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    Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) - 1

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    Iris De La Calzada
    The Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) is a tool to assess for delirium in elderly patients. It has high sensitivity and specificity when validated against clinical diagnosis. The CAM takes less than 5 minutes to administer and closely correlates with DSM-IV criteria for delirium diagnosis. It identifies the presence or absence of delirium based on 4 features: acute onset and fluctuating course, inattention, disorganized thinking, and altered level of consciousness. A diagnosis of delirium requires the presence of features 1 and 2 along with feature 3 or 4. While quick to use at the bedside, the CAM does not assess delirium severity and has a 10% false positive rate.

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    Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) - 1

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    Iris De La Calzada
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    The Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) is a tool to assess for delirium in elderly patients. It has high sensitivity and specificity when validated against clinical diagnosis. The CAM takes less than 5 minutes to administer and closely correlates with DSM-IV criteria for delirium diagnosis. It identifies the presence or absence of delirium based on 4 features: acute onset and fluctuating course, inattention, disorganized thinking, and altered level of consciousness. A diagnosis of delirium requires the presence of features 1 and 2 along with feature 3 or 4. While quick to use at the bedside, the CAM does not assess delirium severity and has a 10% false positive rate.

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    Confusion Assessment Method (CAM)-1

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    The Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) is a tool to assess for delirium in elderly patients. It has high sensitivity and specificity when validated against clinical diagnosis. The CAM takes less than 5 minutes to administer and closely correlates with DSM-IV criteria for delirium diagnosis. It identifies the presence or absence of delirium based on 4 features: acute onset and fluctuating course, inattention, disorganized thinking, and altered level of consciousness. A diagnosis of delirium requires the presence of features 1 and 2 along with feature 3 or 4. While quick to use at the bedside, the CAM does not assess delirium severity and has a 10% false positive rate.

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    276 views2 pages

    Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) - 1

    Uploaded by

    Iris De La Calzada
    The Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) is a tool to assess for delirium in elderly patients. It has high sensitivity and specificity when validated against clinical diagnosis. The CAM takes less than 5 minutes to administer and closely correlates with DSM-IV criteria for delirium diagnosis. It identifies the presence or absence of delirium based on 4 features: acute onset and fluctuating course, inattention, disorganized thinking, and altered level of consciousness. A diagnosis of delirium requires the presence of features 1 and 2 along with feature 3 or 4. While quick to use at the bedside, the CAM does not assess delirium severity and has a 10% false positive rate.

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    Issue Number 13, November 2001 Series Editor: Sheila Molony, MS, RN, C

    Confusion Assessment Method (CAM)


    By Christine M. Waszynski RN, C, MS, APRN

    WHY: Approximately 15 - 60 % of elderly patients experience a delirium prior to or during a hospitalization


    but the diagnosis is missed in up to 70% of cases. Delirium is associated with poor outcomes such as
    prolonged hospitalization, functional decline, and increased use of chemical and physical restraints. Delirium
    increases the risk of nursing home admission. Individuals at high risk for delirium should be assessed daily
    using a standardized tool to facilitate prompt identification and management. Risk factors for delirium
    include older age, prior cognitive impairment, presence of infection, severe illness or multiple co-morbidities,
    dehydration, psychotropic medication use, alcoholism, vision impairment and fractures.

    BEST TOOL: The Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) includes two parts. Part one is an assessment
    instrument that screens for overall cognitive impairment. Part two includes only those four features that were
    found to have the greatest ability to distinguish delirium or reversible confusion from other types of cognitive
    impairment.

    VALIDITY/RELIABILITY: Concurrent validation with psychiatric diagnosis revealed sensitivity of 94-


    100% and specificity of 90-95%. The CAM significantly correlated with the Mini-Mental Status
    Examination, the Visual Analog Scale for Confusion and the digit span test.

    STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS: The tool can be administered in less than 5 minutes.
    It closely correlates with DSM-IV criteria for delirium. There is a false positive rate of 10% and the
    instrument has not been widely tested as a bedside tool for nurse raters. The tool identifies the presence or
    absence of delirium but does not assess the severity of the condition, making it less useful to detect clinical
    improvement or deterioration.

    FOLLOW-UP: The presence of delirium as indicated by the algorithm, warrants prompt intervention to
    identify and treat underlying causes and provide supportive care. Vigilant efforts need to continue across the
    healthcare continuum to preserve and restore baseline mental status.

    MORE ON THE TOPIC:


    Chan, D. & Brennan, N. (1999). Delirium: Making the diagnosis, improving the prognosis. Geriatrics, 54(3), 28-42.
    Inouye, S., van Dyck, C., Alessi, C., Balkin, S., Siegal, A. & Horwitz, R. (1990). Clarifying confusion: the confusion
    assessment method. Annals of Internal Medicine, 113(12), 941-948.
    Rapp, C., Wakefield, B., Kundrat, M., Mentes, J., Tripp-Reimer, T., Culp, K., Mobily, P., Akins, J. & Onega, L. (2000).
    Acute confusion assessment instruments: clinical versus research usability. Applied Nursing Research, 13(1),
    37-45.
    Segatore, M. & Adams, D. (2001). Managing delirium and agitation in elderly hospitalized orthopedic patients: Part 1 –
    Theoretical aspects. Orthopaedic Nursing, 20(1), 31-45.

    Permission is hereby granted to reproduce this material for not-for-profit educational purposes only, provided
    The Hartford Institute for Geriatric Nursing, Division of Nursing, New York University is cited as the source.
    Available on the internet at www.hartfordign.org. E-mail notification of usage to: [email protected].
    The Confusion Assessment Method Instrument:
    1. [Acute Onset] Is there evidence of an acute change in mental status from the patient’s baseline?
    2A. [Inattention] Did the patient have difficulty focusing attention, for example, being easily distractible, or having
    difficulty keeping track of what was being said?
    2B. (If present or abnormal) Did this behavior fluctuate during the interview, that is, tend to come and go or
    increase and decrease in severity?
    3. [Disorganized thinking] Was the patient’s thinking disorganized or incoherent, such as rambling or irrelevant
    conversation, unclear or illogical flow of ideas, or unpredictable switching from subject to subject?
    4. [Altered level of consciousness] . Overall, how would you rate this patient’s level of consciousness? (Alert
    [normal]; Vigilant [hyperalert, overly sensitive to environmental stimuli, startled very easily], Lethargic [drowsy,
    easily aroused]; Stupor [difficult to arouse]; Coma; [unarousable]; Uncertain)
    5. [Disorientation] Was the patient disoriented at any time during the interview, such as thinking that he or she was
    somewhere other than the hospital, using the wrong bed, or misjudging the time of day?
    6. [Memory impairment] Did the patient demonstrate any memory problems during the interview, such as inability
    to remember events in the hospital or difficulty remembering instructions?
    7. [Perceptual disturbances] Did the patient have any evidence of perceptual disturbances, for example,
    hallucinations, illusions or misinterpretations (such as thinking something was moving when it was not)?
    8A. [Psychomotor agitation] At any time during the interview did the patient have an unusually increased level of
    motor activity such as restlessness, picking at bedclothes, tapping fingers or making frequent sudden changes of
    position?
    8B. [Psychomotor retardation]. At any time during the interview did the patient have an unusually decreased level
    of motor activity such as sluggishness, staring into space, staying in one position for a long time or moving very
    slowly?
    9. [Altered sleep-wake cycle]. Did the patient have evidence of disturbance of the sleep-wake cycle, such as
    excessive daytime sleepiness with insomnia at night?

    The Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) Diagnostic Algorithm


    Feature 1: Acute Onset and Fluctuating Course
    This feature is usually obtained from a family member or nurse and is shown by positive responses to the following
    questions: Is there evidence of an acute change in mental status from the patient’s baseline? Did the (abnormal)
    behavior fluctuate during the day, that is, tend to come and go, or increase and decrease in severity?
    Feature 2: Inattention
    This feature is shown by a positive response to the following question: Did the patient have difficulty focusing
    attention, for example, being easily distractible, or having difficulty keeping track of what was being said?
    Feature 3: Disorganized thinking
    This feature is shown by a positive response to the following question: Was the patient’s thinking disorganized or
    incoherent, such as rambling or irrelevant conversation, unclear or illogical flow of ideas, or unpredictable switching
    from subject to subject?
    Feature 4: Altered Level of consciousness
    This feature is shown by any answer other than “alert” to the following question:
    Overall, how would you rate this patient’s level of consciousness? (alert [normal]), vigilant [hyperalert], lethargic
    [drowsy, easily aroused], stupor [difficult to arouse], or coma [unarousable])

    The diagnosis of delirium by CAM requires the presence of features 1 and 2 and either 3 or 4.

    CAM Instrument and Algorithim adapted from Inouye, S., van Dyck, C., Alessi, C., Balkin, S., Siegal, A. & Horwitz, R.
    (1990). Clarifying confusion: the confusion assessment method. Annals of Internal Medicine, 113(12), 941-948.
    Reprinted with permission.
    A series provided by
    The Hartford Institute for Geriatric Nursing
    [email protected]
    www.hartfordign.org
    Managing Editor: Jessica Scholder, MPH

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