Combustion and Flame CW Part 4

14. How does carbon dioxide extinguish a fire?

A. Carbon dioxide is heavier than air and does not support

combustion. Carbon dioxide extinguishes fire by displacing oxygen or
by taking away oxygen from the fire triangle. Carbon dioxide is also
very cold when it comes out of the extinguisher. Thus, it reduces the
temperature of the fuel as well.
15. What is calorific value of a fuel? What is the unit of calorific

value?
ANSWER:
The amount of heat liberated, when one kg of a fuel is completely

burnt in sufficient supply of oxygen, is called the calorific value of the
fuel.
Calorific value is expressed in kJ/kg (kilojoules per kilogram)
16. How are fuels classified on the basis of their physical state? Give
two examples of each.
ANSWER:
We know that matter can exist in three states −- solid, liquid and gas.
On this basis, fuels can be classified as follows:
Solid fuels: Examples: Wood, coal, dung cakes, bagasse (sugarcane
from which juice has been extracted), etc.
Liquid fuels: Examples: Kerosene, fuel oil, petrol, diesel, etc.
Gaseous fuels: Examples: Natural gas, coal gas, biogas, etc.
17. Explain, with the help of a labelled diagram, how a soda-acid type
fire extinguisher works.
ANSWER:
A soda-acid type fire extinguisher contains concentrated solution of
sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) in a small cylinder fitted with
a glass bottle filled with sulphuric acid. When fire breaks out, the
cylinder is hit on a hard surface to break the bottle. Once the bottle
breaks, the acid reacts with sodium hydrogen carbonate to evolve
carbon dioxide and water in the form of vapours. Carbon dioxide,
being a non-supporter of combustion, forms a blanket over the fire
and extinguishes it. Water, because of its cooling effect, brings down
the temperature below the ignition temperature to check burning.
18. What is a flame?Name and explain the different zones of a candle

flame
ANSWER:
Flame is a zone of combustion of gaseous substances accompanied

by evolution of heat and light.
Only those substances which burn and vaporise produce a flame.The

combustible substance and the supporter of combustion both are in
gaseous state to produce a flame.
Different zones of a candle flame

As shown in the above diagram, a candle flame has four zones. They
are as follows:
Innermost zone: The flame starting from the wick has a small blue
coloured zone. Here, carbon monoxide produced by the incomplete
combustion of carbon particles burns to give blue colour.
Dark zone: It lies above the innermost zone, where no combustion

takes place. It is the coldest zone. It consists of unburnt vaporised
particles of the wax. No oxygen is available for burning in this zone.
Luminous zone or middle zone: It is luminous and consists a pale

yellow glow above the dark zone. It is formed by incomplete
combustion of wax vapours in limited supply of oxygenated air. It is
moderately hot, soot is produced by this zone of the flame.
Non-luminous zone: It is the outermost and the hottest zone of the

flame above the luminous flame. It is formed by complete
combustion of wax vapours with plenty of oxygen available from the
surrounding atmospheric air. Carbon particles of the wax vapour are
completely burnt here to produce carbon dioxide and water vapour.
Since carbon dioxide is a colourless gas, this zone is non luminous.
19. What are the characteristics of a good fuel?

ANSWER:
Characteristics of a good fuel are as follows:

1. High calorific value: In order to have high fuel efficiency, a good
fuel must have high calorific value.
2. Moderate ignition temperature: A good fuel should have
moderate ignition temperature.
3. Burns easily at a moderate rate: A good fuel should burn easily in
sufficient air at a moderate rate.
4. Low content of non-combustible material: A good fuel should have
low content of non-combustible material.
5. Easy to store and handle: A good fuel should be easy to transport
and store at a low cost and without causing any harm.
6. Lower moisture content: A good fuel should have less moisture
content.
7. Fuels on combustion should not leave behind any harmful
products such as CO, SO2, etc.
8. A good fuel should have low volatile matter content.
20. Discuss the impact of burning fuels.

ANSWER:
Fuels like wood, coal, petroleum release unburnt carbon particles.

These fine particles are dangerous pollutants, which cause
respiratory diseases such as asthma.
Incomplete combustion of these fuels gives carbon monoxide gas,
which is a very poisonous gas.
Combustion of most fuels releases carbon dioxide. Increased
concentration of carbon dioxide in the air causes global warming.
Use of fossil fuels damages the environment with the release of toxic
gases like oxides of nitrogen and sulphur. Such gases are responsible
for acid rain, which, in turn, is very harmful for crops, buildings and
soil.
21. If LPG gas stove at home is giving a yellow flame. What can this
mean?
ANSWER:
Yellow flame indicates that the flame tube is starved of oxygen.

There can be various reasons for less oxygen like air holes of the
burner may be clogged causing the fuel to burn insufficiently due to
insufficient supply of air, or less amount of fuel is available; i.e., the
cylinder is about to get empty.
22.A flame always points upwards. Give reason

ANSWER:
Hot gas is generally less dense than cool gas. Flame is a very hot gas.
As the flame burns, it takes the oxygen from the atmospheric air and
heats the surrounding atmospheric gases. Therefore, the hot air
around the flame is pushed up because it is less dense. As the air
around the flame is pushed up, the air around the flame is drawn
towards the flame to take the space of the lighter gases, which are
pushed up. Meanwhile, the surrounding cold air is pulled down by
gravity and the flame is pressurised all around by the atmospheric
gases. This elongates the flame upward.
23.Why do we wrap a blanket around a person whose clothes have

caught fire?
ANSWER:
For a fire to burn, all three elements −- heat, fuel and oxygen −- of
the fire triangle must be present. If any of these is cut off, fire will be
put out. When a fire blanket completely surrounds the person whose
clothes have caught fire, it seals the person’s body surface around
the fire and cuts off the oxygen supply to the fire; thereby, putting
out the fire . Thus, fire blanket acts as a fire extinguisher and stops
the fire from spreading.
24.Which zone of a flame does a goldsmith use for melting gold and
silver? Why?
ANSWER:
A goldsmith uses the outermost non-luminous zone of the candle
flame to melt gold and silver because it is the hottest part of the
flame.
25.In an experiment, 4.5 kg of a fuel was completely burnt. The heat
produced was measured to be 180000 kJ. Calculate the calorific
value of the fuel.
ANSWER
𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑

Calorific value=
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
180000÷45
=
45÷45
40000
=
1
Therefore the calorific value of the fuel is 40000kJ/kg
26.Explain how the use of CNG in automobiles has reduced pollution

in our cities.
ANSWER
CNG burns without producing smoke. It produces a very small
amount of harmful products. Therefore , the use of CNG in
automobiles has reduced air pollution in our cities.
27. Abida and Ramesh were doing an experiment in which water was
to be heated in a beaker. Abida kept the beaker near the wick in the
yellow part of the candle flame. Ramesh kept the beaker in the
outermost part of the flame. Whose water will get heated in a
shorter time?
Answer:
The water placed in the outermost part of the flame will be heated in
a short time since it is a non-luminous flame and is regarded as the
hottest part of the flame. So Ramesh’s beaker will be heated first.
However, as Abida had placed the beaker in the luminous flame
(yellow flame) the water would be comparatively less hot.

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14. How does carbon dioxide extinguish a fire?

A. Carbon dioxide is heavier than air and does not support

15. What is calorific value of a fuel? What is the unit of calorific

The amount of heat liberated, when one kg of a fuel is completely

18. What is a flame?Name and explain the different zones of a candle

Flame is a zone of combustion of gaseous substances accompanied

Only those substances which burn and vaporise produce a flame.The

Different zones of a candle flame

Dark zone: It lies above the innermost zone, where no combustion

Luminous zone or middle zone: It is luminous and consists a pale

Non-luminous zone: It is the outermost and the hottest zone of the

19. What are the characteristics of a good fuel?

Characteristics of a good fuel are as follows:

20. Discuss the impact of burning fuels.

Fuels like wood, coal, petroleum release unburnt carbon particles.

Yellow flame indicates that the flame tube is starved of oxygen.

22.A flame always points upwards. Give reason

23.Why do we wrap a blanket around a person whose clothes have

𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑

Therefore the calorific value of the fuel is 40000kJ/kg

26.Explain how the use of CNG in automobiles has reduced pollution

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