CHAPTER 18

ON THE PSYCHOLOGY OF BOREDOM l

B y Otto Fenichel

[Passage omitted.]
IT IS PROBABLE that the conditions and forms of behavior called “boredom” are
.
psychologically quite heterogeneous. . . Here we will attempt to charac-
terize only a certain type.
Let us take our point of departure from L i p ’ s 3 y definition. . . . Boredom
“is a feeling of displeasure duc to a conflict between a need for intensive psycho-
logical activity and lack of stimulation or inability t o be stimulated thereto.”
Let us add that, besides the need for, there is simultaneously an inhibition of,
intensive psychological activity; the inhibition is experienced as such-one does
not lmow l~uwone should or could be active; and as a result of this conflict,
stimulation by the outside world is sought. Let us add further that “the lack
of stimulation” often does not correspond t o an external reality; this is indi-
cated in the addition of “inability to be stimulated.” Boredom is characterized
by the coexistence of a need for activity and activity-inhibition, as well as by
stimulus-hunger and dissatisfaction with the available stimuli. T h u s the central
problem of the psychology of boredom is the inhibition of both the drive to
activity and the readiness to accept the craved-for stimuL4

I . Fenichel (179), also in “The Se- significant and very obscure area of the
lected Papers of Otto Fenichel” (in press, psychology of thinking.
Norton, I 95 I ). The rcasons for including t. In the omitted section Fenichel re-
this paper here are: (a) its consistent ap- fers to the only previous psychoanalytic
plication of the psychoanalvtic concep- study of boredom, by Winterstein
tion of the drive-thought rklationship is (774).
unique in the psychoanalytic literature; 3.* Lipps (477).
(b) it is an unusually felicitous example 4. The “pleasure-principle,” the fun-
of the invcstigative method combining damental and most familiar explana-
clinical observation, clinical experiment, tory concept of psychoanalysis for
and thcoretical inference, characteristic drive-processes, demands that existing
of psychoanalysis; (c) it touchcs also on drive-tensions be reduced by gratifica-
the issue of time-experience, which is a tion. See Chap. I j, note 9, above. The re-
3 50 CHAPTER 18
Phenomenologically, the psychological state of boredom is best described
as “the displeasurable experience of a lack of impulse.” This iorniula poses a
problem which must first be solved: we assume that the tension-state of the
psychic apparatus is heightened by internal and external stimuli, and that this
increased tension elicits impulses, that is tendencies, aiming at reestablishing the
tension-free ~ t a t eThus
. ~ we ought to expect displeasurable drive-tensions and
pleasurable drive-gratifications, that is to say, displeasurable impulses and
pleasurable lack of impulses. T h e problem that pleasurable impulses neverthe-
less exist has often been discussed.6” T h e corresponding problem of a dis-
pleasurable lack of impulses is that of boredom. But boredom, the definition
shows, is not just a lack of impulses, but also a “need for intensive psychic
activity”; “lack of impulses” and “freedom from tension” by no means coin-
cide here. Rather, we are faced with the problem: why does this tension not
result in impulses, why does it-instead of manifesting itself as drive-impulse-
require a stimulation from the outside world to indicate what the person should
do to decrease his tension?
Naturally, “stimulus hunger” that turns toward the outside world is also
encountered outside the realm of boredom. It arises the moment the small child
recognizes that stimuli arising in the outside world can be used for drive-
gratification. Pleasurable stimuli, once experienced, give rise to a craving for

lation of “stimulus-hunger” to “pleas- tour on the way to the goal of being rid of
ure-principle” is stated by Fenichel ( I 76, objects (of stimuli).
p. 35) as follows:
The first acceptance of reality is only an
Compare Lewin’s (464) comment on
intermediary step on the road to getting boredom, Chap. 5, pp. I I 5-16, above.
rid of it. This is the point a t which a con- Translated into Lewin’s term, Feni-
tradiction of basic importance in human chel’s formulation would read as fol-
life arises, the contradiction between long- lows: In boredom counter-needs isolate
ing for complete relaxation and longing the tension-systems of the drives from
For objects (stimulus-hunger). T h e striv- the motor sphere, and these counter-
ing for discharge and relaxation, the direct needs also embed them in such a manner
expression of the constancy principle, is that the objects which are their in-
necessarily the older mechanism. T h e fact tended occasions are not experienced as
that external objects brought about the de- such, that is, as objects having a valence
sired state of relaxed satisfaction intro-
duced the complication that objects be-
for the drive-tension.
came longed for; in the beginning, it is 5. See note 4,above.
true, they were sought only as instruments 6.’ See Freud [213, pp. 605-8, par-
which made themselves disappear again. ticularly the footnote on p. 607; and 244,
The longing for objects thus began as a de- p. z 56. Cf. also 241 1.
OTTO FENICHEL 35’
them in states of drive-tension.’ These cravings are accompanied by a rejection
of available objects and stimuli unsuited to bring about discharge, and when
more suitable ones are unavailable they lead to introversion, fantasy-activity,
and in final analysis to actual-neurotic phenomena due to a damming-up of
libido.8 Can such a state of craving for adequate objects, and the displeasure at
available inadequate ones, be called “boredom”? Correctly speaking it cannot;
yet at times it is that. Of objects and stimuli which do not give us the “aid to
discharge” we legitimately expect, we are accustomed to say that they “bore”
us.O We shall come back to this point. But the person who “is bored,” in the
strict sense of the word, is searching for an object, not in order to act on it with
his drive-impulses, but rather to be helped by it to find a drive-aim which he is
missing.l0
T h e drive-tension is present, the drive-aim is missing. Boredom appears to be
a state of drive-tension in which the drive-aims are repressed; yet the tension as
such is experienced, and therefore one turns to the external world for help in
the struggle against repression. T h e person who is bored can be therefore com-
pared to one who has forgotten a name and inquires about it from others.
This formula, which is correct but not specific, makes the “inability t o be-
come stimulated” somewhat more comprehensible. When a bored person is
looking for stimulation because he has lost his drive-aims to repression, it is
understandable that, to stimulations which could bring about the desired dis-
charge, he will offer the same resistance which resulted in the repression of the
drive-aims; and that if the “stimulation” offered by the external world is too
distantly related to the original drive-aim, there cannot occur displacement of
the cathectic-energy onto the activity suggested by the stimulation.ll
7. See note 4, above. his “average expectable environment,”
8. The conception of actual neuroses Chap. 19, notes 37 and 7 2 , below.
originated early in the development of 10. For the definition of drive-aim,
psychoanalysis, and though it still sur- drive-object, drive-impetus, see Freud
vives ( I 76, pp. I 85-88) it is something of ( 2 3 2, p. 65) : “The a i m of an instinct is
a foreign body in the present-day struc- in every instance satisfaction, which can
ture of psychoanalytic and psychiatric only be obtained by abolishing the con-
theory. For the original statements of dition of stimulation in the source of the
the conception see Freud ( 2 0 7 , p. 240, instinct.” Cf. also Chap. 27, notes I 3, z I ,
and 203). and 89, below.
9. Compare Fenichel’s phrase “legiti- I I . Here Fenichel implicitly states the
mately expect” with Hartmann’s con- psychoanalytic conception of the rela-
ception of the individual’s adaptation to tion of thought to drive. It is the direct
352 CHAPTER I8

H e who wards off a drive-demand is in conflict; the Id wants drive-action,

the Ego does not. T h e same conflict repeats itself in relation to the stimuli of the
external world. T h e Id takes hold of them as “drive substitutes,” while the Ego
-even though it would discharge its tensions-does not wish t o be reminded
of the original drive-aim, and seeks therefore “diversion” or “distraction” of its
energies which are fixated on the unconscious drive-goal. T h u s if the original
drive persists, one resists diversion and distraction; but one also resists substi-
tutes too closely related to the original aim.12
We know of various conditions of high tension accompanying repressed
drive-aims. W e expect in such cases a condition which differs very consider-
ably from boredom. Everybody knows the general “jitteriness,” inner and/or
motor restlessness, seen in such cases. Though this state of restlessness is very
different from the manifest quiet of boredom, w e recognize that the two condi-
tions have an inner relationship. T h e difference between states of boredom and
motor restlessness is that in thc forvzer the cathexes are toiaicnlly bound, while
in the latter their binding is clonic. W e are left with the question, what condi-

relation of these which Fenichel is con- cess in a profession, the major opportu-
cerned with here. Thus he can disregard nities for success will be tabooed and
the ego aspccts of thought-organization shunned, and the everyday inconspicu-
which have been repeatedly discussed in ous drudgeries which are prerequisite to
this volume. any success will not be recognized as a
The conception may be sketched as means to the end, will offer no attrac-
follows: Stimuli and/or ideas are, from tion, and yield no pleasure. This is the
the point of view of the drive, represen- point at which interpersonal communi-
tations of the drive-satisfying object. cation can attain catalytic role in drive-
Their appearance serves as a signpost on dynamics.
the way toward tension-discharge, that I 2 . Substitute formation is one kind of
is, gratification. These representations drive-derivative or -representation. Cf.
may be closely or distantly related to the Freud (234, p. 123):
drive-object. If the drive is repressed, the Substitute formations are . . . highly or-
close representatives of the drive-objects ganized derivatives of the unconscious;
are also repressed, and the stimulus even . . . these succeed in breaking through into
if objectively present is not experienced consciousness, thanks to some favorable
as a drive-representative; while the dis- relation, as, for example, when they coin-
tant representatives of the drive-object, cide with a preconscious anticathexis.
though not necessarily repressed, are not See also Freud (234, pp. 116-17; and
experienced as such either. For instance, 2 3 3 , ~92-93).
~. Cf. Lewin (464) on sub-
if one represses a drive which is con- stitute consummation (Chap. s, 11, I ,
sciously experienced as a wish for suc- c4), above.
OTTO FENICHEL 353
tions will give rise to such tonic cathexes and when d o they take the typical
form of boredom? Obviously tonic-forms of acute drive-tensions with re-
pressed drive-aims have yet other alternative manifestations. l3

13. The conception of “bound ca- primary thought-process are character-

thexes,” though it is central to the ca- ized as mobile, striving for discharge in
thectic theory of psychoanalysis, refers keeping with the pleasure-principle; and
to one of the least understood psycho- the cathexes of the secondary thought-
analytic observations. The concept was process are characterized as “bound,”
advanced by Breuer (259, pp. I 39 ff.) in their discharge delayed in keeping with
1895, and Freud retained it throughout the reality-principle. T h e process of
the changes of his theoretical concep- “binding” thus provides the crucial dis-
tions, stressing that the process to which tinction between the id and the ego or-
it refers is still little understood. In 1915 ganization of thought-processes. For at-
Freud (234, pp. I 20--2 I ) stated the con- tem ts to clarify the concept of “bind-
cept, and the observations it refers to, ing! see Hartmann (303), Rapaport
as follows: (596), and Chap. 2 2 , note 30, and Chap.
The processes of the system [precon- 23, pp. 477-78, 48 j. particularly note I I ,
sciouhJ display, no matter whether they p. 478.
are already conscious or only capable of T h e usual concept (Breuer’s) is that
becoming conscious, an inhibition of the of tonic binding, modeled after the
tendency of cathected ideas towards dis- tonus of the muscle, independent of
charge. When a process moves over from voluntary innervation. Tonic binding of
one idea to another, the first retains a part cathexes transforms them into energies
of its cathexis and only a small part under- not striving toward discharge. Fenichel’s
goes displacement. Displacement and con-
densation after the mode of the primary “clonic binding” is to my knowledge a
process are excluded or very much re- new term in the literature. As I under-
stricted. This circumstance caused Breuer stand it, the term expresses that while in
to assume the existence of two different the states of motor restlessness under dis-
stages of cathectic energy in mental life: cussion, the drive-cathexes are bound,
one in which that energy is tonically their binding is such that it allows for
“bound” and the other in which it moves some spasmodic discharge. T h e cathectic
freely and presses towards discharge. I conditions of such motor restlessness
think that this discrimination represents may prove similar to those of affect-dis-
the deepest insight we have gained up to charge and -expression. Cf. Chap. 15,
the present into the nature of nervous en- note 26, and Chap. 17, note 8, above.
ergy, and I do not see how we are to evade
such a conclusion. A metapsychological Fenichel’s conceptualization here is in
presentation most urgently calls for fur- harmony with accumulating evidence
ther discussion a t this point, though per- that there is no categorical difference be-
haps that would still be too daring an tween mobile and bound cathexes, but
undertalcing. rather a continuum of cathexes bound in
Cf. also Freud (209, pp. 533-34, 535- various degrees. T h e process of binding
36; and 241,pp. 35-36,41-42). also divests the cathexes of the hallinarks
The drive cathexes of the id and the of their specific drive-origin: it neutral-
3 54 CHAPTER 18

T h e question of whether these considerations are valid for all forms of bore-
dom will be left open. T h e y are certainly so for a certain pathological type
of boredom which can be clinically investigated. . . .I4
In such boredom, while subjectively the intensive conflictful excitation s e e m
to have disappeared, there are signs to show it is actually there. In this respect.
boredom is a variant or sub-division of “depersonalization,” where the libido
is usually b y n o means withdrawn from internal perception; rather, it is
countercathected, as the increased self-observation indicates.I6*
Boredom makes some children cry. Such crying and restlessness break the
tonic binding of cathexes, and then what these children call boredom is hardly
distinguishable from manifest restlessness and jitterifless. T h a t children cal!
it boredom shows the relatedness of thcse conditions. Thus, the meaning of this
boredom may be schematically formulated as follows: “I am excited. If I al-
low this excitation to continue I shall get anxious. Therefore I tell myself, I
am not at all excited, I don’t want t o d o anything. Simultaneously, however, I
feel I d o want to do something; but I have forgotten m y original goal and d o

izes them. See Hartmann (303) concern- [The relationship between the dy-
ing the various degrees of neutralization namic conditions underlying boredom
of energies. and depersonalization links the problem
14. In the omitted section Fenichel of boredom in yet another significant
discusses the relation of monotony to way with the theory of thought-proc-
boredom: (a) monotony, with its lack esszs. In our coniments we have at-
of new stimulation, usually leads to with- tempted to point up consistently the re-
drawal of cathexes and ultimately to lationship between states of conscious-

r
sleep; (b) however, rhythmic monotony ness and form of thought-organization.
(such as that of primitive dance) may W e have had the opportuni to discuss
lead to excitement; in the course of psy- repeatedly the problem o awareness
choanalytic treatment, rhythmic equilib- (Chap. I 3, note 56, and Chap. 17, note I 8.
rium-experiences are often traces of in- above). States of depersonalization are
fantile sexual excitements; (c) monot- characterized by a lack of “me-ness” in
ony-excitations may become intensely experience (Chap. 3 ) ; in a sense they are
&pleasurable, for instance in persons the opposite of certain states of con-
who can tolerate only a degree of sexual sciousness observed in Korsakow pa-
excitement without anxiety, or under tients (Chap. 2 7 , note 43, below) char-
conditions which do no; provide a acterized by a proneness to endow sug-
climax; ( d ) boredom, excitation, anx- gested contents with “me-ness” and to
iety, and iiiterriiption-displ.3sure are attribute reality to them. Concerning de-
closely rclatcd, and seem to differ from personalization states, see also Schilder,
each A c r onlv cpantitativeIy. 6.i 3 ; and Obcrndorf, 54j, 546, 547, 548-1
I S . * Cf. Feriichel (177).
OTTO FENICHEL 355
not h o w what I want to do. T h e external world must d o something to relieve
me of my tension without making me anxious. It must make me do something,
but so that I shall not be responsible for it. It must divert me, distract me, so
that what I do will be sufficiently remote from my original goal. It should ac-
complish the impossible, afford a discharge without drive-action.” 16
This meaning of boredom became particularly clear in a patient whose analy-
sis was dominated by intense transference-resistance. T h e resistance manifested
itself either in continuous motor restlessness or in boredom. T h e analysis indi-
cated that both conditions, apparently so different, were expressions of the
same latent psychic situation. T h e patient called his motor restlessness “being
angry.” Me was continually angry, at times in a rage with the doctor; but all he
had against him was that he had not miraculously cured him overnight. His
associations were conipletely inhibited, and he raged that the analyst did not
change this by a magic word. This “being angry” was accompanied by phe-
nomena seen in acute libido-disturbances: general restlessness and the tortur-
ing subjective feeling that the psychic situation was unbearable. T h e sexual
life of the patient revealed the meaning of this behavior. H e suffered from an
acute libido disturbance: when with a woman, he entered the situation in
normal fashion; he experienced normal pleasure until the excitation reached a
certain degree; then-often before, and at times even after, the penis was in-
serted-came a sudden change. H e experienced intense displeasure of a general
sort, did not know what t o do next and became “angry” with the woman be-
cause, he felt, she should do something to free him of this disagreeable situa-
tion. I n matters other than sexual he also displayed a masochistic character, con-
I 6. Under usual conditions, too, there sustained interests is therefore one of the
are repressed drives and drive-aims; yet gauges of ego-strength. In other words,
the struggle of repression is apparently the amount of energy which the person
less intensive than in boredom. It leaves can dispose of by investing it in objects,
a great variety of stimuli which are by becoming interested in activities, even
neither so close to the drive-aim that when essential drive-aims and drive-ob-
thev must be repre$sed, nor so far from jects are in abeyance, is an indicator of
it &at they are of no “interest.” It is ego-autonomy and ego-strength. These
\vithin this range that the autonomous interests, and the organization of think-
interest- and attention-cathexes of the ing which corresponds to them, consti-
ego dctcrrnine the course of thought and tute one of the major areas of the ego-
action. Cf. Freud, Chaps. 1 5 and 17, psychology of thinking. Cf. Lewin,
above, and Hai-tmann, Chap. 19, bclow. Chap. 5 , pp. 138-39.
T h e n d t h and variety of this range of
3 56 CHAPTER 18

tinuously demonstrating his unhappiness, and being “angry” at those present

because they were not overcome by sympathy and did not perform some
miracle t o liberate him. Analysis showed that this general, but in the sexual
sphere exacerbated, excitation repeated the infantile situation of lying in bed
with his mother. Having repressed his active phallic wishes towards his mother,
he expected her to intervene and give him both guiltless sexual gratification
and diversion from his sexual thoughts. Characteristically, this action which
he expected from his mother, and later from everybody, was conceived of
as an oral gratification.’T O n certain days his masochistically-colored excite-
ment was replaced by a state of “boredom.” Though he could not associate
o n these days either, his feeling was quite different. H e experienced no in-
tolerable tension; allegedly he experienced “nothing at all,” but continuously
asserted that analysis and everything in it was so boring that he did not feel
like saying anything, or even know what he should say, and would soon give
up the analysis. T h e manner in which this state alternated with the one de-
scribed above left no doubt that it was primarily a successful defense against
the expectatioiz-excitenzcllt with which the patient otherwise awaited the
craved-for magic (oral) intervention of the analyst. I shall communicate here a
small association experiment carried out on such a day to demonstrate that the
-other times manifest-excitation was present, but in tonic binding. W h e n the
patient declared he was bored, he was asked to follow with particular con-
scientiousness the fundamental rule of psychoanalysis, and to be sure not to
suppress any idea as “too boring.” l 8 T h e patient began by relating that he was
I 7. Concerning the relationships of tient’s general situation and the theory
masochism, orality, and passivity, see for together provide the assumptions to be
instance Bergler’s (45) one-sided, yet tested, and the concrete momentary situ-
challenging, presentation. ation provides the experimental condi-
18. For the “fundamental rule,” see tions. It is true that, in the clinical-
Chap. I t , note 5 I , above. It appears that therapeutic setting, the assumptions and
the patient’s inability to associate usually concrete situation are rarely discerned as
kept him from following the “funda- sharply as in the example Fenichel pre-
mental rule.” What in this case appears sents here. But they are more often so
as an isolated experiment is the usual discerned and discernible than the non-
procedure of psychoanalysis, which may clinical experimenter would suppose.
be therefore viewed as a continuous Such opportunities for clinical experi-
series of such clinical experiments. The mentation could be exploited more sys-
general theory of psychoanalysis pro- tematically. T h e reason they are not is
vides the theoretical framework, the pa- that the therapeutic interest and setting
OTTO FENICHEL 3 57
looking into the corner of the room and thinking, IVhat if a cobweb were there?
O n e could take a brooni and brush rip and down the wall, always u p and down.
Besides, he had a toothache; he had come directly from the dentist, who had
run his drill zip and down his teeth. His attention was called to the fact that the
dimensions of sensations in the mouth are often misrecognized; therefore the
idea of brushing off the wall showed that psychologically he was still at the
dentist’s, not at the analyst’s, and that in his fantasy the analyst was doing some-
thing exciting in his mouth. “Now only nonsense comes to m y mind,” the
patient continued; “I could say any random word, for instance, ‘light switch’
or ‘chamber pot.’ ” “Light switch” and “chamber pot” are means by which
adults attempt to quiet an anxious child at night. Thus the patient’s state could
be interpreted as follows: “I have anxiety, d o something quieting (or disquiet-
ing) in my mouth!” T h e boredom which the patient experienced denied his
excitation in the same fashion that depersonalization would have. . . 19 .
W e cannot deny that all this does not solve the question w e have raised: what
makes “tonic binding” possible, and how is the tonic binding of “boredom”
distinguished from that of other states? W h e n does motor restlessness arise,
and when a feeling of lack of impulses with a craving for diversion?
W e cannot offer a final answer to this question. O n e thing must be kept in
mind: tonic binding, hence also boredom, fends off more than motor restless-
ness does-it fends off the motor impulses themselves.2o But this again is no

is not conducive to experimental think- thought arise in the course of ego de-
ing, rather than that the principal diffi- velopment-are considered partly indi-
culties are too great. W e discuss this cators and partly safety valves of drive-
method here because it secnis that many tension. Compare Chap. r 5 , note 2 6 , and
problems of thought-organization will Chap. 1 7 , note 8, above, also Brierley
hwc to be studied first-if not altogether (92), and Rapaport (596). The problem
-in their natural setting rather than in of the process whereby cathexes become
laboratory experiment. bound is closely connected with the con-
19. The omitted section deals with the trol of drive-tension, and therefore also
nature of those drives whose goal is pas- with the indicators of drive-tension, that
sive. is, affect-charge and idea. Affect and
20. Restless motor-activity may be re- thought develop only after the develop-
garded as affect-expression. The question ment of the control of drive-discharge
Fenichel raises pcrtains therefore to the has begun. T o what extent and under
theory of affects. In psychoanalytic what conditions aff ect-expression (for
theory, affect-charge and idea-the example, restlessness) and thought-
matrix from which affect-expression and organization (for example, bored lack of
358 CHAPTER I 8

answer in principle, because, on the one hand, there are states of dammed-up
libido, of complete motor calm, which cannot be characterized as boredom;
and on the other hand, there are states of boredom accompanied by all kinds of
restless activity. “BlasC” people are noted for more or less nonsensical activities
due to “boredom.” . . . This is a variant of boredom in which the bored ego
does not wait for the stimuli of the external world, but thinks up its own “sub-
stitute actions” to release the tension, that is, t o replace drive-action, to “divert”
itself from it, and to deny it. T h e paralysis of the motor system is thus neither
the sole nor the essential characteristic of boredom. It may be absent in bore-
dom, and at any rate something must be added to it, namely, that mechanism
which we consider related to depersonalization, whereby a person can manage
completely to conceal from himself the presence of extremely high inner ten-
sion.21 It is well known that people endowed with fantasy are rarely bored, and
those given to boredom produce no daydreams, because of inability or inhibi-
tion. ( T h e patient I quoted had no fantasy life at all.) Apparently, rich fantasy
makes for a certain amount of unburdening in daydreams, whereas its lack re-
quires a massive countercathexis t o block internal perceptions.22
Is the internal perception of one’s own excitation lacking, in such a state?
W e mentioned the outbursts of crying in boredom, and had t o add that we
cannot consider it characteristic. Apparently the transition from “jitteriness”
to boredom is fluid; but extreme cases are characterized b y feeling a certain
degree of lack of excitation, which is what they call “being bored.”
[Passage omitted. 1 23
T h e relationship between boredom and lonesomeness is now easily under-

thoughts) complement or supplant the question of whether any specific

each other, is as yet an unsolved problem drives can be found, the repression of
of the theory of affects and thinking. which leads to boredom. He concludes
z I . Fenichel seems to imply that the that drives whose goals are passive are
defense-mechanism of isolation, which not specific to it. (b) He stresses the re-
appears to be the one involved here, is lationship of boredom to mood-swings,
sufficent to account for these phenom- and particularly to depressions coupled
ena. with such means of diversion as addic-
2 2 . Concerning the role of fantasy in tions or Wanderlust. He concludes,
defense-processes, see Anna Freud ( 2 0 I ). however, that narcissistic and oral-sadis-
Cf. also Chap. 2 2 , note 30, M o w . tic needs central to these disorders are
2 3 . T h e omitted section may be sum- not the only ones which when dammed
marized as follows: (a) Fenichel raises up can lead to boredom.
OTTO FENICHEL 3 59
stood. If the situation of a bored person is correctly described as a state of drive-
tension which is not conscious to him, but represents dangers, to cope with
which he expects help from external stimuli, then it is clear that the etiological
conditions of boredom and lonesomeness must be identical. Their relationship
to masturbation, like that of neurotics with an anxiety of being closeted, is of
two kinds: the bored person, like the lonesome one, may fear actually the
temptation to masturbate and combat it by becoming conscious of a craving
for diversion rather than of masturbatory impulses; or else in an attempt to
escape burdensome drive-tension, the aim of which is completely unconscious
to him, he may resort to repeated acts of masturbation. There are many threads
connecting boredom and compulsive m a ~ t u r b a t i o n . ~ ~ ”
Let us recall in this connection Ferenczi’s “Sunday neuroses.” 2 5 x There are
Sunday neurotics whose symptom is merely that on Sundays, or during vaca-
tions, they aye boyed. While at work, these people succeed in what the bored
person strives for in vain, namely “to divert themselves” while in a state of pent-
up drives. When the diversion is unavailable, the tension is noted and the
hitherto latent “boredom” becomes manifest. As a rule, memories of the Sun-
days of childhood play a role here; the damming-up of drives was artificially
increased then, the great drive-hunger of children being particularly prevented
from drive-manifestations.
Now that we have sketched the mechanisms of a pathological form of bore-
dom, the question is: are these the essential mechanisms of all boredom? How
does a differently structured “normal” boredom look? It arises when we must
not do what we want to do, or must do what we do not want to do. This
“harmless” boredom appears at first to be entirely different from that so far
described, but the common features of the two are easily recognized: something
expected does not occur. Here it fails to occur because the structure of the
real situation does not allow the expected discharge; there it fails to occur be-
cause one represses the drive-action to prevent anxiety. (Similarly, in a state of
ungratifiable tiredness, the sleep-hindering external world is experienced as bor-
ing.) It is difficult to predict, however, when a frustrating external world will
mobilize aggressions and when it will be merely experienced as “boring.” One
should not forset that we have the Tight to expect some “aid in discharge” from
24.* See Fenichel ( 1 7 5 pp. 290-91, 25.” See Fcrenczi (185).
301-3).
360 CHAPTER 18

the external world. If this is not forthcoming, we are, so to speak, justifiably

bored.26 To characterize this situation, Winterstein 2i * quotes Field blarshal
Ligne: “I am not bored,”* it is the others who bore me.” This is why an “affect-
inhibited” person, one equipped with strong characterologically-anchored
countercathexes-as for instance a particularly correct or othcrwise rigid
person-is so boring. His emotional aloofness does not correspond to people’s
drive-expectations of each other. Often such people are anxious lest they prove
boring, and we must say that their anxiety is well-founded. Analysis of this
anxiety shows that this quality of boring people, so feared by the patient him-
self, may harbor a great deal of sadism.
One other aspect of boredom, which clearly bears upon its nature, is its re-
lationship to time. The German word “Langeweile” itself . . . indicates a
change in subjective time-experien~e.~~ When we experience many stimula-
tions from the outside world, the time-as we know-appears to pass quickly.
Should the external world bring only monotonous stimuli, or should subjective
conditions prevent their being experienced as tension-releasing, then the
“while is long.” This basic propensity of subjective time-experience, which
gave the phenomenon of “Langeweile” its name, seems to be but a secondary
consequence of the mechanisms described. However, the possibility cannot be
rejected that a primary disturbance of the subjective time-experience facilitates
the emergence and play of these mechanisms. Precisely this is the case with
people who have sexualized their time-experience, a particularly frequent oc-
currence in certain types of anal character.J0* In this light we can agree with
Winterstein’s 31 * description of certain anal characters as particularly disposed
to boredom, and his relating the phenomenon of boredom in general to that
of “stinting with time.” 32

26. Cf. note 9 above. Hollos (187), Bonaparte (81), Schilder

27.* Winterstein ( 7 7 4 ) . (651), Dooley (148).
2 8 . The German for “to bore” is a The issue of time-experience seems
reflexive verb. connected by many threads with those
2 9 . Lavgeweile, German for “bore- observations to which the concept of
dom,” literally means “longwhile.” “delay” refers. For the concept of “de-
30.” Cf. Harnik ( 3 0 0 ) . lay,” see Freud, Chap. I 5 , particularly
3 I . ” Winterstein ( 7 7 4 ) . note 2 9 , above. Poor tolerance for “wait-
32. For other psychoanalytic consid- ing” (and exaggerated punctuality) at-
erations concerning time, see Spielrein tended by mounting tension, exagger-
( ~ o o ) ,Hollos (335), Ferenczi and ated adolescent impatience to grow up
OTTO FEKICHEL 361
T h e r a t of Winterstein’s remarks on the disposition to boredom is also in
agreement with our considerations. H e writes: “Two types may be distin-
guished here: the blask, who becomes callous through overstimulation, who
craves for pleasure but is unable to enjoy it (such boredom may have a physio-
logical foundation) ; and the one who escapes painful borcdom by working,
because he finds everything boring which is not fulfilment of a duty.” These
two types appear to us essentially as two variants of a chronic damming-up of
libido, taking the form of tension with the drive-goal repressed. T h e first type
is orgastically impotent, “craving” because unable to enjoy pleasure. (IVe do
not believe that his “callousness” is due to “overstimulation.” W e would rather
assume that the psychogenic damming-up of libido is the cause of both his
craving after stimuli and his becoming callous.) T h e second is the “Sunday
neurotic” mentioned above. W e believe that in both cases boredom has a
physiological foundation, iiamely that of the damming-up of libid0.~3

(with the later experience of never delay”-that is, quality of “drive con-
having grown up), fantasies implying a trol”-and time-experiences of this sort,
short life-span, impatient urge to com- including boredom.
plete some work, overintense wishes for 33. I t seems that libido is used here in
a pleasant situation never to end, are sig- the broadest sense as “drive-energy” in
nificant time-experiences of great indi- general.
vidual variability. A preliminary colla- Since the delay of drive-discharge is
tion of data concerning such experiences, the cradle of thought (Chap. 15, note
with life-histories of the subjects col- 2 9 , above), time-experiences, normal and
lected bv Dr. Alfred Gross and myself, pathological, are significant subject-
suggest; a relation between “ability to matter for the psychology of thinking.