Cerio) Look at these pictures and discuss the following questions. 1 Which of these communication media are used mainly for (a) interpersonal communication? (b) mass communication? 2 Which (a) are published information? (b) transmit, receive information electronically? (c) store information electronically? 3 Whatare the ways in which people in your country communicate with (a) family and friends and (b) business associates? Identification of main idea and supporting information 1 Read the first paragraph from a chapter on mass media. 1 Which sentence contains the main idea of the paragraph? What does it tell you? 2 Whatearly forms of mass media does the writer mention? 2 Which new media forms do you think the writer will mention in the remainder of the passage? From me to you ji0}3 Now read the rest of the passage and check your answers to question 2. New Electronic Media ‘The term ‘mass media’ refers to the organized means for communicating openly and at a distance to many receivers within a short space of time. These criteria are relative, since the earliest forms of mass media | book or pamphlet) were limited to the a society that happened to be literate and relatively close to the place of publication. There has been a continuous development of technologies since ‘the earliest forms of media (rock paintings) to the latest forms of new electronic media. The expression ‘new media’ has been in use since the 1960s and has had to encompass an expanding and diversifying set of communication technologies. However, the foundations of the current ‘communications revolution’ rest on two main innovations. One is satellite communication and the other is the harnessing of the computer. The key to the immense power of the computer as a communication ‘machine lies in the process of digitalization that allows information of all kinds in all formats to be carried. with the same efficiency and also intermingled. In principle there is no longer any need for other forms ‘of media, since all could be subsumed in the same computerized communication centre. In practice there isno sign of this happening. Alongside computer- based technologies there are other innovations ‘that have in some degree changed some aspects of ‘mass communication. New means of transmission by ‘able, satellite and radio have immensely increased the capacity to transmit. New means of storage and retrieval, including the personal video recorder, CD- ROM, compact disc, etc. have also expanded the range ‘of possibilities, and even the remote control device hhas played a part. While not directly supporting mass communication, the many new possibilities for private “‘media-making’ (camcorders, PCs, printers, cameras, etc) have expanded the world of media and forged bridges between public and private communication and between the spheres of professional and amateur. ‘The implications ofall this for mass media are stil far from clear, although itis certain that the ‘traditional’ media have benefited greatly from new media innovations as well as acquiring new competitors. Secondly, we can conclude that the communications revolution has generally shifted the ‘balance of power’ from the media to the audience, in so far as there are more options to choose from and more active uses cof media available, Traditional mass communication vwas essentially one-directional, while the new forms ‘of communication are essentially interactive. Mass ‘communication has in several respects become less massive and less centralized. Beyond that, itis useful to distinguish between the effects of enhanced transmission and the emergence of any new medium of communication. {In respect of transmission, the main changes have been, the installation of cable systems, the development of satellites for direct broadcasting of feeding into cables and the adaptation of telephone networks to carry many new kinds of traffic, The impact of these changes is still mainly limited to a relatively small proportion of the world population. The main results have been to ‘expand the existing supply without yet fundamentally changing what is transmitted or what is consumed. In respect of the emergence of any new medium, we can at least recognize the claim of the internet to be considered as a medium in its own right. This is based on having a distinctive technology, manner of use, range of content and services, and distinct ‘own image. Its recognition as a medium has been held back by the fact that the Internet is not owned, controlled or organized by any single body, but is simply a network of internationally interconnected computers operating according to agreed protocols. Numerous organizations, but especially service providers and telecommunication bodies, contribute to ts operation. The internet as such does not exist anywhere as a legal entity and is not subject to any single set of national laws or regulations. However, those who use the Internet can be accountable to the laws and regulations of the country in which they reside as well as to international law. Despite the plausibility of counting the internet as a mass medium, its diffusion is limited and it has not yet acquired a clear definition of its function. tt began primarily 5 a non-commercial means of intercommunication ‘and data exchange between professionals, but its more recent rapid advance has been fuelled by ts potential as a purveyor of goods and many profitable services and as an alternative means of interpersonal ‘communication. Itis still very marginal as a means of mass communication.Multiple-choice questions Question strategy ‘See Unit 3, page 42 for advice on how to approach this question type. 4 Answer questions 1-3. Choose the correct letter A, B, Cor D. The main topic discussed in the text is the ways in which communication takes place. the importance of the Internet as a means of mass communication. the history of mass media communication. the effect of technological change on communication. v gOepe According to the passage, which of the following is responsible for an increase in computer-based technologies? digital technology new ways of storing information better ways of retrieving information satellite communication 2 goeD Which of these changes has NOT occurred as a result of media innovations? increased competition for ‘traditional’ media increased choice for consumers stricter laws for Internet users more audience interaction with the media poe Summary completion (from a list) Question strategy See Unit 2, page 30 for advice on how to approach this question type. 5 Answer questions 4-8. Complete the summary below using words from the box. ‘There is an argument that the Internet should be counted as a means of 4 This is despite the fact that it is not possible to say which 5 ‘owns and operates it, which 6 regulates its use or what its true 7. Although its uses in 8. and communication have helped to increase its popularity, this still does not justify calling it a mass medium. activity corporation country dataexchange image _ individual interpersonal communication mass communication media organization nations purpose _ service provider telecommunications tradeSentence completion Question strategy See Unit 6, page 93 for advice on how to approach this question type. 6 Answer questions 9-12. ‘Complete the sentences below with words taken from the Reading passage. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer. 9 Satellite communication and computer-based technologies underlie the. 10 Inventions like the personal video recorder and the compact disc have improved information 11 Changes to the way we communicate have given the audience 12. Information supply has increased as a result of changes to methods of Yes, No, Not Given 7 Answer questions 13-15. Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer? Write YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer. NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer. NOT GIVEN if itis impossible to say what the writer thinks about this. 13. Computer-based technologies are capable of meeting all of our communication needs. 14 The effects of changes to ways in which we transmit information have been felt globally. 15 The Internet will one day be recognized as a legitimate medium of mass communication. Articles See Grammar reference, page 177. 11 Match the beginnings of the rules (1-3) with an appropriate ending (a-c). 1 We use the indefinite article (a/an)__ 2 Weuse the definite article (the) __ 3° Weuse zero (no) article _ a when the reader listener knows which person or thing we are talking about, eg Have you logged on to the computer yet? b_ with plural or uncountable nouns when we talk about people or things in a general way, eg Computers are coming down in price. ¢ when the person or thing we are talking about is new to the reader or listener, eg Tbought a new computer last week.2 Match the rules (0-7) for the use of articles with the examples (a-f) Indefinite article (a/an) Definite article (the) 0 Use when you mean any example ofa type or class. _¢ 1 Use when you are referring toa specific example of a type or class. 2 Use when you say what type or group someone or something ‘belongs to or what their job is. 3. Use when explaining which person or thing you're referring to. 4 Use witha singular countable noun when one example of a type or class represents all the examples of the type or class. _ 5. Use with a singular countable noun to make a general statement about a group people or things. __ 6 Use in some expressions of quantity. _ 7 Use with superlative adjectives. He'san electronic engineer. Hand me the dictionary, please. rR te aoe The computer has revolutionized the way we use information. You need a dictionary for this exercise. Acomputer needs to be maintained regularly. ‘One of tlre earliest forms of mass media was rock painting. Only a small proportion of the world’s population has been affected. ‘He's the engineer who repaired my television. 3 Complete the text. Use a/an, the or leave the space blank. Use the Grammar Summary on page 177 to help you. ‘There was 1__ time when researching 2___ school or college term paper was much simpler. 3___ student writing about, for example, 4 Wright brothers might have borrowed 5__ book on 6 __ history of aviation from7__ local library or looked through 8 __ family’s encyclopaedia. Toda on 10 information from 12 9 useless, Section 1: Multiple-choic students can identify these and thousands of other resources Internet, but they are not always good at sorting 11____ valuable jiagrams 1 ©) 2.20 Youare going to hear a student getting information about the university learning resource centre, Before you listen, study the pictures and underline the keywords in the pictures. Read questions 1-7. ‘Questions 1-2 Look at the following pictures and choose the correct letter A, B or C. wae la Student's card C}| DRIVING LICENCE10) Which form of identification is preferred? 1 Al £1.00 1 £1.50 So £1.75 What will the fine be for a two-day loan book returned one day late? 2 Sentence completion Questions 3-7 Complete the sentences using NO MORE THAN ONE WORD for each answer. Students find it easier to changed. Students don’t have to waste time finding books because the reading lists are 4 The5 . library loan system provides links to other libraries, Guest speakers’ 6. and 7 are put on tape and CD. internet passwords they have © 2.21 Before you listen, read questions 8-11. Multiple choice Questions 8-10 Choose the appropriate letters AF. Which THREE ways can students find a book using a computer? By using subject keywords By keying in an author's first name By using words in a book title By typing in a book list By typing in an author's family name By using the information desk Boo mmgunap> Question 11 Choose the appropriate letters A-C Acomputer ban lasts: A 1week B 2weeks C 3weeks n[eee The media 1 Match the words associated with the media with the definitions a~m. 1 bias 8 je 2 abroadeast 9 3. abroadsheet 10 paparazzi 4 censorship 11 the press 5 achannel 12 astation 6 coverage 13. atabloid 7 acommercial newspapers and magazines, radio and television and the Internet newspapers and magazines news about something in the media the act of reporting the news for the media a programme that is received by radios or televisions not allowing news to be broadcast, usually for political or religious reasons a television station and its programmes an attitude which makes a person treat other people unfairly or differently i _anewspaper which contains more information about famous people than serious news a newspaper which contains mainly serious news photographers who follow famous people in order to take photographs of them for the press an advertisement on the television or radio a company that transmits radio or television programmes ne se se aogs NS Discuss these questions in groups. Do you prefer reading a tabloid or a broadsheet? Why? Should the press be free to report what it likes or should there be censorship by the government? Do you think paparazzi ever act irresponsibly? If so, give an example. Do newspapers in your country show political bias? ne oO Section 3 1 Discuss the following questions with a partner 1 How is international news reported in your country? 2 What kind of news stories interest people in your country? 2 PD 2.22 You are going to listen to two students talking to their tutor about their essays on news values, Before you listen, read questions 1-12.Questions 112 Multiple options Choose two letters from A-E ‘What are the main objectives of Gabriella’s essay? A To look at how news is shown on television B_ Tocontrast presenters and broadcasters C Toanalyse news values D To describe the importance of the news E Tostudy newspapers Choose one letter from A-E Gabriella had problems with: A. Writing introductions B Selecting information © Finding newspapers D_ Reading enough newspapers E_ Choosing newspapers 3 Z Table completion Complete the following table using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer. PARAGRAPH CONTENT. PROBLEMS, Gabriella © Negativity in news items ‘© Not enough reasons 1 © The preference of the general © Not enough examples public for 4. (eg Compare 5 versus Gabriella © The importance of 2 ae in the news © Emphasizing why people None 7 veennnsnsnnernen tHE NEWS. Dong © Describing the 8... © Notenough 9... 3 in the news. (eg objective and subjective)Summary completion Complete the following summary using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer. Newspapers aim for 10 _ namely news stories that have happened recently because this is what the public is interested in. Newspaper reporting has also been influenced by 11 which makes the news more immediate as we can 12 uch faster than previously. Parts 1,2 and3 1 ©) 2.23 and 2.24 Listen to two candidates answering the Part 1 © 8 questions below. Write Y for Yes and N for No for questions 1-7 for each speaker. Topic: Libraries 1 Doyou often use a library? (Why /Why not?) 2. Are libraries popular in your country? 3 Doyou think people will still visit libraries in 10 years’ time? (Why/Why not?) Speaker 1 Speaker 2 1 Does the speaker keep going and speak for a long, time without unnecessary hesitation? 2. Does the speaker use collocations and idiomatic ‘expressions? Oo Does the speaker make many grammar mistakes? Does the speaker use signpost language to introduce what they are saying? 5 Canyou understand everything the speaker is saying, ors their pronunciation sometimes unclear? O 6 Does the speaker give reasons or examples to, develop their answer? oO 7 Isthe speaker’s vocabulary repetitive? 2 Work in pairs. Ask each other the following Part 1 questions. Speak for 1-2 minutes about each topic. Topic: Mobile phones 1 Are mobile phones popular in your country? 2. Is there anything you don’t like about mobile phones? (Why?) Topic: Emé 1 How often do you write emails? 2 Doyou think emails are a good way to communicate with others’ (Why/Why not?)3 Look at the following Part 2 topics. Take it in turns to be the examiner and the candidate. Use the questions in exercise 1 to assess each other. Examiner: I'd like you to speak about the following topic for 1-2 minutes. First, you have 1 minute to make notes and think about what you are going tosay. @ Now ask each other the following Part 3 questions that follow on from the topic you have spoken about in Part 2. Take it in turns to be the examiner and the candidate. Examiner: Now I'd like to ask you a few general questions about the topic you've just been speaking about. Topic: TV programmes 1 ans a pecans libre ira enjoy w 2 Doyou think that parents should control how much television their children watch? 3. Evaluate the effectiveness of television as a means of communicating (Miers compared ya tctveennedis formas euch ws the‘iternet and radio. Tople: Advertising 1 Should be targeting children in their advertising ‘campaigns? PGR ee ate eer ec rae, wilh ocheronh Coens ‘such as television and radio. 3 Do you think advertisements should be censored? (Why /Why not?)Irrelevant point ~ doesn't link the ‘ideas tothe topic of advertising, First sentence to long. Punctuation mistakes, Task2 Keeping your focus 1 Re-order the words below to make sentences describing the two parts of a Task 2 question. 1 which part you the question introduces of the TOPIC you what subject should write The first tells about. 2 you this which the TASK is tells kind you what of essay should Following write. 2 Remembering the four criteria that examiners use to mark your writing will help to keep your writing focused. Match the four exam criteria to their corresponding focus (see page 00 for review). Exam criteria Focus 1 Task response A Vocabulary, collocation and spelling 2. Coherence and cohesion B Simple/complex structures, punctuation and number of errors 3. Lexical resource C Organization and linking 4 Grammatical range and accuracy |D Does the essay fully answer the question? Is the writer’s view clear, and are the ideas relevant and well supported? 3 Look at the Task 2 question below and discuss in pairs your own views: ‘on this issue and what points you might make to support them. An increasing number of products for children are advertised on TV. Such advertisements sometimes rely on ‘pester power" to persuade parents to buy the products. Do you think children’s products should not be advertised on television? Would this be unfair to manufacturers? {the ability of children to make their parents buy things for them by continuing to ask for them until they agree to do it. Source: MED Question strategy Itis important to keep looking back to the question as you write to make sure that every sentence you write is relevant to the question. Read the three extracts from answers to the question above and assess them with a partner using the four exam criteria. Focus your assessment on. how relevant the points are and if there are any language problems. Student A: Extract from body paragraph 2 Also, many children already have too many toys and every year new toys are launched and children learn that by constantly asking their parents they can get them to buy tore tays 60 it is my view that this can lead to children not being able to enjay what they already have ae they always ack for new toys. It is natural that parents want their children to have the best toys | eel itis important that they should also try to teach children to value things and to learn patienceStudent B: Extract from body paragraph 1 nsider wh persuade consumers to buy somethi is in thet mature to v A first point is to i ater that be useful ifthe public were revuindled th Student C: Extract from body paragraph 3 A problem is that if TV advertising of childrens’ produtes was banned, then low would people learn new things? Such an ida will mean manufactories can only tell people about thie things in magazines and 0 on. This would nat be fair to those companies. {beleive that the anser is not a ban on advertising childrens’ products but for goverment to have more control over the content of adverts for childrens’ produtcs, 5 Write two body paragraphs to the question using your own ideas, then swap with a partner and assess each other's writing using the four exam criteria. Different question tasks: expecting the unexpected Question strategy Do not assume that the question will always be worded in the way you are familiar with - there are many different question tasks. 6 Look at the topic part of the question below and the different possible tasks. 1 Which tasks ask you to write about two aspects of the issue? 2. Which tasks ask for (a) a general focus on the topic as a whole, and (b) a specific focus on one aspect of the topic? TOPIC STATEMENT ‘Newspapers should be under some governmental control to avoid the potential risks ofa totally free press.* * newspapers and news magazines. Source: MED POSSIBLE TASKS 0 What are the disadvantages of government control of the press? Write an essay giving your point of view. 2. What do think are some of the problems of a free press? What measures could be taken to reduce them? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a free press. Do you agree or disagree? How important are newspapers in modern society? 5 How do you think the internet affects issues of press freedom? Will the internet lead to an end to newspapers? 6 To what extent do you agree with this statement? eo3. Match the tasks on page 163 to the sentences paraphrasing what each is asking you to do. What the Task requires you to do 0 Describe the possible problems of governmental control of the press. A Decide your view and support it. Include a discussion of the role and importance of newspapers in today’s world. B Explain both sides of the argument and give support. Conclude with your own view. C Decide how much you agree/ disagree and write an essay supporting your opinion. D Decide your view and write an essay supporting it. Refute opposing. views where relevant. E Decide if you think the internet has an effect on the arguments surrounding press censorship. Then describe whether you think newspapers will eventually be overtaken by the internet. F Describe some potential problems of having a free press and suggest possible solutions to these problems. Stating your view 7 Itis important that your own view is clearly stated in your essay. Complete the table by adding the language below to show where the writer’s opinion is given. lescribes the problem. May state the writer’s view on possible Solutions. States that the essay will look at solutions. 2 _ a restatement of the writer’s opinion. 3 states that the essay will look at both sides of the issue. 4 the writer’s opinion. 5 tates the writer’s opinion. 6 1e writer’s opinion of the most suitable solution. Balanced Opinion essay | Problem & argument essay solution essay INTRODUCTION | Introduces the | Introduces the | Introduces the topic and........a. | topicand.. topic and uu b. CONCLUSION [Summarizes | Summarizes —_| Summarizes main points and | main points and | main points and concludes with | concludes with | concludes with d. fRemember Avoid repeating words by using synonyms or paraphrases. 8 A good introduction should paraphrase all the points raised in the question 1 Read the introductory paragraph from the essay below. What do you think the question was? 2. Which essay type is it? Some people arg from publishing the question of whether privacy rules should be different for celebrities compared with members of the public. My own view ie that there needs to be a distinction made between the degree of protection offered to ordinary people compared with those who have made a decision to live in the public eye. hat stronger regulations are required to censor the media ‘ries about the private lives of famous people. This raises Check your answer in the back of book, page 188. 9 Read the complete answer to the question on media censorship from exercise 8 on page 166 and complete the exercises. 1 Find synonyms for: (a) law, (b) celebrities, (c) non-celebrities in the introduction. 2 Notice how varying the word class avoids repetition eg censorship (n) — censor (2). Find transformations for the question words protect and privacy in the introduction. 3 List all the media topic vocabulary including useful collocations. eg invasion of privacy 4 Does the essay follow the structure suggested in Unit 4, page 69. 5 Do the body paragraphs follow the plan suggested in Unit 6, page 102.Some people argue that stronger regulations are required to censor the media from publishing stories about, the private lives of famous people. This raises the question of whether privacy rules hould be different: for celebrities compared with members of the public. My own view lo that there needs to be a distinction made between the degree of protection offered to ordinary people compared with those who have made a decision to live in the public eye. Feople who are not famous but who find themselves at the centre of a major news story may find the invasion of privacy extremely upsetting, Furthermore, they may lack awareness of the Impact such publicity may bring, which might result in alienation from the communities in which they live, Some people would argue that the media have a right to publich ary stories that are in the public interest but | feel strongly that censorship should be enforced if the individuals concerned do not agree to release the story. In contrast, celebrities should be prepared for the attention of the media in all aspects of their lives, Indeed, mary celebrities encourage the media to talk about them as this raises their profle. In euch cases | do not believe that they should be able to use censorship regulations to protect themselves from negative publicity. Furthermore, | would argue that, as far as politicians and people in positions of power are concerned, It is probably a positive force to allow the media to monitor their behaviour. Whilst | would agree that having unwanted publickty must be an unpleasant experience, | firmly believe that it has to be an accepted risk of being famous. To sum up, the issue of media censorship lans ard how far these should be applied to famous people remains unreeolved. My own opinion is that these lawe should be strongly enforced to protect ordinary people, but more sparingly applied for celebrities who must accept that media scrutiny is part of the career they have chosen. 321 words Further practice 10 Write a complete answer to the question below. Spend no more than 40 minutes. ‘Write about the following topic: Many people believe that increasing levels of violence on television and in films is having a direct result on levels of violence in society. Others claim that violence in society is the result of more fundamental social problems such as unemployment. ‘How much do you think society is affected by violence in the media? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. Write at least 250 words.Ero Using idiomatic expressions 1 Add the expressions in the box to the sentences. Use a dictionary to check the meaning of any you do not know. You may have to change the grammar. a tobe part and parcel f to get the wrong end of the stick b tobeonthesame wavelength g_get through the red tape inthis day and age h to go round in circles d_ one thing that struck me about... i (start) from scratch e inthe long run j to read between the lines 1 I think it’s often easy to... when you don’t know someone very well. You can more easily misunderstand them because you don’t really know what they’e thinking. 2. Iread the wrong books for my essay so even though [had already written 500 words, Thad to... _..and do the whole essay over again. 3. Charities sometimes find it difficult to get food aid to where it is most needed because they have to., and deal with government regulations. it’s hard to imagine life without mobile phones. 5 Although recycling may initially cost a great deal of money, _.. it will benefit the environment and could cut down on, the detrimental effects caused by global warming. 6 Despite numerous meetings to solve the problem of traffic congestion, the debate kept _nand no solution was found because the local councillors could not agree. 7 We have been close friends for ages now and I can usually tell what my friend is thinking because we have so much in common and we «this whole issue of health is that the media influences women to have a negative body imag 9 Making mistakes is... ofthe learning process and it is only by correcting mistakes that learners can move to the next stage 10 Itis essential not to take situations at face value, but to To find out what the truthis. 11 Find the words in the unit. They are all commonly found in the academic ORC word i potential p.153 proportion p.153 persuade p.162 shift p.153 censorship p.158 role p.164 1 Guess their meaning from the context then check in a dictionary. 2. Which have multiple meanings or multiple word forms (eg noun and adj)? 3. Which often have dependent prepositions. What are they? Daa oy