CHAPTER 20: ANGIOSPERMS II FRUITS TWO CLASSIFICATIONS OF FRUITS

INTRODUCTION
TRUE FRUITS
FRUITS… ● Contains tissues derived from the ovary alone
● Are only produced by angiosperms ● Examples: mango, tomato, pea, etc.

SEED… ACCESSORY FRUITS/FALSE

● After an egg is fertilized, it goes through a ● Contains tissues from the ovary as well as
number of changes to form a seed. non-ovarian sources such as the receptacle
● Are enclosed within the tissues of the ovary ● Innermost part is composed of carpel-derived
→ which ripens to form a fruit tissues.
● Example: apple (edible part is the thalamus),
A SINGLE FRUIT (tissues)… jackfruit, pear
● Can contain a single or multiple seeds
● Sometimes they include other tissues beyond CLASSIFICATION OF FRUITS in terms of
those in the ovary PERICARP AND CARPEL
○ Fruits also obtain tissues in the
receptacle of an inferior ovary SIMPLE FRUITS (a true fruit)
● Developed tissues from a single ovary (simple
SEPALS, PETALS, OR STAMEN… pistil) or multiple fused ovaries of 1 flower
● Can also be incorporated into a fruit (compound pistil)
● Most plentiful type of fruit
PERICARP…
● Tissues comprising the fruit AGGREGATE FRUITS
● A generalized term ● Fruits develop from separate carpels/pistils of
● Does not reflect the origin of those tissues one gynoecium

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● Formed when ovaries of multiple pistils fused ○ Indehiscent fruits
together within a single flower
● Common example: blackberry, strawberry DEHISCENT FRUITS (a dry fruit)
● Split open at maturity to release seeds
MULTIPLE FRUITS
● When pistils from multiple flowers in an INDEHISCENT FRUITS (a dry fruit)
inflorescence fuse ● Do not split open naturally
● Composed of flowers in an inflorescence fuse ● Retain seed within the fruit
together during fruit formation
● Common examples: figs and pineapples ACTIVITY 20.1: SEEDS

SEEDS…
● Provide of a ripened ovule after fertilization
● Reproduction structures that protect the
CLASSIFICATION OF FRUITS in terms of embryo
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS ● Primary mechanism for dispersal of the plant
● They begin to form at fertilization

FLESHY FRUITS DOUBLE FERTILIZATION OF FLOWERING

● Contains soft tissues PLANTS…
● Normally eaten by animals ● Sperm #1
○ Fertilizes egg
DRY FRUITS ○ Forms a zygote
● Contains harder tissues ○ Develops into an embryo
● Not normally eaten ● Sperm #2
● Generally not palatable ○ Fertilized the 2 central (polar) nuclei
● There are two types: ○ Forms endosperm nucleus (3n; triploid)
○ Dehiscent fruits ○ Develops into endosperm tissues

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■ Provide nutrients for the developing
embryo EMBRYONIC STEM
● Divided into 2 parts:
EMBRYOS CONTAINS AT LEAST ONE… ○ Hypocotyl
COTYLEDON ■ below cotyledons
● Also known as seed leaves ■ In most seeds, hypocotyl is the only
○ Provides stored nutrients to the embryo stem visible
● Eudicots and Basal Angiosperms ○ Epicotyl
○ Each embryo possesses 2 cotyledons ■ above the cotyledons
■ They are enlarged and thicken ■ Epicotyl can be seen once seed
■ Absorb most of the nutrients from begins to germinate
endosperm
● Monocots or Monocotyledon EMBRYONIC ROOT
○ Contains only 1 cotyledon ● Termed as the Radicle
■ Cotyledon remain thin ○ The first structure to emerge from the
■ Endosperm remains prevalent seed coat (testa)
(widespread) in the seed
■ Thus, most nutrients are stored
within the endosperm SEED COAT → TESTA
● Outer protective barrier of the seed
EMBRYO DEVELOPS A… ● Contains two marks
● Shoot (with stem and leaves) together with the ○ Hilum
roots ○ Micropyle

NUTRIENT RESERVE
● Eudicot ---> cotyledons absorbs most of the
EMBRYONIC LEAVES nutrients
● Termed as the Plumule

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● Monocot ---> nutrients are retained in
endosperm Radicle is located on one end of the axis forming the
root and stem tissues
TWO TYPES OF SEED:
● Endospermic seeds (monocot) Hypocotyl and plumule are at the opposite end of the
○ Seed that contains endosperm in the axis with the plumule forming the leaves
mature seed
● Exendospermic seeds (eudicot)
○ Seed that lacks endosperm

HILUM
● Marks the location where the seed was
attached to the placenta
● Fairly large
● Generally light in color

MICROPYLE
● Original opening of the ovule
● Tiny (you might need to magnify it)
● Usually, micropyle is near the hilum

Beans in halves ---> cotyledons

Small embryo is attached to one of the cotyledons
Embryo parts:
- Plumule (embryonic leaves)
- Radicle (embryonic root
- Hypocotyl (visible stem part on young plants)
- Cotyledons

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