Reading and Writing

MODULE 1
READING AND THINKING STRATEGIES

1
LESSON 3
PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
What I know
Before we will take the lessons, let me know how much you have
learned about this lesson and what do you still need to know.

Below is a 10-item multiple choice test. Encircle the letter of your choice.
1. It is sharing of personal experiences that offer lessons and insights.
A. Narration C. Comparison and Contrast
B. Description D. Classification
2. It uses sensory details such as sights, smells, tastes, feelings and textures to
create vivid images in the reader’s mind.
A. Narration C. Comparison and Contrast
B. Description D. Classification
3. It tells how two things are similar and different.
A. Narration [Link] and Contrast
B. Description D. Classification
4. It is an activity of sorting items.
A. Narration C. Comparison and Contrast
B. Description D. Classification
5. It explains what a term means.
a. Definition b. Analogy c. Comparison and Contrast
6. It is the time and location in which a story takes place.
A. Setting C. Plot
B. Characters D. Exposition
7. The significant part of the story which features the characters as well as the
protagonist and antagonist.
A. Setting C. Plot
B. Characters D. Rising Action
8. It is the logical series of events.
A. Setting C. Plot
B. Characters D. Climax
9. It is the part of the story where the characters and the setting are
revealed.
A. Setting C. Plot
B. Characters D. Exposition

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10. It is where the events in the story become complicated and the conflict in the
story is exposed.
A. Setting C. Plot
B. Characters D. Exposition

WHAT’S NEW
LESSON 3.1
NARRATION
Narrative paragraph simply tells what happened and establishes
facts. It is sharing of personal experiences that offers lessons and
insights. It is more than just a chronological sequence of events
that happen to the different characters. It also contains elements of
drama and tension.
Narration is the most common type of paragraph development. It has
the following elements:
1. Setting. It is thetime and location inwhich a story takes place.
2. Characters. The significant part of the story which features the characters as
well as the protagonist and antagonist.
3. Plot. It is the logical series of events.

The five essential parts of the plot :

a. Exposition. It is the part of the story where the characters and the
setting are revealed.
b. Rising Action. It is where the events in the story become complicated
and the conflict in the story is exposed.
c. Climax. This is the highest point of interest and the turning point of the
story.
d. Falling Action. The events and complications begin to resolve
themselves.
e. Denouement. The final resolution of the plot in the story.
4. Point of View. It is the perspective of the writer in narrating the story.
a. First person point of view. The story is told by the protagonist or one
of the characters using pronouns I , me , we.
b. Second person point of view. The author tells the story in second
point of view using the pronouns you , yours, and your.
c. Third person point of view . The narrator is not part of the story but
describes the events that happen. The writer uses the pronouns he,
she , him, and her.

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WHAT IS IT?
ACTIVITY 1
Directions : Read the story “Not Necessary News From The Beat”
and answer the comprehension questions that follow.

Palace liaison in Congress Jesus Ayala has an incident to share with friends,
after meeting a world-renowned missionary, Mother Teresa of Calcuta , India last week.
When Mother Teresa , dubbed a “ living saint “ in religious circles, paid a courtesy call
on President Aquino at the Malacanang Premier Guest House Thursday afternoon last
week, Chito was one among the palace staff members who eagerly lived up to have a
glimpsed of the 79-year-old nun. It was a blessing that Chito even had the chance to
kiss Mother Teresa’s hands. And, on bended knees , Chito publicly confessed. “ Bless
me, Mother Teresa for I have many sins , “ he whispered to her. (Reprinted from:
Philippine Daily Inquirer “Not Necessary from the Beat”).

COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS
1. Who is the main character of the story?
a. Jesus Ayala
b. Mother Teresa
c. President Aquino
d. Palace Staff
2. Where is the setting of the narrated story?
a. Malacanang Guest House
b. Garden
c. Office
d. sala
3. Who is the world –renowned missionary?
a. Chito Ayala
b. Mother Teresa
c. Sta. Rita
d. Pres. Aquino
4. Where is the setting of the narrated story?
[Link]
b. Calcuta, India
c. Philippines
d. Malaysia

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5. Who is the president mentioned in the story?
a. Pres. Estrada
b. Pres. Macpagal
c. Pres. Aquino
d. Pres. Duterte

WHAT’S NEW
LESSON 3.2
DESCRIPTION
A descriptive paragraph uses sensory details such as
sights , smells , tastes , feelings and textures to create vivid
images in the reader’s mind. It often uses spatial order to
create a clear visual image of a person , place, object or
scene.
There are two kinds of descriptive paragraph:
1. Objective Description. It conveys feelings and emotions about a person ,
place , or thing.
2. Subjective Description. It conveys feelings and emotions about a person ,
place , or thing.

WHAT IS IT?
ACTIVITY 2
Read the paragraph presented below and answer the
comprehension questions.

A Great Living Room

My living room may be small , but it is tidy and well - organized. On the right,
there is a wooden bookcase with four shelves. On top of the bookcase is a small lamp
with a dark base and a matching lamp shade. The first and third shelves are filled with
carefully arranged books. On the second shelf , there is an antique clock with faded
numbers on its face. The bottom shelf has a few newspapers. On the opposite side of
the room is an old television set with nothing on top of it. Between the television and the
bookcase is a large sofa. A fat , stripped cat with long whiskers is curled up in a ball on
the right side of the sofa. Lying to the left of my cat is a single sock that the cat probably
brought from another room. Directly in front of the sofa , there is a long coffee table with
short legs,. On the right side of this table lie two magazines. They

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are stacked one on top of the other. Perhaps the most striking item in the room
is the beautiful beach painting above the sofa. This extraordinary painting shows
a peaceful beach scene with a sailboat on the right , far from the beach.
Although it is a small room, everything in my living room is in its place.
([Link]/w/page/19006860/descriptive%20paragraphs)

1. What does the paragraph describe?

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2. Describe the ambiance conveyed in the room.

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3. What are some of the sensory details the writer used in describing the
room?
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WHAT’S NEW
LESSON 3.3
COMPARISON AND CONTRAST

A comparison tells how two things are similar. A contrast

tells how they are different. A comparison and contrast paragraph
can do either or both.
There are two ways in writing a comparison and contrast
paragraph.
1. Subject – by - Subject Method. You present all of the facts and supporting
details about one topic , and then you give all the facts and supporting details
about the other topic.
2. Point – by - Point Arrangement. You discuss each point for both subjects
before giving on the next point.

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WHAT IS IT?
ACTIVITY 3
Directions: Write sentences by comparing and contrasting the
given pictures below.

1. Classroom Laboratory

(sign& symbol by [Link])

Similarities: ______________________________________
Differences: ______________________________________

2. Computer Calculator

(sign& symbol by [Link])

Similarities: ______________________________________
Differences: ______________________________________

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WHAT’S NEW
LESSON 3.4
CLASSIFICATION

In a classification paragraph , you tell readers how a

collection of items can be sorted into categories. It is an activity of sorting
items ( people , things , idea ) into categories:
1. Terms that signal classification

aspects kinds qualities traits

areas levels systems types

2. Transitional Expressions

can be divided can be categorized

can be classifies the first type

WHAT IS IT?
ACTIVITY 4

Read the paragraph below and answer the questions that

follow.
Types of Friends

Friends can be classified according to their honesty , loyalty , the type that fits
you into their schedule , or the type that finds time for you when they need something.
An honest friend tells you the truth even if it’s not always what you want to hear. In the
long run , that honest friend may have saved you from embarrassment or possibly
rejection. They give you constructive criticisms overall. The loyal friend is the type of
friend that will be there for you through the thick and thin. They don’t care how good or
bad you may look one day; they are sensitive to your feelings , they respect you and the
other people in your life, and most of all they will never let you down when times are
hard. They may be what you call a best friend. The third group, the person that fits you
into their schedule , is the type of person that is always on the go. They barely have
time for themselves let alone another person. More than likely they will not be there for
you when you need them most, because they are so wrapped up in their busy , hectic
life. Then you have the self-absorbent type of friend that finds time for you only when
they need something. This type of person isn’t what you

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would call a friend. This person may always be extremely nice to you because they
know that if are nice to you then they will more than likely get what they want. They will
call you every once in a while when it is almost time for them to use that person again. It
may be for a ride to work, home or they just want somebody to hangout with because
they have no other friends. If the person that is being used is smart they will eventually
realize that they are getting used and will stop being there for that person. ( Amy Neil,
2005)

Comprehension Questions
1. What are the three types of friends?

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2. What is the basis used by the author to classify friends?

________________________________________________________________
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3. How does the author develop the classification essay?

________________________________________________________________
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WHAT’S NEW
LESSON 3.5
DEFINITION
A definition explains what a term means. When you want your
readers to know exactly how you are using a certain term or an
unfamiliar concept , you use definition.

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The following are the different types of definitions:
1. Formal Definition. The definitions provided in dictionaries.
2. Informal Definitions. The three common informal definitions are operational
definitions, synonyms, and connotations.
a. Operational Definitions gives the meaning of an abstract word for one
particular time and place.
b. Synonyms or words that mean the same as another word.
c. Denotation is the exact meaning of
d. the word; while, connotation is an idea or meaning suggested by or
associated with a word or things.
3. Definition Paragraph. It is a definition sentence which is extended into a
paragraph by adding meanings, descriptions, narrations , and other kinds of
paragraph development to make clear the term being defined.

WHAT IS IT?
ACTIVITY 5
Read the paragraph below and answer the questions
that follow.

Anger
Anger is having a feeling of hatred towards someone or something. It
is one of our basic emotions and can be most dangerous if it is not carefully
controlled. A person can become angry when he cannot fulfill some basic needs
or desire that is important to him. For example, a child may become angry when
he cannot play outside with his friends. An adult may become angry when he
does not receive a raise in pay that he expected. Mentally, anger can interfere
with our thoughts, making it difficult to think clearly. Physically, it may cause
violent reactions in the muscles and in the nervous system. This cause an angry
person to flush and tremble and to show other signs of disturbance. A person can
be dangerous if he is an angry mode because he can develop feelings of hostility
and hatred toward another person, which can then often turn violent.
(source:[Link]
5sample-paragraph-definition-pdf)

Comprehension Questions
1. What is the topic sentence of the paragraph?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

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2. Analyze how the one sentence definition is expanded into a paragraph?
______________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________

3. What are the supporting details?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

WHAT’S NEW
LESSON 3.6
CAUSE AND EFFECT
A cause is what make a particular thing happen. An effect is
what results from a particular situation, activity, or behavior.

This type of paragraph can be organized in two ways:

1. Identify the effect in the topic sentence and write about its causes.
2. Write about the cause in the topic sentence and write about its effects.

WHAT IS IT?
ACTIVITY 6
Read the paragraph below and answer the questions that
follow.

The Influence of Video Games to Children

Video games have been a part of children’s life for the past few decades. It all
started when Atari came up with its first gaming consul, which included a very simple
game of tennis. The controller had just 1 stick and 1 button to play with. Now, we have
many different types of consuls available in the market with very complex games that
requires controllers with two or more sticks and a variety of buttons. Video games are
almost second nature to the modern children and they are more comfortable playing
then. Playing video games can have may different effects (both positive as well as
negative) on children. Some of this effects include increasing hand eye coordination and
increasing dexterity mental skills; a decrease interest in other interest such as studies
and sports ; and a very negative effect of inducing violence.

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One of the most positive effects of video games is increasing the dexterity of a child
and improving his or her hand eye coordination. As mentioned earlier, the new video
games that are coming out are extremely complex and they involve the movement of
many different kinds of sticks and buttons on the controllers. These can be very good
for children as they learn to make the fast connections between what they see and what
their hands and fingers are doing. This allows them to think quickly and improves their
reflexes. The newest games are very precision-based and it takes very minute and
accurate movements for the children to control the characters. This helps in making the
children much more a depth at handling and operating real-life machinery and
objectives.
Another effect that playing video games have on children is that they tend to get
addicted to playing this games and give them foremost priority. This takes the children
away from their other responsibilities, such as doing house chores, homework, and
other physical activities. Children also end at spending more time playing video games
in front of television screens than playing real and actual sports that involve physical
exercise. This in turn can have many health related problems for children, as they can
get obese if they don’t exercise ad stay home playing video games. This is perhaps the
worst negative effect that video games can have on children. Parents and educators all
over the world are concern about this phenomenon and they are urging the children to
not spend so much time playing video games. Many new video games consuls, such as
the new Nintendo WII have come out with games that require users to actually get up
and move.
Many researchers have talk about the effects of viewing violence in the media and
how it affects children. Video games takes this to another level, where the children are
actually participating in being violent in the video games. There are many games out
there that allow children to play arm bearing characters who can kill anyone that they
want, steal cars, and commit many different kinds of crime. These games can have
negative implications on the children as they get immune to the idea of committing
crime and end up believing that it is alright. Research still on going on this negative
effect and it has not entirely been proven or disproven as of yet.
We find that plain video games can have various effects on children, both positive
as well as negative. Even though children can benefit by increasing their dexterity and
improving their reflexes, The cost of them losing out on their physical exercise and
homework, as well as their becoming prone to violent acts, are way too much. It is
important that the parents and educators take up this problem seriously and enable
certain rules and regulations that allow children to divide their time responsively
between playing video games and completing their studies and other responsibilities.

(Source: [Link]/samples/[Link])

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Comprehension Questions

1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of video games?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

2. What are the effects of video games on children?

______________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________

3. What are the roles of the parents and teachers in addressing the problems
of video games?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

WHAT’S NEW
LESSON 3.7
ANALOGY
An analogy is a comparison in which an idea or a thing is
compared to another thing that is quite different from it. It aims at
explaining that idea or thing by comparing it to something that is
familiar.

WHAT IS IT?
ACTIVITY 7
Read the paragraph below and answer the questions that
follow.

The Chef and the Performer

It is premise that since food requires careful preparation and

special skills, it should not just be brought to the table on a platter. Instead, it
should be the subject of a performance. Thus, the table becomes the stage; the

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chef, the performer; and the diners, the audience. The performance starts when
the chef puts on his red hat and begins to act his part, he cuts the vegetables
with spritely movements, tosses in some seasoning, and then attends to the
meat, the fish, or the seafood on hand. The vegetables dance on the grills at the
chef’s command and jump into the diner’s plate. Applause or an encore maybe
inevitable, but of course, the test of the pudding is in eating.

Source: Winning strategies for study, thinking and writing skills

Adapted: Fernandez
Comprehension Questions

1. What is the main idea of the paragraph?

______________________________________________________________
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2. Explain the analogy in the statement, “the test of the pudding is in the eating.”
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3. What is the essential meaning of the paragraph?

______________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________

WHAT’S NEW
LESSON 3.8
PROCESS
A process paragraph explains how something works or
tells how to do something. The rest of the paragraph
should discuss the steps in the process, one by one, in the
order in which they occur.

There are two different kinds of process paragraphs:

1. Process explanations. The writer’s purpose is simply to help readers understand
a process, not perform it.

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2. Instructions. The writer’s purpose is to give readers the information they need to
perform a task or activity.

WHAT IS IT?
ACTIVITY 8
Read the paragraph below and answer the questions
that follow.

The Making of French Fries

I have always enjoyed the French Fries at McDonald’s and other fast foods
restaurant, but I have never realized just how much work goes into making
them until I watched in the television a potato processing plant in Hermiston,
Oregon. The process begins with freshly dug potatoes being shoveled from
trucks onto conveyor belts leading into the plant. During this stage , workers must
sort out any rocks that may have been dug up with the potatoes because these
could severely damage the automated peelers. After the potatoes have gone through
the peelers, they travel on a conveyor belt through the trim line. Here, workers cut out
any bad spots, being careful not to waste potatoes by trimming too much. Next, the
potatoes are sliced in automated cutters and then fried for about a minute. After this,
they continue along a conveyor belt to the wet line. Here, workers again look for bad
spots, discarding out any rotten pieces. At this point, the potatoes go to a second set of
fryers for three minutes before being moved to sub-zero freezers for ten minutes. Then,
it’s on to the frozen line for a final inspection. The inspected fries are weighed by
machines and then sealed into five-pound plastic packages, which are weighed again
by workers who also check that packages are properly sealed. The bags are then
packed into boxes and made ready for shipment to various McDonald’s and other
restaurants across the Western United States. This process goes on continuously,
twenty-four hours a day to bring us consumers the tasty French fries we all enjoy so
much.

Comprehension Questions

1. Copy the topic sentence of the paragraph.

2. Identify the paragraph as process explanation or instructions. Explain

your answer.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

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3. List the steps in the process.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

WHAT’S NEW
LESSON 3.9
PROBLEM AND SOLUTION
How to link a problem paragraph to a solution paragraph, these are
paragraphs that identify a problem of some kind and report on an
innovative solution.
The event in the if-clause is possible, or is likely to happen. The
event in the result clause would logically follow. There are others types of
conditional sentences, but first conditionals are the most common in writing about
problems and solutions.

WHAT IS IT?
ACTIVITY 9

Read the paragraph below and answer the questions that

follow.

Deforestation is a serious problem because forest and trees are not just pretty to
look at, they do an important job making the earth´s environment suitable for life. They
clean the air, store water, preserve oil, and provide homes for animals. They also supply
food, fuel, wood products, and paper products for humans. In the past fifty years, more
than half of the world´s rainforests have been destroyed.
Today, the forest of the world are being deforestation continues, the world´s
climate may change, floods may become more common, and animals will [Link]
solution to the problem of deforestation is to use less paper. If you use less paper, fewer
trees will be cut for paper making. How can you use less paper? One answer is to
reduce your paper use by using both sides of the paper when you photocopy, write a
letter, or write an essay. A second answer is to reuse old paper when you can, rather
than using a new sheet of paper. The backs of old envelopes are perfect for shopping
list or phone messages, and you write a rough draft of an essay, write it on the back of
something else. A final answer is to recycle used paper products instead of throwing

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them away. Most schools, offices, and districts have some kind of recycling center. If
you follow "the tree Rs"- reduce, reuse, and recycle-you can help save the world´s
forest.
Comprehension Questions

1. What is deforestation?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

2. What are the effects of deforestation?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

3. What are the roles of the community to prevent deforestation?

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

WHAT’S NEW
LESSON 3.10
PERSUASION

A persuasive paragraph tries to convince the reader that a

particular point of view is worthy of consideration. It wants
you to consider both sides of an issue, but it reveals a bias in
favor of one side over another. Facts may be presented in
support of a position, but the writer is not being objective. The point of
view is subjective.

objective: impartial; fair; balanced; factual

subjective: partial; in favor of an idea; biased

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WHAT IS IT?
ACTIVITY 10

Read the paragraph below and answer the questions that

follow.

Immigration contributes to the overall health of the American economy. Despite

recent concerns expressed about illegal and some legal immigration to the United
States, this country has largely benefited from the skills, talents, and ambition that
immigrants bring with them. American businesses gain from a good source of affordable
labor, while towns and cities are revitalized by immigrant families who strengthen
communities through civic participation and the generation of new economic activity.
The United States must continue to welcome new arrivals and help those who are
already here; otherwise, the country will lose the advantages it has over other
industrialized countries that compete against us in the global marketplace and seek to
recruit from a vast pool of unskilled and skilled global workers.
1. Give your analysis of the given paragraph.

a. Introduction

b. Reasons

c. Conclusions

WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

LET’S SUMMARIZE

 Narration. It is sharing of personal experiences that offers lessons and

insights.
 Description. Uses sensory details such as sights, smells, tastes,
feelings and textures to create vivid images in the reader’s mind.
 Comparison and Contrast. It tells how the two things are similar and
different.

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 Classification. It is an activity of sorting items.
 Definition. It explains what a term means.
 Cause and Effect. It is what make a particular thing happen and what
results from a particular situation , activity, or behavior.
 Analogy. It is a comparison in which an idea or a thing is
compared to another .
 Process. Explains how something works or tells how to do something.
The rest of the paragraph should discuss the steps in the process, one
by one, in the order in which they occur.
 Problem and Solution. To link a problem paragraph to a solution
paragraph, these are paragraphs that identify a problem of some
kind and report on an innovative solution .
 Persuasion. Tries to convince the reader that a particular point of view
isworthy of consideration. It wants you to consider both sides of an
issue, but it reveals a bias in favor of one side over another.

ASSESSMENT

Multiple Choice. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. The definitions provided in dictionaries.

A. formal C. Operational
B. informal D. Denotation
2. It is sharing of personal experiences that offers lessons and insights.
A. Narration C. Comparison and Contrast
B. Description D. Classification
3. Definitions gives the meaning of an abstract word for one particular time and
place.
A. Formal C. Operational
B. Informal D. Denotation
4. Uses sensory details such as sights, smells , tastes, feelings and textures to
create vivid images in the reader’s mind.
A. Narration C. Comparison and Contrast
B. Description D. Classification
5. Words that mean the same as another word.
A. Formal C. Operational
B. Synonyms D. Denotation

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6. It tells how the two things are similar and different. A.
Narration C. Comparison & Contrast B. Description
D. Classification
7. It is the exact meaning of the word; while, connotation is an idea or
meaning suggested by or associated with a word or things.
A. Formal C. Operational
B. Synonyms D. Denotation
8. It is an activity of sorting items.
A. Narration C. Comparison and Contrast
B. Description D. Classification
9. It explains what a term means.
A. Definition C. Comparison & Contrast
B. Analogy D. Process
10. It is a definition sentence which is extended into a paragraph by adding
meanings, descriptions, narrations , and other kinds of paragraph development
to make clear the term being defined.
A. Definition C. Operational
b. Synonyms D. Denotation

Great job! You are done with Lesson 3, have a break! You deserve one.
Then let’s take off to Lesson 4!

So, read on!

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