on time for the interview if he had left the house at nine

Summary
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS

The four main types of conditionals are:

The Zero Conditional, the First Conditional, the Second Conditional, and the Third Conditional.
Sometimes these are called Type 0, Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3 Conditionals.

We will quickly introduce them in this lesson and go into more detail about each conditional in individual lessons.

The Zero Conditional

This involves the present simple + present simple

This is used for facts that are generally true or scientific
facts. The condition always has the same result.

 If you stand in the rain, you get wet. (This is generally true)
 If you heat ice, it melts. (This is a fact)

The First Conditional

This involves the present simple + will / won’t + verb
This is used to express a possible situation in the future.
We are predicting a likely result in the future if the condition
happens. For example:

 If it rains, we will cancel the trip.

(This is the likely result in the future if it rains)
 If you study, you will pass the exam.
(Again, I predict that this will happen in the future if you study)

The Second Conditional

This involves the past simple + would + verb

This is used for hypothetical or unlikely situations.
Also for unreal or improbable situations now or in the future.

 If I won the lottery, I would travel a lot.

(It is unlikely that I will win the lottery. But in this hypothetical, though improbable situation, this is what I would do)

 If they sold their house, they would be rich.

(It is unlikely that they will sell the house because they like living there. However, in this improbable situation of them
selling the house, they would become rich)

The Third Conditional

This involves the past perfect + would have + past participle

This is used when a person is imagining a different past, an imaginary situation that did not happen in the past.

 If you had studied, you would have passed the exam.

(I imagine that if you had done this in the past, the result would have been different)

 If I hadn’t been sick, I would have gone to your party.

(I’m imagining the situation of NOT being sick in the past… something that I cannot change now)

In general:

- Zero conditional refers to facts.

- First conditional and Second conditional refer to the present or future. However second conditional sentences
suggest it is less probable or imaginary.
- Third conditional refers to the past.
The Questions
A. Write the conditional sentence type 2 or type 3 to match the following situations (see from the facts).

Example :

Question : I don’t have any money, so I don’t give you a

treat. Answer : If I had any money, I would give you a

treat.

1. My father is not a rich man, so he doesn’t buy me an expensive car.

2. Today is not a holiday, so I do not go to beach.

3. I did not meet John yesterday, so I didn’t tell her about him.

4. Lina was late last week, because we left her.

5. I don’t sleep till afternoon, because today is not Sunday.

B. Write “True” for the correct and “False” for the incorrect form.

1. If I have enough time, I wrote my parents a letter every week. ( )

2. If I don’t eat breakfast, I always get hungry during class. (…. )

3. Sally always answer the phone if she was in her office. ( )

4. If she were a flower, I would be a bee. (… )

5. If I had enough money, I would buy a car. (… )

Chapter 6: Procedure Text
WHAT IS PROCEDURE TEXT?

Prosedur text is a text that designed to describe how something is achieved through a sequence of actions or steps.

Usually, the procedure text title starts with "How to..." . For example "How to make a cup of tea".

TYPES OF PROCEDURE TEXT

 Procedure text that explains how things work or how to use instructions/operating manuals, for example
"How to use computer".
 Procedure text that instruct how to do certain activites, for example "How to make a noodle".
 Procedure text relating to human behavior, for example "How to succeed".

PURPOSE OF PROCEDURE TEXT

The purpose of the procedure text is to tell the reader how to do or make something through a sequence of actions or
steps.

STRUCTURE OF PROCEDURE TEXT

Goal : provides information about the purpose and objectives of the procedure and predicts a conclusion
Materials : contains a list of materials or materials needed to carry out a procedure or steps.
Steps : list the sequence of instructions / activities to reach the destination in the correct sequence of steps
Result : The result of a series of steps that have been carried out.

LANGUAGE STYLES OF PROCEDURE TEXT

 Usually use Simple Present Tense with the formula (S + V)

 In the form of imperative / command form,
 Using action verbs, for example: make, take, boil, cook,
 Use conjunctions (conjunctions) to sort activities, for example then, while, etc.
 Use adverbs (adverbs) to state detailed time, place, accurate methods, for example for five minutes, 2 hours, etc
 Time Sequence (menandai langkah-langkah)
-First, Second, Third
-Next, Then, Morever, After that, Furhtermore
-Finally, In the end, Last
 Imperative Verbs (Memberi perintah, saran dan
peringatan) Take out, Spread, Put on
 Adverbial (Kata keterangan yang menjelaskan Verb (kata kerja) dan Adjective (Kata sifat), memperjelas intruksi
yang diberikan)
-Adverbial Clause of Time : tells us about when something
happens After that, you spread the butter
-Adverbial Clause of Place : tells us about where something
happens At the park
-Adverbial Clause of Purpose : shows why something is
happening In order that, So, So that
I will message you the directions, so that you can look back to it.
-Adverbial Clause of Contrast : shows the difference between two
statements While, Meanwhile, Whereas, Even if, Although
I stayed up late, although I have got to wake up early tomorrow.
-Adverbial Clause of Cause : Shows the reason why something happens or its
effect As, Because, Since, So
She had long time during last holiday, So, She arranged her house
-Adverbial Clause of Condition : tells us about the circumstances under which something happens (menambahkan
syarat untuk melakukan suatu hal)
As long as, If, Only if, Underwise, Unless
I won't be able to help you, unless you tell me what is going on
-Adverbial Clause of Manner : shows how something
happens As if, how, the way
Live your life, As if itu your last day
EXAMPLE OF PROCEDURE TEXT
Making Fertilizers from Kitchen Trash by Fermentation

This fertilizer from kitchen waste processing is an organic fertilizer that can be used to fertilize various types of plants
without side effects.

Fertilizer processing by fermentation can be applied to produce two types of fertilizers, namely liquid and solid fertilizer.

Material

 Organic kitchen waste (leftover vegetables, food, fruit skins, bones, stale rice, etc.).
 Decomposition bacteria EM4 (1/4 liter), or can be replaced with bread yeast like fermipan (2 packs) or other
brands.
 Granulated sugar (100 grams).
 Enough water).
 Enclosed plastic buckets (1 piece with a minimum capacity of 10 liters).
 Building hose (1 meter).
 Wax / glue pipe (to taste).
 Solder / tool for perforating plastic bucket lid.
 Isolation / tape (to taste).
 Used mineral water bottles (1).
 Filter.

Making Steps

The first step that must be prepared in making this fertilizer is to make the container overburdened first.
The plastic bucket with a lid will later be used as the main container for the fermentation process, while the used
drinking water bottle is a container for disposing gas from a plastic bucket that is channeled through a building
hose. This fermentation container must be tightly closed so that no incoming air from outside, but there must
also be a channel to dispose of the fermentation gas.
Make a hole in the lid of the plastic bucket by using a solder or other tool with a hole size that matches
the diameter of the hose.
Insert one end of the hose into the hole in the bucket lid that was just made. Patch the cracks using
wax or pipe glue. This wax / glue is not only intended to close the gap so that no outside air comes in but it is
also able to hold the hose so it does not escape from the bucket lid.
Add all kinds of organic kitchen waste such as leftover vegetables, stale rice, bones, eggshells, fruit
skins, expired foods, etc. up to half as much as a plastic bucket.
Dissolve 1 liter of water with 100 grams of sugar, then add decomposing bacteria (1/4 liter EM4 or 2
sachets of fermipan) and stir gently until mixed. When finished, place it in a plastic bucket along with other
ingredients.
Add water to the plastic bucket until the volume reaches 2/3 of the bucket, stirring gently.
Cover the bucket with a hose attached, then glue the tape along the edge of the bucket lid so that no
outside air can enter.
Fill the used mineral water bottle with water until it's full, then put the other end of the hose into this
water bottle. Make sure the end of the hose is always submerged in water and does not move out. It is intended
that the gas from the bucket can come out without any air from outside entering the bucket.
Wait up to 14 days, then open the bucket lid. If the smell of tape means the fermentation process is
running perfectly.
Separate water and pulp by using a filter (can also use water if you want the results of liquid
fertilizer that is clear and free of pulp).
Store liquid fertilizer in a closed bottle. The remaining fermentation residue can be used as a
planting medium.
This liquid fertilizer is safe to use as leaf fertilizer (sprayed on leaves) or root fertilizer (sprinkled on
media). planting

If the liquid fertilizer is used for leaf fertilizer, then try the age of this fertilizer no more than two months
after
the making period so that the results are optimal. Mix 1 liter of this fermented fertilizer with 10 liters of water
then spray on the leaves of the plant in the afternoon after the sun fades or when dawn before the sun rises
(this is the best time because the stomata is wide open).
If this liquid fertilizer is used as root fertilizer, then this fertilizer can be mixed in water with a ratio of 1
liter of fertilizer: 3 liters of water to then be poured into the planting medium like watering the plants. Do this
once every 10 days for optimal results.

How to Breed Leopard Geckos

Leopard geckos could be easy to breed for some, but difficult for others. In this article, you will see the simplest
way to breed leopard geckos.

Get a male and female leopard gecko. The males have hemipenal bulges below the vent whereas females do not.
Males and females both have a V-shaped row of scales above the vent but only the male's scales here are hollow and
produce wax. This wax is for scent marking their territory.

Prepare a large cage for the male and female to live in together. Geckos can be kept together without the need to
separate them unless you see major aggression. It is sometimes normal when first introducing a male and female for
there to be a little squabbling, but this usually stops within the first week. Breeding should occur within a week. For a
pair you will need at least a 20 gallon long tank. You may also choose to house one male with 4-5 females; add 10 gallons
of space for each additional gecko. If you see major drama/fighting, separate the pair. You'll want to confirm they are not
both males. If one male and one female, you can reintroduce them again later.

Get the incubator ready for the eggs and provide a lay box. You can use a plastic sandwich container with a lid for this
purpose. Cut an entry hole on one side and fill it with damp moss (This can be used as the moist hide too).

Ready the laying box to put in the cage. Females dig to lay their eggs, so you will provide a place for them to dig. In
about 4 to 5 weeks, the female will lay her eggs. Normally, you will see her digging in the laying box and laying the
eggs in pairs. It will be easy to tell she has laid the eggs, particularly since she will be much thinner.

Place the eggs in the incubation medium. Remove them from the laying box and be careful not to rotate or jiggle the
eggs. After 24 hours of being laid, the embryo inside attaches itself to the side wall of the egg. Rotating or jiggling this
egg could cause the embryo to come loose and drown inside, killing it. If you want girls, set the incubation temperature
80 to 85 degrees; if you want males, set the temperature 90 to 95 degrees, and if you want a mix, set the temperature
in the middle!

Observe the developing embryos. After a few weeks you will be able to "candle" the eggs using a small flashlight. You
don't have to touch the eggs, just take them into a dark room and shine the light as close to the shell as you can. You
should see pink inside with red blood vessels. The further along the eggs are, the more you will also see the baby
inside as a dark mass. After around 60 days, give or take depending on the incubation temperature, the eggs should
hatch.

Have tiny crickets readily available. Babies will start eating insects within a day or two of being hatched.

ADVERBIAL PHRASES

Adverbial phrases are groups of words consisting of adverbs with qualifiers (too, very, so, enough, etc) or groups
of words such as: prepositional phrases or infinitive phrases that function like adverbs.

Example:

Single adverb: yesterday, quickly, there.

Adverbial phrase: to go to school, very quickly, at home.
Adverb with qualifiers (a combination of information with qualifier, can occupy the adverb of manner function).
Contoh
Contoh Kalimat Adverb Phrase
Adverb Qualifier

slowly extremely He drives extremely slowly.

(Dia mengemudi dengan sangat lambat.)

quickly enough Every waitress should clean tables quickly enough.

(Setiap pelayan harus membersihkan meja-meja dengan cukup cepat.)

Prepositional phrase (It can replace the five most important adverbs (adverb of time, manner,
frequency, and purpose).

Adverb Contoh Adverbial Phrase dan Contoh Kalimat

since yesterday, during the storm, before

time noon They couldn’t do anything during the
storm.
(Mereka tidak dapat melakukan apapun selama badai.)
with his debit card, by bus
manner The customer always pays the bill with his debit card.
(Pelanggan tersebut selalu membayar tagihan dengan kartu debitnya.)

at home, in the classroom, to

place Bandung I’m on a flight to Bandung.
(Saya sedang dalam penerbangan ke Bandung.)

Old people may need to see a doctor every year.

frequency
(Orang-orang tua mungkin perlu mengunjungi dokter setiap tahun.)

He bought this tiramisu cake for you.

purpose
(Dia membeli kue tiramisu ini untukmu.)

Infinitive phrase (used to occupy the role of adverbs of purpose).

Adverb Phrase Contoh Kalimat Adverbial Phrase

to gain his muscle mass He does physical exercises regularly to gain his muscle mass.
(Dia melakukan latihan-latihan fisik secara teratur untuk
meningkatkan massa ototnya.)

to get the access To get the accesss, you must register first.
(Untuk mendapat akses, kamu harus mendaftar dulu.)
Another example of procedure text is :

How to Use Photoshop ?

1. Layer which can be used for images, text,background colors, patterns filters
2. Color and swatch tool to modify, copy, and save the color of the custome
3. Font and Text tools to add costume fonts to the database, and gift access to font settings that gift stylish text
4. Brush Tools to can change the size shape, transparency to acieve different visual effects
5. Select tool to determines what is copied, cut, and pasted into the graph

Text structure

The preceding text about “how to operate photoshop : tutorial for beginners” is called a procedure. A
procedure text aims at describing how something is done or made trough a sequence of actions or steps.

How are procedures written? In the model text, the title shows the goal that is the name of the procedure to be
carried out. This is then followed with a list of materials that is a list of tools, which are needed to operate photoshop.
Each paragraph contains the information of what you should do to use each tool. This part refers to the procedure that
is the steps to be followed in operating the program.

A procedure text contains a lot of commands(imperative sentences) such as open the Color Picker buy double –
clicking, change, texts using The Custome Fonts, click the “T” icon etc. And time sequencers such as first,second.

Questions
1.
Fitri : “The French homework is really hard. I dont feel like to
do it.” Rahmat : ” to help you?”
Fitri : “It sounds great. Thanks, Rahmat!”
Which of the following offering expressions best fill the blank?
A. Do you mind if I
B. Would you like me
C. Shall I
D. Can I
E. I will

2.

Fred : “I.....a John M Echol’s dictionary.”

Shop assistant : “Yes. It’s over there. Let me take it for you.”

A. I want

B.I need to know

C.I’ve got to see

D. I wish I could have

E.What I really like is

QUESTIONS

Read the PROCEDURE text to answer 1-2!

How to Make Starfruit Punch

Ingredients

250 gr yellow starfruit in slices

100 ml water 2 spoonful of

vanilla

8 teaspoonful of lemonade extract Procedure

Put slices of starfruit and water in the blender. Wait until it’s soft.

Skim it. Add syrup, lemonade extract, and soda water. Stir

thoroughly.

Pour it in the glass and put in the ice cubes.

1. What is the text about?

A. How to make starfruit punch

B.The ingredients of starfruit punch

C.How to use blender

D.How to stir thoroughly

E.How to slice starfruit

2.................lemonade extract and soda water. Stir thoroughly.

(procedure)

The word printed in bold means…

A. to make smooth

B.to boil

C.to cut

D.to make dry

E.to move an object in order to mix it

ESSAY

Read the PROCEDURE text to answer 1-2!

How to Make Brownies

Ingredients

 150gram of butter.
 150gram of dark chocolate.
 300 gram of flour
 4 eggs.
 600 gram of regular sugar.
 1 tsp vanilla extract.

Steps

 Melt the chocolate with the butter.

 Stir the eggs with the sugar and the vanilla extract.
 Preheat the oven at low temperature
 Combine the mixes you made.
 Add the flour and stir with a wooden spoon.
 Grease a brownie tin.
 Add a little flour to cover the tin.
 Add the brownie dough.
 Bake for 10-30 minutes.
 To check the brownies, put a knife in the mix. The knife must be moist!
 Eat them 15 minutes after you took them out of the oven

Questions
1. How much flour do you need to make brownies?

2. What is the first thing to do when making brownies?

3. What should you do before combining the mixes?

4. What should you do after greasing a brownie tin?

Chapter 7 : Let’s Make A Better World For All (Songs)

What Is A Song?
At its most basic, a song is a short piece of music, usually with words. It combines melody and vocals, although
some
composers have written instrumental pieces, or musical works without words, that mimic the quality of a singing
voice. The words of a song are called lyrics. Lyrics can include a series of verses, the longer sections of the
song that tell the story, and a refrain, a short phrase repeated at the end of every verse. Songs can have a
simple structure of one or two verses, or a more complex one with multiple verses and refrains. Songs usually
have a meter or beat. Whether you sing or speak the lyrics, you can feel a pattern or pulse in the way the words
move the song forward.
The word 'song' has been around for a very long time, and it connects back to Old English and Old Norse
languages. As such a history suggests, songs are used for many purposes: to tell stories, express emotions, or
convey a belief in faith. Sometimes they give instructions or help make difficult, repetitive work a little less
tiresome.

Basic Song Structure Explained

Knowing the typical song layout will help songwriters create their own masterpieces. Basic song structure consists of
an
intro, verse, pre-chorus, chorus and bridge (many times, this is all tied together in an outro, too). Below, consider this
breakdown of song building blocks.

Intro
This is an easy one – it is found at the beginning and sets up the song, establishing many of the song's
important elements, such as the key, tempo, rhythmic feel and even its energy and attitude. You will find that
the intro is often
the same music without singing over it as the verse or even the chorus. Sometimes, however, a song's intro
will not have any material found later in the song. In this scenario, the goal is to create interest for the
listener and encourage them to keep playing it. Either way, an intro typically last up to four bars.

Verse
This is where we get down to business and find out what the story is about. It’s the “Once upon a time …”
section. Generally, there are multiple verses in a song, and they usually have different lyrics even though the
melody will likely be the same. We get more information about the story with each additional verse. Considering
that most commercial songs are between 3 and 4 minutes long, many people ask how many lines should be in
the verse of the song. A good rule of thumb is to keep the song verses under 1 minute, or just a few lines.

Pre-Chorus
The pre-chorus is not a necessary component and is often shorter than a verse or chorus. For the listener, it
usually creates a feeling of wanting to be thrusted towards the chorus.

Chorus
The chorus is the big payoff and climax of the song. It's also where the verse and pre-chorus have been reduced
to a
simple repeated sentiment. For example, in the song “Let it Be” by the Beatles, it is the part where the words
“let it be” are repeated over and over. The chorus is often the title of the song and is usually very similar each
time it occurs.

Bridge
The bridge is a section that provides relief from the repetitive nature of many songs. Not only does it have
different lyrics from the verse and chorus, but the music is a little different as well. It usually will start on a
different chord from what the verse and chorus start with.
Use the time you already spend listening to music as an opportunity to develop a heightened understanding of these
common parts of the song. Every song you hear is a chance to learn about how musicians use these different
components to tell their stories.
Heal The World
By Michael Jackson

There's a place in your

heart And I know that it is
love And this place could
be
muchBrighter than tomorrow
And if you really try
You'll find there's no need to
cry In this place you'll feel
There's no hurt or
sorrow. There are ways to
get there
If you care enough for the living
Make a little space, make a better
place.
Chorus:Heal the
world Make it a
better place
For you and for me and the entire human
race There are people dying
If you care enough for the living
Make a better place forYou and for
me.

If you want to know why

There's a love that cannot
lie Love is strong
It only cares for joyful giving.
If we try we shall see
In this bliss we cannot feelFear or
dread We stop existing and start
living
Then it feels that alwaysLove's enough for us
growing Make a better world, make a better world.

Chorus:
Heal the world
Make it a better
place
For you and for me and the entire human race.
There are people dyingIf you care enough for the
living Make a better place forYou and for me.

Bridge:
And the dream we would conceived in
Will reveal a joyful face
And the world we once believed
in Will shine again in grace
Then why do we keep strangling life
Wound this earth,
crucify it's soul
Though it's plain to see, this world is heavenlyBe God's glow.

We could fly so high

Let our spirits never dieIn my
heart I feelYou are all my
brothers Create a world with no
fear Together we'll cry happy
tears
See the nations turn
Their swords into plowshares
We could really get there
If you cared enough for the living
Make a little space to make a better
place.
Chorus:
Heal the world
Make it a better
place
For you and for me and the entire human
race There are people dying
If you care enough for the living
Make a better place forYou and for
me.
Refrain (2x)

There are people dying

if you care enough for the living
Make a better place for you and for
me.
There are people dying
if you care enough for the living
Make a better place for you and for
me.

You and for me

Make a better placeYou and for
me Make a better placeYou and
for me Make a better placeYou
and for me Heal the world we
live in
You and for me
Save it for our
children
You and for me
Heal the world we live inYou and for
me Save it for our children
You and for me
Heal the world we live
in
You and for me
Save it for our
children
You and for me
Heal the world we live inYou and for
me Save it for our children

Match the words in coloumn A with the definition in column B

A B
1. Sorrow a. polite and pleasant
2. bliss b. perfect happiness or enjoyment
3. dread c. to feel worried about something that is going tohappen or may happen
4. conceive d. imagine a particular situation that is going to happen ormay happen
5. grace e. a feeling of great sadness
6. strangle f. to limit the growth ordevelopment of something
7. crucify g. to kill some0ne by crucifying them to a cross
8. glow h. a soft steady light
9. plain i. very clear and easy to understand
10. entire j. all of a group, period of time, amount , etc

Use the words in the box to complete the sentence. The first letter of the wordis given as clue. Some words can be
used more then once.

Entire Dread Strangle crucify bliss glow sorrows grace conceive plain grow
1. Selfishness s the growth of friendship among us in his class.
2. We will always remember the joys and s that we have shared together during our community service
helping the victim of the landslide.
3. My idea of b is lying on a reclining seat under a shady tree reading a good book surrended by children
who are reading their own books too.
4. The disaster has left nothing but the clothes that we are wearing. We are d our future but
optimidtic because we will always help each other in difficult time like this.
5. The orange g of the sunset at the beach is so mesmerizing that i cannot stop feeling grateful for
having this amazingly beautiful country as my homeland.
6. His mother’s death was a great s for John. He mourns for days and neglects all his duties.
7. Greed and selfishness may c somebody ‘s soul that makes a person unaware of his or her
surroundings. A greedy and selfish person will eventually live a lonely life because he or she cares no one
but himself or herself.
8. Let’s c of the city where most people ride bicycles to their work places and school. Can our city be
possibly like that? What do we need to do first?
9. My friend Lily is more mature than most of us. She always handles herself in g by for instance
avoiding any unnecessary arguments with us
10. The days i spent in this school with y teachers and classmates have been the best moments in my e life so far.