Focus on

Focus on

Grammar 3 Student Book Answer Key

Click a page number (example: 2 ) to go to the first page of a Unit.
Click PRINT to print the answers from a single Unit or all the Units in a Part.
PART 1 Present and Past PRINT

UNIT 1 Present Progressive and Simple Present 2 PRINT
UNIT 2 Simple Past 5 PRINT
UNIT 3 Past Progressive and Simple Past 9 PRINT
UNIT 4 Used to and Would 12 PRINT
UNIT 5 Wh- Questions 15 PRINT
PART 2 The Future PRINT

UNIT 6 Future 17 PRINT
UNIT 7 Future Time Clauses 21 PRINT
PART 3 Present Perfect PRINT

UNIT 8 Present Perfect: Since and For 23 PRINT
UNIT 9 Present Perfect: Already, Yet, and Still 26 PRINT
UNIT 10 Present Perfect: Indefinite Past 29 PRINT
UNIT 11 Present Perfect and Simple Past 32 PRINT
UNIT 12 Present Perfect Progressive and Present Perfect 34 PRINT
PART 4 Modals and Similar Expressions PRINT

UNIT 13 Ability and Possibility: Can, Could, Be able to 37 PRINT
UNIT 14 Permission: Can, Could, May, Do you mind if 41 PRINT
UNIT 15 Requests: Can, Could, Will, Would, Would you mind 43 PRINT
UNIT 16 Advice: Should, Ought to, Had better 46 PRINT
PART 5 Nouns, Quantifiers, and Articles PRINT
UNIT 17 Nouns and Quantifiers 49 PRINT
UNIT 18 Articles: Indefinite and Definite 52 PRINT
PART 6 Adjectives and Adverbs PRINT

UNIT 19 Adjectives and Adverbs 55 PRINT
UNIT 20 Adjectives: Comparisons with As . . . as and Than 58 PRINT
UNIT 21 Adjectives: Superlatives 60 PRINT
UNIT 22 Adverbs: As . . . as, Comparatives, Superlatives 63 PRINT
PART 7 Gerunds and Infinitives PRINT
UNIT 23 Gerunds: Subject and Object 66 PRINT
UNIT 24 Infinitives After Certain Verbs 69 PRINT
UNIT 25 More Uses of Infinitives 72 PRINT
UNIT 26 Gerunds and Infinitives 75 PRINT
PART 8 Pronouns and Phrasal Verbs PRINT
UNIT 27 Reflexive and Reciprocal Pronouns 78 PRINT
UNIT 28 Phrasal Verbs 81 PRINT
PART 9 More Modals and Similar Expressions PRINT

UNIT 29 Necessity: Have (got) to, Must, Can’t 84 PRINT
UNIT 30 Expectations: Be supposed to 87 PRINT
UNIT 31 Future Possibility: May, Might, Could 90 PRINT
UNIT 32 Present Conclusions: Must, Have (got) to, May, Might, Could, Can’t 93 PRINT
Contents Copyright © 2017 Pearson • Permission to photocopy for classroom use 1

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Focus on Grammar 3 Student Book Answer Key
1 Present Progressive and Simple Present

DIFFERENT CULTURES
STEP 1 GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT
AFTER YOU READ page 5

A 1. a 2. b 3. c 4. c 5. b 6. c
B 1. Dan 3. Jason 5. Ina

2. Dan 4. Marty 6. Marty
STEP 3 FOCUSED PRACTICE
EXERCISE 1 page 9
JUNE 30: 7:30 p.m. My host parents are still working. Carlos, my “father,” works at
home. My “little brother,” Ricardo, is cute. He looks (and acts) a lot like Bobby. Right now,
he’s looking over my shoulder and trying to read my journal.
JULY 4: The weather is cold here in the summer. I usually spend the first weekend of July at
the beach. Today, I’m walking around in a heavy sweater.
JULY 10: I’m sitting in the school cafeteria with some of my classmates. In Canada, I only
drink tea, but at the moment I’m having a cup of strong coffee. It tastes great! The students
here come from all over the world. Most of them don’t speak English, so we’re all speaking
Spanish. It’s a great way to learn!
AUGUST 6: I usually feel great in the evening, but tonight I feel really tired.
AUGUST 25: I’m feeling very comfortable here now—but it’s almost time to go home! My
host parents usually cook a light dinner, but tonight is a special event. They’re preparing a big
party for me to say goodbye. I miss them already!
EXERCISE 2 page 10
A Conversation 1
2. They’re taking 4. Do you think 6. I don’t think 8. I come
3. They’re standing 5. they’re dating 7. it means 9. stand
Unit 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson • Permission to photocopy for classroom use 2

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Conversation 2
1. are you doing 3. You seem 5. She’s talking 7. He seems
2. I’m waiting 4. I’m working 6. He’s not looking 8. doesn’t mean
EXERCISE 3 pages 10–11

A Conversation 1
2. starts 4. walks 6. appear
3. has 5. think
Conversation 2
1. are . . . shaking 3. shake 5. Do . . . shake
2. know 4. meet

2. attends class / is going on a field trip to the museum
3. eats lunch
4. is eating lunch
5. studies with his classmates / is working on the family web page
6. works in the cafeteria
7. isn’t doing homework / is playing tennis
8. isn’t playing tennis / is watching a DVD with Eva
9. is having dinner
10. has dinner
11. sends emails / is taking a walk with the family
12. isn’t taking a shower / is doing homework
EXERCISE 5 page 12
1. Informal 3. Formal 5. Informal
2. Informal 4. Formal 6. Formal

I’m sitting
It’s 12:30 and I sit in the library right now. My classmates are eating lunch together, but I
never eat
don’t feel hungry yet. At home, we eat never this early. Today, our journal topic is culture
shock (the strange feelings you have when you visit a foreign country for the first time).
It’s a good topic for me right now because I’m being pretty homesick. I miss speaking my
eat
native language with my friends. And I miss my old routine. At home, we always are eating
I have
a big meal at 2:00 in the afternoon. Then we rest. But here in Toronto, I’m having a 3:00
asks
conversation class. Every day, I almost fall asleep in class, and my teacher ask me, “Are you

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is always
bored?” Of course I’m not bored. I just need my afternoon nap! This class always is fun.
we’re working
This semester, we work on a project with videos. My team is filming groups of people from
analyzing means
different cultures at social events. We are analyze “personal space.” That is meaning how
close to each other these people stand. According to my new watch, it’s 12:55, and I have a
don’t like
1:00 class. That’s all for now. Teachers here really aren’t liking lateness!
STEP 4 COMMUNICATION PRACTICE

A 1. b. Usually 4. a. Now or These Days
2. a. Usually b. Usually
b. Now or These Days 5. a. Now or These Days
3. a. Usually b. Usually
b. Now or These Days
B Answers will vary.

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2 Simple Past
POETS

A 1. topic 3. journey 5. emotions
2. admirers 4. restless
B 1. from 1644 to 1694 / in the seventeenth century

2. poet / traveler
3. studied poetry / became a teacher
4. walked / rode horses
5. traveled to Osaka / was famous
EXERCISE 1 page 23
As the son of a samurai, Basho grew up in the household of Todo Yoshitada, a young
lord. After his father’s death in 1656, Basho stayed in the Yoshitada household. He and Todo
wrote poetry together, and in 1664, they published some poems. Two years later, Todo died
suddenly. Basho left the area.
Basho was a restless young man, and he moved around for several years. In the 1670s, he
went to Edo and stayed there. He found friendship and success once again. Basho judged
poetry contests, published his own poetry, and taught students. His students built him a
home outside the city in 1681. They planted a banana tree (basho in Japanese) in front and
called his home “Basho Hut.” That is how the poet got his name: Basho.
In spite of this success, Basho became unhappy. He often wrote about loneliness. He
dreamed of traveling. His mother died in 1683, and he began his travels a year later. His trip
to the northern part of Honshu in 1689 was difficult, but his travel diary about this journey,
Narrow Road to the Deep North, became one of Japan’s greatest works of literature.
As a famous poet, Basho had many visitors—too many, in fact. In 1693 he locked his gate
for a month, stayed alone, and wrote. The following year, he took his final journey, to Osaka.
He died there among his friends and admirers.

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1666 Todo died.

Basho left the area.
1681 Students built the Basho Hut.
1683 Basho’s mother died.
1684 Basho began his travels.
1689 Basho traveled to northern Honshu.
1693 Basho locked his gate to visitors.
1694 Basho took his final journey.
Basho died.
EXERCISE 2 page 24
2. were 4. became 6. wore 8. had
3. led 5. left 7. allowed 9. wrote
EXERCISE 3 page 24
2. liked 8. didn’t address / did
3. used 9. didn’t own
4. went / knew 10. wrote
5. didn’t write 11. appeared
6. sent 12. didn’t know / asked
7. were
EXERCISE 4 page 25
A 2. didn’t know 4. ate 6. hopped
3. bit 5. drank

A 3. Q: Where did she live?
A: She lived in Amherst, Massachusetts.
4. Q: Did she become famous during her lifetime?
A: No, she didn’t.
5. Q: Did Dickinson’s admirers often visit her?
A: No, they didn’t.
6. Q: Did she travel a lot?
A: No, she didn’t.
7. Q: How many poems did Dickinson write?
A: She wrote 1,700 poems.
8. Q: What did she write about?
A: She wrote about nature, time, and human emotions.
9. Q: When did she die?
A: She died in 1886.

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EXERCISE 6 page 27
B Answers may vary. Possible answers:
2. That’s wrong. She didn’t live in Chicago until 1977. She lived there until 1985.
3. That’s wrong. He wasn’t very shy. He was outgoing.
4. That’s right.
5. That’s right.
6. That’s wrong. She didn’t teach Spanish. She taught English and Mexican history.
7. That’s wrong. She didn’t go to France for her PhD. She went to Germany.
8. That’s wrong. Her latest novel didn’t appear in 2004. It appeared in 2014.
EXERCISE 7 page 27
enjoyed
Today in class, we read a poem by the American poet Robert Frost. I really enjoy it. It was
chose
about a person who choosed between two roads in a forest. Many people believed the person
was thought look
were Frost. He thinked about his choice for a long time. The two roads didn’t looked very
take
different. Finally, he didn’t took the road most people take. He took the one less traveled on.
think changed
At that time, he didn’t thought it was an important decision, but his choice change his life.
Sometimes I feel a little like Frost. As a child, I dreamed of traveling. Two years ago, I
decided make
decide to move to a new country. It was a long journey and a big change. Did I made the
right decision? I hope so.
EXERCISE 8 page 28
A 2. Turkey 3. read books 4. English 5. farming
B 1975 parents left Turkey

1980 moved to the U.S.
1982 began to write poetry
1991 graduated from college
1992 won a poetry award
1994 became a teacher
C Answers may vary. Possible answers:

2. He lived with his grandparents. He felt happy.
3. It was a difficult time for him. He was happy to see his parents, but he missed his
grandparents. He hated the city.

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4. He had no freedom. He felt trapped. He wanted to be in the country, on a farm. He was

lonely. He had no friends.
5. He wrote his first poem when he was twelve / in 1982.
6. He didn’t learn in school. He wrote poetry every day.
EXERCISE 10 page 29

B Possible answers:
led: fed, bled, fled, read, said, sped, spread
bought: brought, caught, fought, sought, taught, thought
meant: bent, dreamt, went, lent, sent, spent
drew: blew, flew, grew, knew, threw
EXERCISE 12 page 30

Student A
Where did Viggo live as a child? (He lived in Argentina, Venezuela, and Denmark.)
What language did Viggo learn to speak? (He learned to speak Spanish.)
When did Viggo return to the United States? (He returned to the United States in 1969.)
What part did Viggo play in Lord of the Rings? (He played the part of Aragorn in Lord of
the Rings.)
What did Viggo finish in 1993? (He finished his first book of poems in 1993.)
Student B
Where did Viggo attend school? (He attended school in Argentina.)
What year did Viggo become a movie actor? (He became a movie actor in 1985.)
What was Viggo’s first movie? (His first movie was Witness.)
What did Viggo create for the movie A Perfect Murder? (He created the paintings for the
movie A Perfect Murder.)
What did Viggo write for the movie Lord of the Rings? (He wrote music for Lord of the Rings.)

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3 Past Progressive and Simple Past

REPORTING EVENTS

A 1. e 2. f 3. d 4. b 5. a 6. c
B 5 Water entered the Titanic.

3 Frederick Fleet rang the ship’s bell.
4 The Titanic hit an iceberg.
7 The Carpathia arrived and saved the survivors.
1 The Titanic was sailing to New York.
6 The Titanic sank.
2 Frederick Fleet saw an iceberg.

2. b 4. a and b 6. b
3. b 5. a 7. a

2. a. was exercising 5. a. wasn’t getting
b. wasn’t swimming b. was having
3. a. wasn’t drinking 6. a. wasn’t resting
b. was eating b. was enjoying
4. a. wasn’t looking 7. a. was playing
b. was listening b. wasn’t dancing
EXERCISE 3 page 39
2. stopped 8. was 14. was eating 20. knew
3. went 9. happened 15. felt 21. was coming
4. found 10. decided 16. was sitting 22. arrived
5. were playing 11. was sinking 17. looked 23. picked up
6. looked 12. was playing 18. saw
7. saw 13. sank or sunk 19. noticed

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EXERCISE 4 page 40
A 2. Was your wife playing with you?
3. What was she doing while you were playing cards?
4. Did you feel the crash?
5. What did you do when you heard the noise?
6. What did you do when the lights went out?
7. What was she doing while you were looking for her?
8. What did you do when you found her?

2. The electricity went out when the wind began to blow.
3. While he was driving home, he was listening to his car radio.
4. He pulled over to the side of the road when he couldn’t see anything.
5. While he was listening to the news, he heard about a car crash near his home.
6. When it stopped raining, Mr. Taylor drove home in a hurry.
EXERCISE 6 page 41
went
This afternoon I was going to a movie at school. It was Titanic. They were showing it
because it was the anniversary of the 1912 disaster. What a beautiful and sad film! Jack
met were sailing
(Leonardo DiCaprio) was meeting Rose (Kate Winslet) while they both sailed on the huge
ship. It was the Titanic’s first voyage.
Rose was from a very rich family; Jack was from a poor family. They fell in love, but Rose’s
hit
mother wasn’t happy about it. When the ship was hitting the iceberg, the two lovers were
found
together, but then they got separated. Rose was finding Jack while the ship was sinking.
jumped
Seconds before the ship went under, they held hands and were jumping into the water. Rose
had
survived, but Jack didn’t. It was so sad. When I left the theater, I still was having tears in
my eyes.
That wasn’t my only adventure of the day. When the movie was over , I left the school
was walking ˆ
auditorium. While I walked home, I saw an accident between two pedestrians and a car. I
when
was the only one in the area, so while I saw the accident, I immediately called the police.
When the police got there, they asked me a lot of questions—there were no other witnesses.
I’m glad to say that the accident had a happier ending than the movie!

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EXERCISE 7 page 42
B Set of pictures 2

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4 Used to and Would

CHANGES

A 1. c 2. b 3. c 4. a 5. a 6. c
B 1. False 3. False 5. True

2. True 4. False 6. True
Every time I return here, I’m absolutely amazed at all the changes! Today, I did some typical
tourist things. First, I went to the top of the Burj Khalifa—the tallest building in the world.
(As I’m sure you know, our CN Tower back home in Canada, used to be the tallest. Oh, well.
Things change.) Today, from the observation deck, I had a bird’s-eye view of the city. It’s
hard to believe that Dubai used to be just a small town! The transformation is really amazing.
This afternoon, I walked around for hours. I also visited one of the Palm Islands. They’re
islands built in the early 2000s in the Persian Gulf. They are artificial, but the builders used
only natural sand and rock. Amazing—as you can see from the photo. By the way, I used
that new travel app on my smartphone. Thanks for telling me about it! It was really helpful—
especially the maps. I used to get lost a lot!
After all my sightseeing, I was tired, so right now I’m sitting in an Internet café. There used
to be a small hotel right across the street on the corner. I would sometimes stay there when
I came here on business. Now there’s another huge skyscraper in its place. So many changes!
Prices have changed, too. This cup of tea didn’t use to cost so much!
Wish you were here. I think you would like it.

2. used to be 7. used to have
3. used to live 8. did . . . use(d) to shop
4. Did . . . use(d) to be 9. used to go
5. used to ride 10. used to be
6. didn’t use(d) to have

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EXERCISE 3 page 53
2. used to / would 8. used to / would
3. used to / would 9. didn’t use to
4. used to 10. used to
5. used to / would 11. used to / would
6. used to 12. used to
7. used to / would
EXERCISE 4 page 54
2. would take 7. used to live
3. didn’t use(d) to be or never used to be 8. would watch
4. would make 9. would buy
5. would eat 10. used to be
6. didn’t use(d) to be or never used to be
EXERCISE 5 page 55
Jason Smith, USA: I come here often for business. It’s a great city, but driving in Dubai
take
is difficult. The traffic is really heavy. It used to took me just 20 minutes to drive from the
airport to my hotel. Now, it sometimes takes me almost an hour. Also, the police are very
strict. I was only going a little over the speed limit, but I got a ticket last week on the way to
my hotel. I was upset at first, but at least these days you can pay the ticket online. You used
take
to have to pay in person. It would took forever!
used to
Lynda Davis, Australia: I love Dubai. It’s so international. The population never would be
so diverse. Now, more than 85 percent of the people living here are foreign born (including
visited
me)! It’s all very exciting. And there is so much to do. Today, I used to visit the Burj Khalifa.
Afterwards, I walked around for hours. I love all the malls and theaters. When I first came
here, there didn’t use to be that many things to do in the evening. After work, I would just go
home. Now, I can choose from many different activities and events.
Wolfgang Meyer, Germany: There are still these wonderful traditional souks (marketplaces),
but there used to be many more of them. When I lived here twenty years ago, I would stop
at one or more of them on my way home from work. I would buy some fresh fish and
go
vegetables and maybe some interesting spices. Then I would went home and cook a great
meal for my family.

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Graham Scott, UK: This is my first time back in fifteen years. People look really different
see
from before. For one thing, you used to saw more people wearing traditional clothing.
wear
Men would wearing kanduras (long white robes). Women would wear the abaya (a
full‑length black piece of clothing they wear over other clothes). Today, you see more
Western‑style clothing.
EXERCISE 6 page 56
A 2. Now 5. Now 8. Past 11. Past
3. Now 6. Now 9. Now 12. Now
4. Past 7. Past 10. Now
EXERCISE 7 page 57
A Possible answers:
There used to be a bookstore on the corner. Now there’s a bank there.
There didn’t use to be a mailbox on the corner. Now there is one.
The streets used to be quite dirty. Now they’re very clean.
The condition of the road didn’t use to be very good. Now it’s excellent.
There didn’t use to be a traffic light. Now there is one.
There didn’t use to be a light for pedestrians. Now there is one.
There didn’t use to be “zebra” crossing for pedestrians. Now there is.
There didn’t use to be a one-way street sign. Now there is.
There didn’t use to be a bike lane. Now there is one.
There didn’t use to be any lampposts. Now there are quite a few.
There used to be telephone poles and wires. Now there aren’t any.
The apartment building on the corner used to be gray. Now it’s light red.
The apartment building door used to be red. Now it’s white.
There used to be a small red building to the right of the large apartment building. Now there
is no building there.
There used to be a small building to the left of the apartment building. Now there isn’t one.
There didn’t use to be flowers and bushes in front of the apartment building. Now there are
a lot of them.
There didn’t use to be trash cans in front of the building. Now there are two.

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5 Wh- Questions
IN COURT

A 1. b 2. c 3. b 4. a 5. c
B 1. b 2. e 3. f 4. a 5. g 6. c 7. d
EXERCISE 1 page 65
2. g 3. a 4. d 5. i 6. b 7. c 8. f 9. e

A 2. How did you get home? 7. What did you do?
3. Who gave you a ride? 8. When did the police arrive?
4. What happened next? 9. What did they ask you?
5. Who did you see? 10. How many police officers came?
6. who is Deborah Collins?
EXERCISE 3 page 67
2. What happened?
3. How many witnesses described the crime?
4. Who (or Whom) did the witness indicate?
5. Who indicated Harry Adams?
6. Who (or Whom) did the lawyer question?
7. How did the manager look?
8. Who spoke to the jury?
9. What was the verdict?
10. Why did the jury find Adams guilty?
11. How long did the trial last?
12. How much did Adams pay his lawyer?

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EXERCISE 4 page 68
did Jones go
Where Jones went on January 15?
Who went with him?

did he return
What time he return home?
did he call
Who he called?
did he have
How much money he had with him?
Who
Whom saw him at the station the next day?
How did he look?

was he
Why he was in a hurry?
How many suitcases did he have?

did the witness call
When the witness call the police?
happened
What did happen next?
was his alibi
What his alibi was?
EXERCISE 5 page 68
A 3. What did they say?
4. What did they do?
6. Who saw them at the movies?
7. What happened after the movie?
9. What did her boss say?
10. Who did you believe?
12. Who did the jury believe?

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6 Future
SPACE TRAVEL

A 1. purchase 3. edge 5. incredible
2. sold out 4. takeoff 6. experience
B 1. Now 3. Future 5. Future

2. Future 4. Now 6. Future

A ROHAN: This is Enid Rohan, reporting from Spaceport America. Lyn Filipov is in the training
program here for a flight with YourSpace, Inc. She’s going to fly to the edge of space
very soon. So, Lyn, which flight are you taking?
FILIPOV: The one that leaves on March 30. By the time I purchased my ticket, the earlier
flights were all sold out.
ROHAN: What’s the training like?
FILIPOV: Well, at 110 kilometers—that’s 68 miles—above the Earth, there won’t be any
gravity, so we’re practicing moving around in zero-g. It’s an incredible feeling— like
floating in water, or flying. You feel really free.
ROHAN: Aren’t you even a little scared?
FILIPOV: Right now, I can’t wait to go. I’m pretty sure I’ll be terrified on takeoff, but it’ll be
worth it. Totally.
ROHAN: How can you afford this? Are you an Internet millionaire?
FILIPOV: No, I’m not. Actually, I won a big lottery. When I saw my winning numbers, my first
thought was, “I’ll buy a ticket for a space tour.”
ROHAN: What an amazing story! But you’re very young. How does your family feel
about this?
FILIPOV: I’m not that young. I’ll be 23 next month. But my parents are nervous, of course. My
mother is really afraid I’m going to love space travel and I’ll want to keep doing it.
And my younger brother is jealous.
ROHAN: What do you say to make them feel better?

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FILIPOV: I tell my mother, “Listen, Mom, this is an incredible once-in-a-lifetime thing. I

won’t make a habit of space travel, I promise.” My brother? He wants a career
in space travel, so he’s going to study a lot harder from now on. That’s what he
says, anyway.
ROHAN: Thanks for the interview, Lyn. And good luck!
FILIPOV: Thanks. I’ll send you photos.
B 2. are you taking: Plans 8. ’ll be: Facts

3. leaves: Schedules 9. ’m going to love: Predictions
4. won’t be: Facts 10. ’ll want: Predictions
5. ’ll be: Predictions 11. won’t make: Promises
6. ’ll be: Predictions 12. ’s going to study: Plans
7. ’ll buy: Quick Decisions 13. ’ll send: Promises

A 3. ’ll feel 7. will . . . stay 11. won’t look 15. ’ll bump
4. ’ll become 8. will do 12. will get 16. ’ll . . . have
5. Will . . . feel 9. will be 13. won’t recognize 17. ’ll use
6. won’t last 10. Will . . . look 14. Will . . . float 18. ’ll be

2. He isn’t going to drive. or He’s not going to drive.
3. It’s going to rain.
4. He isn’t going to get very wet. or He’s not going to get very wet.
5. He’s going to give a speech.
6. He’s going to answer the phone.
7. He’s going to have dinner.
8. He isn’t going to watch TV. or He’s not going to watch TV.
9. He isn’t going to sleep. or He’s not going to sleep.
10. He’s going to get out of bed.
EXERCISE 4 page 84
2. he’s taking the train to Chicago
3. he’s meeting friends from England for dinner
4. he’s doing the interview for The Space Show
5. he’s answering questions from the online chat
6. he’s working on the Space Future website
7. he’s going to an exercise class
8. he’s flying to New York for the Space Transportation Conference
9. he’s answering emails from the Space Future website
10. he’s writing a speech for the next space travel conference

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2. A: How many shuttle flights leave this fall?
B: Six shuttle flights leave this fall.
3. A: How often does the shuttle depart for the Moon each month?
B: The shuttle departs for the Moon twice each month or two times a month.
4. A: When does the October 27 flight arrive on the Moon?
B: The October 27 flight arrives on the Moon at 10 a.m. on October 30.
5. A: How long does the November 19 flight last?
B: The November 19 flight lasts 95 hours or 4 days minus 1 hour or 4 days.
EXERCISE 6 page 85
A 2. We’ll take 7. I’ll bring
3. leaves 8. is going to fall
4. I’ll make 9. I’ll go
5. are we going to do 10. I’ll see
6. We’ll think
EXERCISE 7 page 86
2. Less Formal 4. More Formal 6. Less Formal
3. More Formal 5. More Formal 7. Less Formal
EXERCISE 8 page 86
travel going to
Both astronauts and space tourists will traveling in space, but tourists are gonna have a
are
much different experience. Space tourists is going to travel for fun, not for work. So, they
won’t
will no have to worry about many of the technical problems that astronauts worry about.
won’t need
For example, space tourists will need not to figure out how to use tools without gravity. And
aren’t
they isn’t going to go outside the spaceship to make repairs. For the most part, space tourists
will just or are just going to
will just going to see the sights and have a good time.
will be or are going to be
Still, there will be similarities. Regular activities be the same for astronauts and space
turn
tourists. For example, eating, washing, and sleeping will turned into exciting challenges for
do
everyone in space. And on long trips, everyone is going to doing exercises to stay fit in zero
will or are going to
gravity. And both astronauts and space tourists will going to have many new adventures!

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EXERCISE 9 page 87
A 2. Now 4. Future 6. Future
3. Now 5. Future
B 2. True. She thinks the photos of space are incredible.

3. True. He’s working on a schedule for the next tourist flight.
4. False. It’s about space travel.
5. False. His parents are going to take a taxi to his place.
6. False. It’s going to leave in five minutes.

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7 Future Time Clauses

SETTING GOALS

A 1. b 2. c 3. b 4. a 5. a
B 1. a 2. a 3. b 4. b 5. b
EXERCISE 1 page 95
2. a 4. a 6. b 8. a 10. b
3. b 5. b 7. b 9. b
EXERCISE 2 page 96
3. save 13. ’ll download or ’m going to download
4. ’ll buy or ’m going to buy 14. write
5. ’ll feel or ’m going to feel 15. try or ’m trying
6. ’m 16. ’ll improve or ’m going to improve
7. ’ll learn or ’m going to learn 17. go
8. work or ’m working 18. ’ll know or ’m going to know
9. get up 19. do
10. ’ll check or ’m going to check 20. ’ll write or ’m going to write
11. talk 21. contact
12. ’ll ask or ’m going to ask 22. ’ll work or ’m going to work
EXERCISE 3 page 97
2. They are going to move to a larger apartment as soon as Jeff gets a raise.
3. After they move to a larger apartment, they’re going to have a baby.
4. Sandy will get a part-time job after they have their first child.
5. Sandy will work part-time until their child is two years old.
6. Jeff will go to school while Sandy works full-time.
7. When Sandy and Jeff achieve their goals, they’ll feel very proud.

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EXERCISE 4 page 97
start
Graduation is next month! I need to make some plans now because when exams will start,
won’t or ’m not going to I finish
I don’t have any free time. What am I going to do when I’ll finish school? What path will
looks
I take? My roommate is going to take a vacation before she’ll look for a job. I can’t do that
I graduate
because I need to earn some money soon. I think that after I’ll graduate, I’m going to take
learn I’ll look or I’m going to look
a desktop publishing class. As soon as I learned the software, I look for a job with a business
publisher. It’s hard to find full-time jobs, though. Part-time jobs are easier to find. Maybe
I find
I’ll take a part-time job until I’ll find a good full-time one. Or maybe I’ll take a workshop in
making decisions before I do anything!
EXERCISE 5 page 98
A a. 2
b. 3
c. 5
d. 4
e. 6
B Possible answers:
2. (She’ll return to Turkey) before she takes another English course.
3. She’ll need to know a lot of languages for a job in the hotel industry.
4. She’ll see her family (while she’s in Turkey).
5. She’ll take a degree program in hotel management (after she returns to the States).
6. Ela’s going to be very tired after everything she has to do.

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8 Present Perfect: Since and For

CAREERS

A 1. c 2. b 3. c 4. b 5. a 6. b
B 1. False 3. True 5. True

2. False 4. False
EXERCISE 1 page 109

2. a 3. b 4. b 5. a 6. a
EXERCISE 2 page 109

2. for 4. for 6. for
3. Since 5. since 7. since
EXERCISE 3 page 110

2. hasn’t stopped 5. have had 8. has skated 11. ’ve considered
3. has been 6. haven’t taken 9. has won
4. have lived 7. have gone 10. has wanted
EXERCISE 4 page 110

2. a. have been 5. a. Since
b. for b. have gone
c. have changed 6. a. Since
d. since b. has become
3. a. Since 7. a. hasn’t competed
b. have taken b. for
4. a. Since
b. have opened

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EXERCISE 5 page 111–112

B 2. How long have you had your M.A. degree?
I’ve had my M.A. degree since 2005 or for eleven years.
3. Have you had any more training since you got your M.A.?
Yes, I have.
4. How long have you been a physical education teacher?
I’ve been a physical education teacher since 2007 or for nine years.
5. How long have you worked as a sports trainer?
I’ve worked as a sports trainer since 2005 or for eleven years.
6. How long have you had a black belt in tae kwon do?
I’ve had a black belt for two months.
7. Have you won any awards since then?
Yes, I have.
8. How long have you been a member of NEA?
I’ve been a member of NEA since 2008 or for eight years.

I’ve had
I have my skateboard for two years. For me, it’s much more than just a sport. It’s a form of
transportation. It’s much faster than walking! —Jennifer, U.S.

for I’ve won
I’ve been a skater since five years. Since December, I won two contests. I’d love to turn pro
one day and support myself skating. —Paulo, Brazil

since have you
Help! I’ve broken three boards for January!!! Is this normal? How long you have had
your board? —Sang-Ook, South Korea

broken
Broken boards?! That’s nothing! Consider yourself lucky! I’ve break my wrist twice since I
started skating! —Marta, Mexico
Last year, my board hit a rock while I was skating in the street. I fell and hit my head and had
I’ve
to go to the emergency room. I always worn a helmet since then! —Megan, Australia
I’ve lived
I live in California since 2006. My first love is surfing, but when there aren’t any waves, I
jump on my skateboard and take to the streets! My motto is “Make the best of what
you have!” —Ming, U.S.

watched
Wow! Yesterday, my friend gave me a copy of the video “OP King of Skate.” I’ve watch it
three times since then. The Burnquist part is awesome! —Todd, Canada

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I’ve
At last! A skate park opened near my home last week. Since then, I gone every day. It’s a lot
more fun than skating in the streets! —Sylvie, France
EXERCISE 7 page 113

A 2. since 2008 or since she started college 5. for six months
3. since 2015 6. for two years
4. since she moved to L.A. or since 2015 7. since she was in college

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9 Present Perfect: Already, Yet, and Still

PARTY PLANNING

A 1. organized 3. successful 5. professional
2. available 4. specific
B 1. went to several parties

3. chose a date for the party
4. chose the time
5. sent invitations
EXERCISE 1 page 122

2. T 4. T 6. T 8. F 10. T 12. F
3. F 5. T 7. F 9. T 11. F

A 2. B: ’ve already met 5. A: Have . . . seen . . . yet
3. B: ’ve already had B: Yes . . . have
4. A: Has . . . left already A: haven’t seen . . . yet
B: No . . . hasn’t 6. A: ’ve already planned
EXERCISE 3 page 123

2. I haven’t seen Jenna yet.
3. I’ve already met Carlos. or I’ve met Carlos already.
4. Have you seen Bruno yet?
5. I still haven’t tried the cake.
6. Some of the guests have already left. or Some of the guests have left already.
7. Bruno still hasn’t arrived!

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EXERCISE 4 page 124

3. He’s already found a location.
4. He’s already written a guest list.
5. He’s already bought invitations.
6. He hasn’t sent invitations yet. or He still hasn’t sent invitations.
7. He hasn’t planned the menu yet. or He still hasn’t planned the menu.
8. He’s already picked out music.
9. He hasn’t shopped for food yet. or He still hasn’t shopped for food.
10. He hasn’t cleaned the house yet. or He still hasn’t cleaned the house.

still
Doug asked: Help! My party is next week and I already haven’t figured out the food! I’m not
already
at all organized. I’ve yet wasted three days worrying, and I still don’t have any ideas. What
should I do?
yet
The Party Planner’s Advice: Don’t panic! Your guests haven’t started arriving already, so
invited
there’s still time. Ask everyone to bring something! (You’ve already invite people, right?) Or
yet
order pizza. I haven’t met anyone already who doesn’t like pizza.
had
Rosa asked: I’d like to find a “theme” for my next birthday party. I’ve already have a pasta
given
party (10 kinds of pasta!), and I’ve already gave a movie party (everyone dressed up as a
haven’t yet or still haven’t
movie character). Both were very successful, but I haven’t still decided what to do this time.
Any ideas?
Have
The Party Planner’s Advice: Sure. Has you tried this one yet? Ask each guest to bring a
baby photo of himself or herself. Collect the photos. People try to match the photos with
the guests! Your guests will love it!

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EXERCISE 6 page 125

A 2. find a place
3. invite people
4. borrow extra chairs
7. find someone to help set up
8. select music
EXERCISE 7 page 126

Student A
Has Gisela bought flowers yet? (Yes, she has.)
Has Gisela washed the windows yet? (Yes, she has.)
Has Gisela set the table yet? (No, she hasn’t. or No, not yet.)
Has Gisela hung up the balloons yet? (Yes, she has.)
Has Gisela wrapped the gift yet? (No, she hasn’t. or No, not yet.)
Student B
Has Karl baked the cake yet? (Yes, he has.)
Has Karl put the turkey in the oven yet? (No, he hasn’t. or No, not yet.)
Has Karl mopped the floor yet? (Yes, he has.)
Has Karl washed the dishes yet? (No, he hasn’t. or No, not yet.)
Has Karl cut up the vegetables yet? (No, he hasn’t. or No, not yet.)
To Do: Karl To Do: Gisela

✓ buy memory card for camera vacuum the carpet
✓ bake the cake ✓ buy flowers
put the turkey in the oven ✓ wash the windows
✓ mop the floor set the table
wash the dishes ✓ hang the balloons
cut up the vegetables wrap the gift

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10 Present Perfect: Indefinite Past

ADVENTURE TRAVEL
AFTER YOU READ pages 130–131

A 1. b 2. d 3. f 4. e 5. a 6. c
B 1. skiing in the Alps

4. ice-skating
5. mountain climbing
EXERCISE 1 page 134

2. ? 4. T 6. F 8. T 10. T
3. F 5. F 7. T 9. T
EXERCISE 2 page 135

A 2. ’ve been 10. ’ve thought
3. has been or ’s been 11. ’ve . . . done
4. ’ve had 12. ’ve . . . written
5. ’ve swum 13. have . . . been
6. ’ve eaten 14. ’ve . . . returned
7. ’ve slept 15. ’ve . . . been
8. has become or ’s become 16. ’ve . . . wanted
9. Have . . . found
EXERCISE 3 page 136

3. He hasn’t ridden a camel. or He’s never ridden a camel.
4. He’s gone up in a hot-air balloon.
5. He’s had some really unusual food.
6. He hasn’t seen ancient pyramids. or He’s never seen ancient pyramids.
7. He’s sailed a boat on the Nile River.
8. He’s swum with dolphins in the ocean.
9. He hasn’t been on a safari. or He’s never been on a safari.
10. He hasn’t flown around the world. or He’s never flown around the world.

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A 2. I’ve gone up a few times 8. I’ve always wanted to go
3. I haven’t done it lately 9. I’ve been to Africa several times
4. Have you traveled a lot 10. I’ve just gotten
5. I have 11. so far, I haven’t been
6. Have you ever been 12. They’ve just finished
7. I haven’t

Answers will vary. Possible answers:
2. She’s ridden (on) a camel.
3. She’s traveled (a lot). or She’s seen a lot of countries.
4. She’s stayed at the Hotel Roma.
5. She’s written a book.
6. She’s seen Cats three times.
EXERCISE 6 page 138

have
We has received many comments from our clients. We’d like to share some with you.
been
I have always be afraid of heights. But after I saw the beautiful photos on your website, I
has
knew I had to go hot-air ballooning! This have been one of the best experiences of my life so
far. Thank you! —Britta Kessler, Germany

just returned
We’ve returned just from a fantastic vacation. I’ve told all my friends about
your company. —James Hudson, Canada
I’ve always wanted to go up in a hot-air balloon. I was not disappointed! —Antonio Vega, Mexico
I’ve just seen or I just saw
I just seen some new photos posted on the website! Awesome! —Bill Hampton, USA
gone
I’ve never went hot-air ballooning, but after visiting your wonderful website, I’ve decided to
sign up! —Amalia Lopes, Brazil

written
We gave our parents a balloon trip as an anniversary gift. They’ve just wrote to say it
never
was fantastic. They’ve ever been very adventurous, but now they want to go
whitewater rafting! —Pat Calahan, Ireland

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Have you
You have ever seen the face of a kid on a hot-air balloon ride? The cost of the ride: a lot.
That look on her face: priceless! —Lydia Hassan, New Zealand

broke lately
I broken my leg last month, so I haven’t lately been able to do sports—boring! Your
given ˆ
mountain balloon trip has just gave me a lift—in more than one way! —May Roa, Philippines
EXERCISE 7 page 139

A 2. False 4. True 6. False 8. False
3. False 5. True 7. True

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11 Present Perfect and Simple Past

FAILURE AND SUCCESS

A 1. b 2. c 3. a 4. c 5. b 6. c

2. True 4. True 6. True

2. b 4. a 6. b 8. a 10. b
3. b 5. a 7. a 9. a

2. enjoyed 7. threw 12. has received 17. asked
3. began 8. removed 13. won 18. admitted
4. sold 9. accepted 14. has continued
5. wrote 10. has sold 15. has remained
6. received 11. has written 16. rescued
EXERCISE 3 page 149

2. began 5. haven’t had 8. quit 11. had
3. wanted 6. wrote 9. remembered 12. has helped
4. ’ve written 7. felt 10. experienced 13. discovered
EXERCISE 4 page 150

A 2. when did you write your first book?
3. Was it immediately successful?
4. How many copies did it sell during its first year?
5. When did it come out?
6. has it won any awards since then?
7. How many copies has it sold?

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EXERCISE 5 page 151

I’ve read
I’ve just finished reading Failure and Success by Nila Sciretta. Actually, I read several of her
it’s sold
books this year. The book is great! It’s no surprise that it sold so many copies. —Marta Lopez
I’ve been
I was a big fan of this author for many years, so I was very happy to find her latest book
I downloaded
online. I’ve downloaded it last week and I finished it in two days. It’s a great book—perhaps
I’ve read
the best book I read so far this year. I highly recommend it. —Burak Mardin
didn’t like
Have these other people read the same book as me? I haven’t liked it at all. I thought it was
I finished
boring. I’ve finished it last night, but I’m sorry I bought it. Save your money! —Felipe Casa
I’ve tried
For the last few months, I tried suggestions from Failure and Success. This book has changed
my attitude about failure. Everyone has failed at some time, but the author has not failed in
communicating her message: Failure can be a great teacher! —Soon-Bok Park

I’ve only read
I only read two chapters so far, but I think it’s a very interesting and helpful book. I’ve
already learned a lot from it. I especially like all the examples about famous people, like
failed
Edison, who have failed at first before they became successful. —Jason Morgen
found
My husband and I are both college professors. Before we finally have found teaching jobs at
the same school, we had to live in different cities. It was a very difficult time for us. A friend
recommended one of Sciretta’s earlier books and it really helped. We’re also authors, but we
haven’t found
didn’t find a publisher yet. But thanks to Sciretta’s advice, we won’t give up! —Ann Braid
EXERCISE 6 page 152

A 1. are married
4. live in Los Angeles
5. teach at the same university
7. teach creative writing 101
8. write books together
10. love teaching
11. are happy in Los Angeles
12. get positive reviews from their students

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12
Present Perfect Progressive and
Present Perfect
CLIMATE CHANGE

A 1. c 2. d 3. f 4. a 5. b 6. e

2. True 4. False 6. False
EXERCISE 1 page 162

2. Finished 5. Unfinished 8. Finished
3. Finished 6. Unfinished 9. Finished
4. Unfinished 7. Unfinished 10. Finished
EXERCISE 2 page 162

2. has been writing 7. We’ve been waiting
3. has written 8. has been living or has lived
4. has spoken 9. has been working or has worked
5. has been speaking 10. have planted
6. has been studying or has studied
EXERCISE 3 page 163

2. She’s been writing a book.
3. She hasn’t been watching TV.
4. She’s been using her computer.
5. She’s been drinking coffee.
6. She hasn’t been drinking tea.
7. She’s hasn’t been eating her sandwich.
8. She hasn’t been wearing her new black sweater.
9. She’s been working hard.
10. It’s been raining all day.

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EXERCISE 4 page 164

2. have brought
3. have been participating or have participated
4. have designed
5. have built
6. have been getting or have gotten
7. have entered
8. ’ve been visiting
9. ’ve . . . been talking or ’ve . . . talked
10. has won
11. have received
12. has been
EXERCISE 5 page 165

Answers may vary slightly. Possible answers:
2. OWEN: How much money has the team spent on the house?
STUDENT: They’ve spent $250,000.
3. OWEN: How long have you been leading tours today?
STUDENT: I’ve been leading them all afternoon.
4. OWEN: How many people have visited this week?
STUDENT: So far about 30,000 have visited.
5. OWEN: How long have you been interested in solar energy?
STUDENT: I’ve been interested in solar energy for three years.
6. OWEN: How much energy has the house produced today?
STUDENT: It’s produced more than it needs.
7. OWEN: How long has your team been competing or has your team competed?
STUDENT: Since 2010. or For X years.
8. OWEN: How many prizes has your team won?
STUDENT: We’ve won one prize.
EXERCISE 6 page 166

written had
Sorry I haven’t wrote sooner. I haven’t been having any free time since we arrived in
Versailles for the solar house competition. (Our house got here before us!) I’m really excited
living
and also really tired. Since we arrived, we’ve been lived on pizza and coffee. I haven’t
slept
sleeping more than a few hours since . . . well, I can’t remember when. Our team has been
working day and night for the last two weeks, and today the house looks wonderful. I’m
so proud—we’ve designed a home that’s beautiful AND reduces pollution. We’re finally
ready for the judges, so I’ve spent most of the day looking at other teams’ houses. I’ve
visited
been visiting ten houses today. They are so interesting and creative! I hope they help start

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a new trend in housing that is good for the environment. For the last hour, I’ve just been
drunk
hanging out in a café with some people from the other teams. I’ve already been drinking
We’ve been
three cups of coffee—it’s delicious, but really strong! We been practicing our French. I still
don’t understand too much, but our teammate Jacques Renard is from Quebec, Canada,
been helping or helped
and he’s been helped me out a lot. Wish us luck and check your text messages for photos of
the house.
EXERCISE 7 page 167

A 2. Doesn’t Match 4. Doesn’t Match 6. Matches
3. Matches 5. Matches

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13
Ability and Possibility: Can, Could,
Be able to
MULTILINGUALISM

A 1. b 2. a 3. a 4. c 5. b 6. c
B 1. more than two languages 4. don’t lose

2. French 5. tourism
3. doesn’t speak 6. enjoyable

A What do Spanish-born Julio Iglesias and Canadian-born Celine Dion have in common? They
are both world-famous superstars who can sing in many languages. As a young man, Iglesias
played football professionally until a serious car accident changed everything. He
couldn’t walk for two years, and he wasn’t able to play football anymore. But he soon
discovered that he could sing. Now more than seventy years old, he can still entertain
audiences of all ages. He has recorded songs in fourteen languages, including French,
Portuguese, German, and Japanese. Did he miss football? Maybe, but he’s happy with his
career. He realized long ago, he said in a recent interview, “I can sing until the end. I won’t be
able to play football until the end.”
Celine Dion dreamed at an early age of becoming a professional singer, and by the time she
was 14, she was able to turn that dream into reality. She entered many singing competitions
and was able to take home prizes, including the World Music Award for the best-selling
female singer of all time. At first, she only sung in her native French, but she took lessons
and soon she was able to sing and record in English. Today, she mostly records in French
and English, but, like Julio Iglesias, she can also sing in many languages, including Spanish,
German, Italian, Japanese, and Mandarin Chinese. Because of family health problems,
she stopped performing for a while. After taking a break from her career, she resumed
her schedule. Her fans hope that she will be able to continue entertaining them for many
more years.

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Julio Iglesias
present: He can sing in many languages. He can (still) entertain audiences of all ages.
past: He couldn’t walk for two years. He wasn’t able to play football anymore. He
could sing.
future: He can sing until the end. He won’t be able to play football until the end.
Celine Dion
present: She can sing in many languages.
past: She was able to turn that dream into reality. She was able to take home prizes. She
was able to sing and record in English.
future: She will be able to continue entertaining them for many more years.
EXERCISE 2 page 181

A 2. can’t say 8. she’ll be able to improve
3. couldn’t order 9. Could you speak
4. can speak 10. I could speak
5. he’ll be able to get 11. were able to become
6. Was she able to pass 12. they’ll be able to speak
7. can communicate
EXERCISE 3 page 182

2. can understand 6. couldn’t understand / can’t understand
3. couldn’t discuss / can discuss 7. can understand / couldn’t understand
4. can read / couldn’t read 8. can’t give
5. can write / can write

2. can learn or are able to learn
3. can tolerate or are able to tolerate
4. ’ll be able to enjoy or can enjoy
5. can learn or are able to learn
6. could practice or were able to practice
7. can help or is able to help
8. can assist
9. can pick up or are able to pick up
10. Will . . . be able to learn or Can . . . learn
11. can acquire or are able to acquire
12. was able to learn or could learn
13. couldn’t lose or wasn’t able to lose
14. can communicate or is able to communicate

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EXERCISE 5 page 184
I just read an article about polyglot Dikembe Mutombo. It’s an amazing story. When he first
went to the United States, he was able to speak French and several other languages, but he
speak was
couldn’t spoke a word of English. He studied six hours a day and soon he is able to join in
able to
discussions in his classes at Georgetown University. He was also able become a professional
basketball player—something he never really planned to do. Today, he can speak nine
languages, and he is able to help a lot of people with the money he made as a star basketball
player! —Martha O’Neill, Canada
I grew up in Finland, where children learn at least two foreign languages. By the time I was
to speak
18, I was able speaking Finnish, Swedish, English, and German. I’m studying Russian now.
was able to I’ll be able to
Last week, I could get an A on my final exam. And in a few years, I can speak my fourth
foreign language. I think everyone should learn foreign languages! —Matias Laine, Finland
In India, we grow up speaking many languages. I was born in Bangalore. As a child, I spoke
Gujarati at home with my parents. In school, I also learned Kannada (the state language) and
I’m able to
India’s two official languages (Hindi and English). As a result, today I able to communicate in
four languages. —Tanvi Patel, India

understand
My mother could understands both English and Spanish, but she only spoke Spanish with
me. I never really knew if she couldn’t speak English or if she just didn’t want to. It had an
advantage for me, though. I learned English at school at an early age, but I was also able to
keep my family’s native language. Now, I’m fluent in both languages. —Lia Gomez, USA
Here in Europe, we generally learn more than one language because there are so many
different countries close together. As a result, we can often communicate with other
was
Europeans when we travel. When I went to Germany last year, I were able to speak to the
people there and I learned a lot about their country. That wasn’t true on my trip to Hungary,
couldn’t or wasn’t able to
though. Hungarian is very different from French. I can’t understand a word when I was
there! —Philippe Michaud, France

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EXERCISE 6 page 185

A 2. greet visitors to the school
3. speak fluent English
5. do word processing
9. order office supplies

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14
Permission: Can, Could, May,
Do you mind if
ROOMMATES

A 1. annoyed 3. assumed 5. presentation
2. guidelines 4. established 6. gained
B 1. True 3. False 5. False

2. True 4. False
EXERCISE 1 page 194

2. Do you mind if I have 5. Could I borrow
3. Can I wash 6. Could I hang
4. Sure she can!
EXERCISE 2 page 195

2. a. Can . . . do
b. Yes, they can.
c. Can . . . borrow
3. a. May . . . ride
b. Sure. or Certainly. or Of course. or No problem.
4. a. Could . . . bring
b. No, you can’t.
5. a. May . . . use
b. Sorry, but you can’t.
EXERCISE 3 page 196

2. HEATHER: Can I borrow your black sweater?
TARA: Sorry.
3. TARA: Do you mind if my sister stays in our room?
HEATHER: No, not at all. or No, I don’t.
4. HEATHER: May we (please) have the party in the dormitory lounge?
COUNSELOR: Sure. or Certainly. or Of course. or No problem.

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5. HEATHER: Could we (please) hang decorations from the ceiling of the lounge?
COUNSELOR: Sorry, you can’t.
6. HEATHER: Could the party go until midnight?
COUNSELOR: Sorry. It can’t.
7. TARA: Could we play some of your CDs at the party?
ERICA: Sure. or Certainly. or Of course. or No problem.
8. STUDENT: Can I study here (or in the lounge)?
HEATHER: I’m sorry, you can’t.
EXERCISE 4 page 197

come
2. A: Can he comes on the train with me?
B: Sorry. Only passengers can board.
I sit
3. A: Do you mind if I’m sitting here?
Sorry.
B: No, I don’t. My friend is sitting here.
look
4. A: Could I looked at your newspaper?
can
B: Yes, of course you could.
plays
5. A: Do you mind if my son play his computer game?
B: No, not at all. It won’t disturb me.
A: Thanks.
B: No problem.
EXERCISE 5 page 198

A Conversation 2 Permission Refused
Conversation 3 Permission Refused
Conversation 4 Permission Given
Conversation 6 Permission Given
B 2. e 3. b 4. f 5. g 6. a 7. c

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15
Requests: Can, Could, Will, Would,
Would you mind
MESSAGES

A 1. a 2. c 3. a 4. b 5. a 6. c

2. True 4. False 6. True
EXERCISE 1 page 206

2. Would you mind lending me five dollars?
3. can you lend me your laptop for a minute?
4. Will you pick up some milk on the way home this afternoon?
5. Would you explain this text message from Kora?
6. Could you text me Jana’s address?
7. Will you help me do the dishes?
8. Could you lock the door on your way out?
9. can you tell Ethan to come to the phone?
2. a 3. b 4. b 5. a 6. b 7. a 8. b 9. a

A 2. e 3. g 4. f 5. h 6. i 7. b 8. c 9. a
B Position of please can vary.

2. Would you please shut the door?
3. Will you please buy some cereal
4. Can you close the window, please?
5. Would you mind waiting for a few minutes, please?
6. Would you mind washing your cups and dishes, please?
7. Could you please call back later?
8. Can you get that book, please?
9. Could you please repair the photocopier?

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EXERCISE 3 page 208

Responses and position of please can vary.
1. c. Can / Could / Will / Would you (please) keep your conversation short (please) or
Would you mind keeping your conversation short
d. Answers to questions with a modal: Sure. or Certainly or No problem. or Of
course. or I’d be glad to.
Answers to questions with Would you mind: Not at all. or I’d be glad to. or No
problem. or Of course not.
2. a. Can / Could / Will / Would you (please) explain reflexive pronouns (please) or Would
you mind explaining reflexive pronouns
b. I’m sorry, but I can’t or I’m afraid I can’t
c. Can / Could / Would you (please) come back in twenty minutes (please) or Would you
mind coming back in twenty minutes
3. a. Can / Could / Will / Would you (please) move your car (please) or Would you mind
moving your car
b. Answers to questions with a modal: Sure. or Certainly or No problem. or Of
course. or I’d be glad to.
Answers to questions with Would you mind: Not at all. or I’d be glad to. or No
problem. or Of course not.
4. a. Can / Could / Will / Would you (please) distribute this report (please) or Would you
mind distributing this report
b. I’m sorry, but I can’t. or I’m afraid I can’t.
EXERCISE 4 page 209

2. Will you 5. Could you
3. Would you mind 6. Would you
4. Can you

For responses, two possible answers are shown, but other answers are possible. Please see the
grammar charts.
please call
The meetings are going well, but they are going to go on an extra day. Could you call please
Doug Rogers to try to reschedule our sales meeting?

Sure. or No problem.
Not at all. I’ll do it right away.
We’ll need three extra copies of the monthly sales report. Would you ask Ann to take care
of that?
Sure. or I’d be glad to.
Yes, I would. (Ann—could you do this?)

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calling
I won’t have time to return Emma Lopes’s call this week. Would you mind to call her and
telling her I’ll call her back next week?
No problem. Could you email me her phone number?

would
I hate to ask, but will you mind working on Saturday? We’ll need the extra time to go over
the new information I’ve gotten.

can’t
Sorry, but I couldn’t. My in-laws are coming for a visit. But Rob Lin says he can come into
the office to help out.
One last thing. I was going to pick up those new business cards, but I won’t be back in time.
Would you mind asking the printer to deliver them to the office? I’d really appreciate that.
No problem. or Of course not.
Yes, I would. I’ll call and ask him to do it right away.
And this will cheer you up—it looks like our office will receive the award for
Communication Excellence this year.

tell
Great! Can I told everyone, or is it a secret?
EXERCISE 6 page 210

A 3. take the kids to the library in the afternoon
6. go to the movies
7. walk Mom’s dog
9. go to the gym with John

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16 Advice: Should, Ought to, Had better

INTERNET RULES

A 1. identity 3. Avoid 5. behavior
2. normal 4. communication 6. Protect
B 1. OK 3. Not OK 5. Not OK 7. OK
2. Not OK 4. OK 6. Not OK
EXERCISE 1 page 219

A Hothead: ’d better not forget / shouldn’t . . . be
Tweety: should stop / ought to ask
Loki: ’d better not do
gud4me: should get
Tweety: shouldn’t fight
B 4. Don’t do things you don’t want to do.

5. Get a life.
6. Don’t fight.
EXERCISE 2 page 220

2. ’d better not rent 7. should listen
3. ’d better keep 8. ought to read
4. ought to see 9. ought to watch
5. should turn on 10. ’d better not give
6. shouldn’t use

2. You’d better not or You shouldn’t give out any personal information.
3. You’d better not or You shouldn’t give it to anyone.
4. You ought to or You’d better or You should get virus protection and use it.
5. You should or You’d better or You ought to always keep your virus protection up-to-date.

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6. You’d better not or You shouldn’t believe any “get rich quick” offers.
7. You shouldn’t or You’d better not open any email attachments from strangers.
8. You should or You ought to or You’d better be careful

2. Q: should I start posting 6. Q: should I say to make them stop
3. Q: Should I forward the email 7. Q: Should I use my birthday
A: No, you shouldn’t A: No, you shouldn’t
4. Q: Should I buy one online 8. Q: Should I flame him
A: Yes, you should A: No, you shouldn’t
5. Q: Should I check the spelling 9. Q: Should I use emoticons
A: Yes, you should
EXERCISE 5 page 222

2. Less Formal 4. Less Formal 6. More Formal
3. More Formal 5. More Formal
EXERCISE 6 page 223

bring
Justme My friend asked me to dinner, and she told me I should to bring some food! What
should I
kind of an invitation is that? What I should bring to this strange dinner party?
Sasha LOL! The invitation is totally normal. Your friend is having a potluck—a dinner
party where everybody brings something. It’s really a lot of fun. You know, you
ought to
really ought bring a dish from your country. People will enjoy that.
should
Toby HELP! My first day of class, and I lost my wallet! What ought I do first? My
student ID, credit card, and cash are all gone.

better not
R2D2 First of all, you’d not better panic because you need to be calm so you can speak
call
clearly. You should to call your credit card company right away. Did you lose your
go
wallet at school? Then you ought to going to the Lost and Found Department at
your school.
do
Smiley What should an international student does to make friends? At my college, people
always smile and say, “Hi, how are you?” but they don’t wait for an answer!

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join
4gud New students should joining some clubs and international student organizations.
They also ought to find a student in each class to study with and ask about
homework assignments.
Newguy Hi. I’m new to this board. I’m from Vietnam, and I’m going to school in Canada
get
next year. How should I will get ready?
Smiley Welcome Newguy! I’m at school in Montreal, and you won’t believe how cold it
You’d
gets here. You’re better bring a lot of warm clothes!
ought to
Sasha You ought check the school’s website. They might have a Vietnam Students
Association. If they do, you should email the association with your questions.
Good luck!
EXERCISE 7 page 224

A 6. Shop at a local computer store.
7. Consider a service contract.
8. Get the most memory you can afford.

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17 Nouns and Quantifiers

TIME CAPSULES

A 1. c 2. c 3. b 4. a 5. c 6. b

2. True 4. True 6. False
EXERCISE 1 page 235

A Pompeii was a rich and lively city on the bay of Naples, south of Rome. Wealthy Romans
came to spend the summer there in large and beautiful villas. Then on August 24 in the year
79, Vesuvius erupted. The volcano buried the city under 60 feet (18 meters) of ash and killed
thousands of people. It also destroyed a great many buildings. But not all of them. The ash
preserved many houses, streets, theaters, statues, and a lot of beautiful art.
Pompeii’s ruins stayed buried for almost 2,000 years. Then one day in 1748, a Spanish
engineer discovered them. Since that time, archaeologists have dug up many everyday objects
from this ancient civilization. Furniture, jewelry, money, and even a little food remain from
that terrible day. Today, we can “see” the daily lives of people in the first century in a couch
made of wood, beautiful bracelets and rings, and bowls and cups made of glass. Preserved
fruit, vegetables, bread, eggs, and olives tell us meals then were not so different from
meals now!
Today, Pompeii is “alive” again. Millions of tourists walk its streets each year. This
amazing unintentional time capsule shows them what everyday life in ancient Rome was like.
It is their window to ancient history.
B Proper Nouns:
2. Naples 4. Romans 6. Vesuvius
3. Rome 5. August

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Count Nouns:
Answers will vary. Possible answers:
2. city 10. houses 18. archaeologists 26. bowls
3. bay 11. streets 19. objects 27. cups
4. summer 12. theaters 20. civilization 28. vegetables
5. villas 13. statues 21. lives 29. eggs
6. volcano 14. ruins 22. century 30. olives
7. feet 15. years 23. couch 31. meals
8. people 16. day 24. bracelets 32. tourists
9. buildings 17. engineer 25. rings 33. capsule
Non-Count Nouns:
2. ash 5. furniture 8. food 11. fruit
3. art 6. jewelry 9. wood 12. bread
4. time 7. money 10. glass 13. life
EXERCISE 2 page 236

2. shoes are 7. Water is 12. things help 17. time flies
3. hours 8. bottles 13. pictures 18. people spend
4. ruins 9. sun is 14. batteries are 19. ruins are
5. streets are 10. sunblock is 15. clothing makes
6. years 11. hat 16. gets

A 1. b. many 5. a. some
2. a. a lot of b. a lot of
b. many c. enough
c. lots of d. a few
3. a. some e. much
b. a lot f. any
c. a great deal of g. some
d. any h. many
4. a. a few i. many
b. a little j. some
c. few 6. a. a lot of
b. some
c. a little
EXERCISE 4 page 238

a few a few
James and I got back from Pompeii few days ago. We bought a little souvenirs, which
I’ll mail to you all very soon. We’re still unpacking and looking over the many, many
photographs guidebook Pompeii
photograph (hundreds!) we took of this amazing place. Our Guidebook calls pompeii a “time

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capsule,” and I truly felt that we were somehow communicating with this rich and vibrant
culture is time
cultures. There are never enough times for everything on vacation, but that’s especially true
of Pompeii. Really, there are few places in the world this amazing. You should all try to go. I
was so impressed!
several a lot of or lots of
I plan to do a several blog posts and put up a lot photos to show you what I mean. Speaking
some
of time capsules, I was just in the attic putting away any suitcases, and I discovered a trunk
a lot of or lots of was
with much old stuff. The old clothing were still in great shape—I might wear some of the
a lot of or lots of or a great many or many Grandma
skirts and blouses. Oh, and I found a great deal of letters that Grandpa wrote to grandma
when he was working in Italy on an archaeological dig. A few of them made me cry, and one
of them had a recipe for Roman apple cake! I think we’ll try to make it, and we’ll let you
know how it turns out.
EXERCISE 5 page 239

A Roman Apple Cake Ingredients
Shopping List
1 1/2 cups sugar eggs
1/2 cup vegetable oil flour
2 eggs baking soda
2 cups flour nuts
1 teaspoon baking powder apples
1 teaspoon baking soda
1/4 teaspoon salt
1/2 teaspoon cinnamon
1 cup milk
1/2 cup raisins
1/2 cup nuts
3 apples

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18 Articles: Indefinite and Definite

STORIES

A 1. famous 3. honest 5. enormous
2. wonderful 4. immediately
A 1. False 3. True 5. False

EXERCISE 1 page 247

2. a 3. b 4. b 5. b 6. a
EXERCISE 2 page 248

A 1. No article 6. No article 11. the 16. the
2. the 7. the 12. No article 17. No article
3. No article 8. No article 13. the 18. No article
4. the 9. No article 14. the 19. the
5. the 10. the 15. the
EXERCISE 3 page 249

A 2. the 10. the 18. The 26. The
3. a 11. the 19. the 27. a
4. a 12. a 20. an 28. the
5. a 13. The 21. The 29. the
6. a 14. the 22. The 30. the
7. a 15. the 23. a
8. a 16. a 24. The
9. the 17. a 25. an

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EXERCISE 4 page 250

2. the 8. Ø 14. the 20. The
3. the 9. a 15. some 21. a
4. a 10. the 16. the 22. the
5. an 11. some 17. the 23. the
6. the 12. the 18. the
7. a 13. Ø 19. the

1. b. an 4. a. (blank)
c. the b. The
d. a c. (blank)
2. a. the d. (blank)
b. the e. the
c. An 5. a. an
d. A b. the
3. a. the c. the
b. (blank) 6. a. the
c. (blank) b. the
c. (blank)
EXERCISE 6 page 252

The plumber a an
Plumber had beautiful girlfriend. One day, a ape fell in love with the girlfriend and
ˆ the
kidnapped her. The plumber chased ape to rescue his girlfriend. This simple tale became
the ˆ
Donkey Kong, a first video game with a story. It was invented by Shigeru Miyamoto, an artist
with Nintendo, Inc. Miyamoto loved the video games, but he wanted to make them more
a The
interesting. He liked fairy tales, so he invented story similar to a famous fairy tale. Some
ˆ
story was an immediate success, and Nintendo followed it with The Mario Brothers and then
the
with Super Mario. The third game became popular all over a world, and it is still one of the
most famous games in video history. Nintendo has continued to add the new adventures and
the
new ways to play game. Now players can follow Mario to outer space and play the game on
ˆ the
their Wii. But success and space travel do not change Mario. He is still brave little plumber in
a red hat.
ˆ

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EXERCISE 7 page 253

A 2. the 4. the 6. a 8. a
3. video games 5. the 7. the 9. a
B 2. a 3. a 4. a 5. a 6. b 7. a 8. b 9. b
EXERCISE 10 page 255

crescent moon
the Big Dipper

superhero
tower
laser gun
magic wand
castle
magician
warrior
princess
sword
gold
coffer
flask silver coins
medicine

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19 Adjectives and Adverbs

HOME
AFTER YOU READ pages 261–262

A 1. a 2. b 3. c 4. b 5. a 6. b
B 1. False 3. True 5. False

EXERCISE 1 page 266
Are you looking for a place to live? This amazing apartment is in a new building and has
two large comfortable bedrooms and a small sunny kitchen. The building is very quiet—
absolutely perfect for two serious students. It’s near the campus on a peaceful street. There’s
convenient transportation. The bus stop is an easy, pleasant walk, and the express bus goes
directly into town. You can run or ride your bike safely in nearby parks. The rent is very
affordable. Small pets are welcome. The apartment is available on June 1. Interested students
should call Megan at 555-5050. We’re sure you’ll be satisfied. Don’t wait! This beautiful new
apartment will rent fast. Nonsmokers, please.

2. really 6. happily 10. totally 14. quickly
3. new 7. gorgeous 11. nice 15. exciting
4. beautiful 8. lucky 12. shy 16. terribly
5. hard 9. great 13. good 17. really

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EXERCISE 3 page 267

2. terribly disappointed 6. awfully loud
3. surprisingly convenient 7. pretty accurately
4. incredibly fast 8. absolutely perfect
5. very clearly 9. really upset or real upset
EXERCISE 4 page 268

A 2. charming 5. disgusted 8. relaxing 11. confusing
3. annoyed 6. exhausting 9. interesting 12. amazing
4. charmed 7. exhausted 10. interested
EXERCISE 5 page 268

2. pretty upsetting things 7. absolutely charming apartment
3. arrived really late 8. think about it very carefully
4. awfully important meeting 9. happened so quickly
5. reacted quite well 10. really great place
6. didn’t seem angry at all or at all angry
EXERCISE 6 page 269

2. charming old house
3. peaceful residential neighborhood
4. enormous old tree
5. wide bedroom window
6. Japanese stone bench
7. beautiful large or large beautiful antique table
8. friendly, helpful man or helpful, friendly man
9. young Polish woman
10. nice Italian neighborhood restaurant
EXERCISE 7 page 269

awesome
Jeff W. The Northwood dorms are pretty awesomely. They’re clean and modern, and
terribly noisy
they’re a convenient walk to class and the dining hall. The halls get noisy terribly sometimes,
hard
though. When I’m studying hardly for exams, I have to go to the library.
Sheryl Miller Hall is the ideal dorm for freshmen. It’s quite small, so I was able to make
fast the rules clearly
friends fastly there. Also, the floor counselors are great. Ours explained clearly the rules. She
nice young French
was a young French nice woman, and she was always available when you needed to talk. I
extremely absolutely recommend amazing dorm
was extreme satisfied. I recommend absolutely this dorm amazing to anyone.

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disgusting incredibly
Tania Warning! Keep away! Wyeth Hall is totally disgusted. The lounges are incredible dirty.
depressing small brown or
well bad small depressing brown
The toilets don’t work good, and the halls smell badly. I had a small brown depressing room
shocked
on the ground floor. My parents were shocking when they saw the place.

A Answers may vary.
B 2. old 5. located 8. modern

3. near 6. new 9. new
4. excellent 7. peaceful 10. immediately
C Apt 2: Sunny
Apt 3: Very small; Can’t bring Loki; Not near stores
Apt 4: Sounds terrific!

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20
Adjectives: Comparisons with
As . . . as and Than
FOOD

A 1. b 2. a 3. a 4. c 5. a
B 1. the restaurant: crowded; new; popular

2. the staff: young
3. the food: delicious; fresh; good
4. the choices: varied; interesting
EXERCISE 1 page 281

EXERCISE 2 page 282

2. isn’t as expensive as
3. tastes as good as or tastes just as good as
4. doesn’t taste as good as
5. doesn’t smell as delicious as
6. smells as delicious as or smells just as delicious as

2. hotter than 8. sweeter than
3. less expensive than 9. shorter than
4. spicier than 10. less varied than
5. less salty than 11. less expensive
6. healthier than 12. sweeter than
7. cheaper than

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EXERCISE 4 page 284

2. better and better / the better . . . the higher
3. younger and younger / older and older
4. more and more interesting / more and more difficult
5. more and more popular / The harder . . . the more popular
6. worse and worse / the spicier . . . the better
7. faster and faster / The faster . . . the shorter
EXERCISE 5 page 285
When I was a teenager in the Philippines, I was an expert on snacks and fast foods. I was
hungrier
growing fast, so the more I ate, the hungry I felt. The street vendors in our town had
better
the better snacks than anyone else. In the morning, I used to buy rice muffins on the way
sweeter than
to school. They are even more sweeter that American muffins. After school, I ate fish balls
smaller
on a stick or adidas (chicken feet). Snacks on a stick are small than traditional American hot
more
dogs and burgers, but they are much varied, and the food is much fresher. My friend thought
as
banana-cue (banana on a stick) was really incredible. However, they weren’t as sweet from
kamote-cue (fried sweet potatoes and brown sugar), my favorite snack.
When I came to the United States, I didn’t like American fast food at first. To me, it was
less interesting tasty
interesting than my native food and less tastier, too. Now I’m getting used to it, and in many
more and more delicious
ways it seems just as good. In fact, it seems deliciouser and deliciouser.
EXERCISE 6 page 286

A 2. Angela’s 4. Di Roma’s 6. Angela’s
3. Di Roma’s 5. Angela’s

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21 Adjectives: Superlatives
CITIES
AFTER YOUR READ pages 291–292

A 1. a 2. c 3. b 4. a 5. c 6. b

2. False 4. True 6. False
EXERCISE 1 page 294

A •
Go to the CN Tower. It’s one of the tallest buildings in the world. From there, you can get
the best view of the city and countryside.
• Drive along Yonge Street. At 1,200 miles (1,800 km), it’s one of the longest streets in the
world. For one weekend in July, it’s one of the liveliest, too. Come and join one million
others for the exciting Yonge Street Festival.
• Visit PATH, the world’s largest underground shopping complex.
• Explore the Old Town of York. It has the most historic buildings in the whole city.
• Take the Yuk Yuk’s Comedy Tour of the Entertainment District—you’ll have a good time
on the funniest bus ride in town.
• Visit the Toronto Zoo. There’s always something new and fascinating going on. Local
people call it the best family outing in Toronto.
B 3. There are longer streets than Yonge Street.

5. PATH is larger than all other underground shopping complexes.
6. The Old Town of York has more historic buildings than other sections of Toronto.
7. There is no funnier bus ride in town than the Yuk Yuk’s Comedy Tour.
EXERCISE 2 page 295

2. the smallest 6. the warmest
3. the largest / the biggest 7. The rainiest / The driest
4. the coldest 8. the cheapest / the most expensive
5. the hottest 9. the cheapest / the most expensive

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EXERCISE 3 page 296

2. the most famous 5. the clearest
3. the heaviest 6. the fastest
4. the most popular 7. the longest

Answers will vary.
1. X is the most multicultural city I’ve ever visited.
Y is the least multicultural city I’ve ever visited.
2. X is the most comfortable place I’ve ever stayed.
Y is the least comfortable place I’ve ever stayed.
3. X has the friendliest (or the most friendly) people I’ve ever met.
Y has the least friendly people I’ve ever met.
4. X is the most expensive trip I’ve ever taken.
Y is the least expensive trip I’ve ever taken.
5. X is the most interesting place I’ve ever seen.
Y is the least interesting place I’ve ever seen.
6. X is the most exciting team I’ve ever watched.
Y is the least exciting team I’ve ever watched
EXERCISE 5 page 297

most beautiful
Greetings from Toronto—the beautifulest city I’ve visited on the North American continent.
the most
Yesterday, we went to the CN Tower—the more recognizable structure in Canada. From
there, you get the best view of the city—the different neighborhoods, the harbor, the fast
the most
traffic. It made my head spin! This is one of most dynamic places I’ve ever visited! The
expensive
restaurant was the most expensivest I’ve ever seen, so we just enjoyed the view and then
the worst
went to Kensington Market to eat. This place has the baddest crowds, but the cheapest and
the best the closest
the goodest food we’ve had so far. We’re staying in East Toronto. It’s not the closer place to
the most
downtown, but it has some of most historic buildings. In fact, our bed-and-breakfast is called
1871 Historic House. John Lennon slept here!

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EXERCISE 6 page 298

A the most convenient: Hôtel Le Germain
the least convenient: Westin Harbour Castle
the most comfortable: Hôtel Le Germain
the most expensive: Hôtel Le Germain
the least expensive: Eaton Chelsea
the biggest: Eaton Chelsea
the smallest: Hôtel Le Germain

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22
Adverbs: As . . . as, Comparatives,
Superlatives
SPORTS

A 1. requires 3. debate 5. source
2. values 4. competes 6. insults

2. True 4. False
EXERCISE 1 page 307

A I read with interest last week’s article “Sports: Separation of the Sexes?” The author claims
that female athletes can compete as well as males. I cannot disagree more strongly! Women
are simply not as powerful as men. That’s not an insult. It’s a fact. And it’s the source of the
problem. Even the best female athlete cannot throw a ball as hard or run as fast as the
average male athlete. It’s true that in some sports that don’t require great strength, some
women can compete as effectively as men. But those are the exceptions, not the rule. There
are many examples of women who play the best of anyone on their team, but still play
worse than the average male athlete. Women are trying harder and harder to enter the sports
world of men. And the harder they try, the more they will fail. Clearly, women can be great
athletes. I just think that they should compete with women against other women.
B 1. equal ability: as well as / as effectively as

2. unequal ability: not as powerful as / not . . . as hard . . . as fast as
3. a comparative: more strongly / worse than
4. a superlative: the best
5. an increase: harder and harder
6. cause and effect: the harder . . . the more

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EXERCISE 2 page 308

2. doesn’t fit as comfortably as 6. protects the feet as effectively as
3. supports the ankles as well as 7. lasts as long as
4. don’t support the ankles as well as 8. doesn’t last as long as
5. doesn’t protect the feet as effectively as 9. don’t cost as much as

A 2. less aggressively than 8. better
3. as aggressively 9. longer
4. as hard as 10. less than
5. the most effectively 11. the faster
6. more consistently than 12. the faster
7. more cooperatively than
EXERCISE 4 page 309

3. the slowest or the most slowly 7. higher than
4. slower than or more slowly than 8. the best
5. the farthest 9. the worst
6. faster than
EXERCISE 5 page 310
CINDY: What a game! Spero, have you ever seen two teams play more aggressively than?
SPERO: No, I haven’t, Cindy. Folks, we’re in Bangkok, Thailand, watching the Australian and
French teams battle for the Women’s World Basketball Championship. It’s halftime,
the loudest
and just listen to that crowd! I think the Australians cheer the most loudest of any
fans in the game!
CINDY: Well, the court really belonged to France for the first part of the game, Spero. And
the best
without question, Maud Medenou of France was playing the better of all the players
on both teams. But the Australian team recovered more quickly than I thought
as
possible. They’ve scored almost as frequently than the French in the first half. The
score is now 30-28, France, and no one can predict a winner at this point.
SPERO: I heard that Elizabeth Cambage, Australia’s star player, injured her arm yesterday, but
the most
you can’t tell from the way she’s playing today. So far, she’s scored the least of any
player on her team. She’s playing a great game.

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CINDY: And with an injury, too! Spero, I have to say that’s pretty amazing. But Medenou
more
isn’t that far behind. Did you notice that she’s been playing more intensely and more
intensely in this tournament? You can see that she really wants the ball, and she’s
getting it more consistently in every game.

the harder
SPERO: You’re right, Cindy. And the more hard she plays, the more she scores. The spectators
more
love her. They’re cheering more and less enthusiastically.
CINDY: The Australians have really been playing a great defense tonight. They’ve been
blocking Medenou more effectively than any other team this season. But can they
stop her?
SPERO: We’ll find out soon! The second half is ready to begin. See you again after the game.
EXERCISE 6 page 311

A 2. fast / Chin 8. skilfully / Marta
3. regularly / Marta 9. well / Marta
4. frequently / Chin 10. better / Chin
5. frequently / Chin 11. aggressively / Chin
6. faster / Marta 12. aggressively / Chin
7. fast / Chin

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23 Gerunds: Subject and Object

HEALTH ISSUES

A OK to Do: approve of, in favor of, permit
Not OK to Do: ban, illegal, prohibit
B 1. Japan 5. Austria
2. Austria 6. Mexico
3. The United Arab Emirates 7. The United Arab Emirates
4. Zambia
EXERCISE 1 page 322
Posted by Grofumeur on February 16, 2016 at 15:30:03

I can’t stand seeing all the new No Smoking signs. It’s getting harder and harder to have a
good time. Next thing you know, they’ll ban laughing! Eating in a restaurant or having an
espresso in a café is just no fun anymore! Junk food is worse than smoking. But I bet the
government won’t prohibit people from ordering burgers and fries for lunch!
Reply posted by Nuffsed on February 17, 2016 at 12:15:22
Hey, Grofumeur—I’m against smoking in public places. I’m even in favor of banning
smoking in apartment buildings. I don’t get sick when my boyfriend has a Big Mac, but
sitting in a room full of his cigarette smoke makes my hair and clothing stink. I’m really
enjoying the new regulations.
Reply posted by Swissfriend on February 17, 2016 at 20:53:11
Hi, Smokers! I am a member of Freunde der Tabak, a Swiss group of smokers and non-
smokers. We always suggest practicing courtesy to non-smokers and tolerance of smokers.
I enjoy smoking, but I dislike inhaling secondhand smoke. I don’t see a problem with people
smoking outside, and I’m against banning it.
Reply posted by Cleanaire on February 18, 2016 at 9:53:11
Friend—Have you ever tried to stop smoking? If so, then you know you are addicted to
nicotine. The younger you start smoking, the harder it is to quit. I definitely don’t approve of
advertising cigarettes or selling them to young people. That should be illegal!

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EXERCISE 2 page 323

2. Staying 5. starting 8. increasing
3. smoking 6. Not eating 9. Not going
4. Exercising 7. drinking 10. joining

2. denied eating 6. avoids eating
3. enjoy running 7. mind exercising
4. go swimming 8. keep trying
5. admitted (or admits) being

2. You can improve your health by quitting smoking.
3. I’m very happy about starting an exercise program.
4. This program gives you great ideas for solving health issues.
5. Now I’m proud of myself for swimming a mile every day.
6. They can help by listening to your concerns.
7. I ran my first 10 km race without stopping.
8. You should ask a doctor before starting an exercise program.
EXERCISE 5 page 325

smoking Getting
DAY 1: I quit to smoke! This was the first day of the rest of my life as a non-smoker. Get
through the day wasn’t too difficult. I quit drinking coffee today, too, and I think that helped.
having
I used to enjoy had a cigarette with a cup of coffee in the morning. But now I’m looking
getting
forward to get healthier.
DAY 3: Today was harder. I kept wanting a cigarette. I called Dinah. She told me to take
eating
deep breaths and stay busy. That worked. I have to resist eat too much. Gaining 5 pounds
isn’t
aren’t a big deal, but I don’t want to gain more than that.
DAY 5: I got through the workweek smoke free. My boss definitely approves of the new me.
telling having smoking
She keeps tells me, “You can do it.” I really appreciate to have her support. I miss smokeing,
but I DON’T miss to standing outside in the cold just to have a cigarette. I also don’t mind
not
don’t burning holes in my clothes!

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going being
DAY 7: Dinah suggested to go out to dinner, but I can’t risk be around smokers. Instead, we
shopping
went shoping, and I bought a shirt with the money I saved during my first week as a non-
having
smoker. Also, I’m happy about have clothes that smell fresh! Not smoking has advantages.
EXERCISE 6 page 326

A 2. OK to Do 4. OK to Do 6. OK to Do
3. Not OK to Do 5. Not OK to Do 7. OK to Do

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24 Infinitives After Certain Verbs

HAPPINESS

A 1. f 2. a 3. d 4. b 5. c 6. e

2. False 4. True 6. False
EXERCISE 1 page 334

A I have been unhappy since I moved here. Dara advised me to join a club. I didn’t know
anyone, and I wanted to make new friends. So, I finally did it! I decided to join the school’s
Outdoor Adventure Club, and I went to my first meeting last night. I’m really excited about
this. The club is planning a hiking trip next weekend. I can’t wait to go. I hope it won’t be too
hard for my first adventure. Last night, they also decided to go rafting in the spring. At first, I
didn’t want to sign up, but the leader was so nice. He urged me not to miss this trip, so I put
my name on the list. After the meeting, a group of people asked me to go out with them.
We went to a coffee shop and talked for hours. Well, I hoped to make some new friends
when I joined this club, but I didn’t expect everyone to be so friendly. I’m glad Dara
persuaded me not to give up.
B 2. They (also) decided to go rafting in the spring.

3. He urged me not to miss this trip.
4. I’m glad Dara persuaded me not to give up.
5. Dara advised me to join a club.
6. I can’t wait to go.
7. I decided to join the school’s Outdoor Adventure Club.
8. I didn’t expect everyone to be so friendly.
9. (At first) I didn’t want to sign up.
10. I wanted to make new friends.

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EXERCISE 2 page 335

2. decided not to focus 5. agreed to go
3. remembered to call 6. chose not to drive
4. tried not to complain 7. volunteered to help
EXERCISE 3 page 335

2. us to get enough sleep / us to aim for at least six hours
3. us to stay healthy / us not to eat junk food
4. us to do something fun every day
5. us not to spend too much time alone
6. us not to give up, us to be patient
7. us to come to the next happiness workshop
EXERCISE 4 page 336

2. encouraged Ina to keep trying
3. advised Diego to stop focusing on his problems
4. reminded Emilia to go to the happiness workshop
5. asked Larry to help her plan a birthday party for Bill
6. (finally) decided to take a photography class
7. forgot to go to the workshop
EXERCISE 5 page 336

2. Less Formal 4. Less Formal 6. More Formal
3. More Formal 5. More Formal 7. Less Formal
EXERCISE 6 page 337

to have
Studies show that happy people tend having more friends. You know from experience that
friends are important for your happiness, and you’d like to make some new ones. Maybe
to meet
you’re at a new school or job, or, possibly, you have changed and the “new you” wants meet
new people.
you to turn off
To begin with, psychologist Timothy Johnson strongly advises to turn off your
computers. He says that “friending” people on Facebook just isn’t the same as making real
to go out not to
friends. You need go out and interact with real people. He says, “Decide right now to don’t
refuse invitations. When a classmate or co-worker invites you for coffee, just say yes.”
do
Join a club and volunteer to doing something. That responsibility will force you to attend

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to meet
the meetings. By doing these things, you will manage meeting a lot of new people. Dr.
not to
Johnson warns us, however, don’t rush to become close friends with someone right away.
Relationships take time. You have to learn to listen. It is important to encourage your new
talk to develop
friend to talks by asking him or her questions. Allow each relationship develops naturally,
and soon you’ll have a group of people you are really comfortable interacting with. These
types of friendships are important to happiness because they help you to feel connected, and
feeling connected leads to increased happiness.
EXERCISE 7 page 338

A 2. b 3. a 4. a 5. b 6. b

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25 More Uses of Infinitives

SMART DEVICES

A 1. b 2. b 3. a 4. c 5. b 6. a
B 1. False 3. False 5. True 7. False

2. True 4. False 6. False
EXERCISE 1 page 346
The telephone has really changed a lot in less than a century. From the 1920s through
the 1950s, there was the good old-fashioned rotary phone. It had just one function, but it
wasn’t that convenient to use. Callers had to turn a dial to make a call. And it was too big
and heavy to move from place to place. (Besides, there was that annoying cord connecting
it to the wall!). The 1960s introduced the touch-tone phone. It was much faster to place a
call with it. You just pushed buttons in order to dial. With cordless phones, introduced in the
1970s, callers were free to move around their homes or offices while talking. Then came a
really major change—hand-held cell phones. These were small enough to carry with you and
you didn’t even have to be inside to talk to your friends. But it wasn’t until the invention of
the camera phone that people began to use the phone to do more than just talk. And, that
was nothing compared to today’s multipurpose smartphones. People use them to do almost
everything. What will the newest technology bring to the phone? It’s hard to predict. But one
thing is certain: It will be faster and cheaper. And, as always, people will find uses for it that
are difficult to imagine today.

A 2. d 3. a 4. e 5. c

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B 2. He took the bus in order not to be late.

3. We turned off our phone in order not to get calls.
4. She recorded her favorite TV show in order not to miss it.
5. He went to Eli’s Electronics (in order) to buy a new phone.
EXERCISE 3 page 347

2. to drive to Montreal 6. to buy fruit and vegetables
3. to pass it 7. to have coffee
4. to get more gas 8. to communicate with her
5. to exchange money
EXERCISE 4 page 348

2. to use 4. to remember 6. to find out
3. to spend 5. to watch 7. to own

A 2. early enough to call 5. cheap enough for him to get
3. too quickly for me to understand 6. too busy to go
4. too late to see

to tell
Click here for telling us how you’ve used your smartphone or smartwatch recently.
I was riding my bike when I saw an accident. A car hit a truck, but it didn’t stop. I used my
to take
smartphone take a picture of the car and the license plate number. Then I used it to call the
use
police. It was so fast and convenient to using! —Jason Harvey, England
I was at a great concert in Mexico City. I wanted to share the experience with my best friend
(to) send
back home. I picked up my smartphone and used it to make a video and sending it to my
friend. Instantly my friend was “there” with me. Awesome! —Emilia Leale, Italy
to pay
I was at the mall and used my smartwatch for paying for my purchases. It’s quick, easy, and safe.
I didn’t have to take my wallet out of my pocket or hand my credit card to the store assistant. I
just held my watch near the store’s “reader” and double clicked. Done! —Bruno Neves, Brazil

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In order to
I’m really into health and fitness. In order monitor my health, I use my smartwatch to check
my heart rate when I run. I also use it to count my steps when I’m out and about. It’s always
on my wrist, so I don’t have to remember to take it with me. —Clarisa Flores, Mexico
not to
I sell houses. I always use my smartphone in order no waste my customers’ time. When I
see an interesting house, I immediately send a photo. Then, if they are interested, I make an
fast enough
appointment for them. That way, they can see the house enough fast to make an offer before
too
other people. Without a smartphone, my job would be to hard to do. —Andrea Cook, U.S.
help
Last night, I used my phone to helping me make dinner. First, I searched online for a
convert
recipe. It was in ounces, so I used an app to converts it to grams. Then I used another
app to create a shopping list. When I returned home from shopping, I set the phone’s
remind
timer to reminded me when to take the food out of the oven. While dinner was baking,
I used the phone to listen to my favorite songs. I love this thing! It combines functions
smart enough
for work and play, and it’s enough smart to do almost everything. Too bad it can’t do the
dishes, too! —Kim Soo-Min, South Korea
EXERCISE 7 page 350

A 3. find a recipe
8. find information in encyclopedias and dictionaries
9. create a “To Do” list
11. look at newspaper headlines from around the world
12. put together a clothing outfit

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26 Gerunds and Infinitives

PROCRASTINATION

A 1. project 3. anxious 5. discouraging
2. universal 4. task 6. tactic
B 2. not enjoying the task

4. not having enough time
5. feeling anxious about the task
8. thinking your work has to be perfect
EXERCISE 1 page 359

A Like many students, Eva is a procrastinator. She keeps putting off her schoolwork. When
she studies, she often stops to go for a walk in the park. She wants to improve her study
habits, but she isn’t sure how. Eva decided to make a list every day of tasks she needs to do.
She always remembers to make her list, but she often forgets to read it. It’s very
discouraging, and Eva is worried about getting bad grades. Last night, Eva remembered
reading an article in the school newspaper about a support group for procrastinators. She
thinks being in a group is a good idea. It’s difficult to try to change on your own. She likes
sharing ideas with other students. Maybe it will help.
B 2. False. She often goes for walks.

3. True
4. True
5. False. She often forgets to read it.
6. True
7. True
8. False. She likes to share ideas with others. or She likes sharing ideas with others.

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EXERCISE 2 page 360

2. starting 9. to work
3. to study or studying 10. to do
4. finishing 11. making
5. making 12. being
6. doing 13. to do
7. working 14. to improve
8. to do or doing 15. putting
EXERCISE 3 page 360

2. doing 5. to spend 8. to take 11. doing
3. starting 6. doing 9. to give 12. joining
4. to do 7. working 10. finishing
EXERCISE 4 page 361

A 3. Working on a long project is difficult.
4. It feels great to complete a job on time.
5. It’s a good idea to reward yourself for finishing a project.
6. It’s very helpful to be in a support group.
7. Meeting people with the same problem is good.

2. meeting Todd
3. to come later or to be there tonight
4. taking too many breaks
5. listening to music or to listen to music
6. to go home
7. to give Eva a ride home / to stay a little longer
8. to drive carefully
EXERCISE 6 page 362

going
For months I was thinking about to go to a support group for procrastinators, but I kept
to go
putting it off! Last night, I finally decided going, and I’m glad I did. I’m not alone! There
to be
were a lot of people there with the same problem as me. I expected them being boring, but
they were really quite interesting—and helpful. I even knew some of the other students
meeting talking
there. I remembered to meet a few of them at a school party last year. I really enjoyed to talk
to come
to Todd, and before I left I promised coming again.

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writing
I have a math test tomorrow, so I really should stop to write now and start studying. See, I’ve
being
already learned some helpful tactics from to be in this group! I have to stop making excuses
and start my work! NOW!
EXERCISE 7 page 363

A 2. Things Eva Doesn’t Do 5. Things Eva Doesn’t Do
3. Things Eva Does 6. Things Eva Does
4. Things Eva Does 7. Things Eva Doesn’t Do
EXERCISE 12 page 365

Student A
What did Pat quit making? (She quit making excuses.)
What can’t Kay afford to do? (She can’t afford to fail.)
What did Lev finish doing? (He finished writing his paper.)
Student B
What did Lee decide to do? (He decided to join the group.)
What does Uta keep trying to do? (She keeps trying to change.)
What did Jeff learn to do? (He’s learned to start projects early.)

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27 Reflexive and Reciprocal Pronouns

SELF-TALK

A 1. reaction 3. fault 5. impact
2. realize 4. temporary 6. maintain
B 1. Sara 3. Sara 5. Tom and Sara

2. Tom 4. Tom
EXERCISE 1 page 374
Positive self-talk can affect our thoughts, feelings, and actions. It can even make the difference
between winning and losing. Top athletes not only compete against one another, they also
compete against themselves when they try to improve their performances. Many athletes
use self-talk to maintain their self-confidence and help themselves reach new goals. If you’ve
asked yourself how Korean Olympic gold and silver winner Yuna Kim can do those perfect
jumps under so much stress, now you know it’s probably because she’s telling herself, “Yuna!
You can! You will! You are!”
One sports psychologist believes that Olympic athletes are not very different from
one another—they are all the best in their sports. When two top athletes compete against
each other, the winner is the one with the most powerful positive “mental movies.”
According to psychologists, ordinary people themselves can use these techniques, too.
(And they can do it by themselves, without getting professional help.) They can create
“mental movies” to help themselves succeed in difficult situations. So, when you are feeling
discouraged about something, picture yourself succeeding and tell yourself, “You can do it!”

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EXERCISE 2 page 375

A 2. ourselves 6. herself
3. myself / yourself 7. themselves
4. each other / myself 8. ourselves
5. ourselves

2. myself 7. themselves
3. one another or each other 8. himself
4. yourselves 9. myself
5. one another or each other 10. myself
6. itself

2. Tom cut himself (while he was shaving).
3. Sara smiled at herself (in the mirror).
4. Tom talked to himself (in the mirror).
5. Tom and Sara talked to each other (on the phone) or talked to one another (on
the phone).
6. Sara drove herself (to the party).
7. Tom and Sara greeted each other (at the party) or greeted one another (at the party).
8. Tom and Sara introduced themselves (to a woman at the party).
EXERCISE 5 page 378

myself
Jan’s birthday was Wednesday, and I forgot to call him. I reminded me all day, and then I
yourself
forgot anyway! I felt terrible. My sister Anna said, “Don’t be so hard on yourselves.” But
I myself didn’t believe her. She prides herself on remembering everything. Then I finally
remembered the article on self-talk. It said that people can change the way they explain
themselves myself
problems to theirselves. Well, I listened to the way I talked to me, and I realized it sounded
really insulting—like the way our high school math teacher used to talk to us. I thought, Jan
each other
and I are good friends, and we treat each other’s well. One mistake shouldn’t impact our
me
friendship that much. In fact, he forgave myself for my mistake right away. And I forgave him
each other or one another
for forgetting our dinner date two weeks ago. Friends can forgive themselves, so I guess I can
forgive myself.

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EXERCISE 6 page 378

A 2. himself 4. herself 6. each other 8. yourselves
3. yourself 5. herself 7. ourselves

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28 Phrasal Verbs
SCIENCE

A 1. d 2. e 3. a 4. b 5. f 6. c
B 1. True 3. False 5. False


A Eloy Rodriguez grew up in Edinburg, Texas, where his elementary school teachers passed
Chicano students over for special honors classes. They also punished them for speaking
Spanish. Before Rodriguez went on to become the first U.S.-born Chicano biology instructor
at his university, he worked eighteen hours a day and slept in his lab, getting by on very little
sleep. “I was very aware that I was the first this, and the first that, and I knew that some
people were waiting for me to slip up.” Rodriguez didn’t slip up. However, he knows that
when students feel teachers don’t treat them fairly, it turns them off education. Many of
them just give up.
Today, Dr. Rodriguez is passing his own success on. When he became a professor at
Cornell University, he set out to find Latino graduate students. He takes these students
with him on many of his trips and works hard to turn them into top scientists. In 1990,
he set up KIDS (Kids Investigating and Discovering Science)—a science program for
minority elementary school children. They put on white lab coats and investigate science
with university teachers who treat them like research scientists. They observe nature and
figure out problems. In interviews, Rodriguez always brings up role models. “I saw my first
snowflake before I saw my first Chicano scientist,” he says. Because of Rodriguez’s efforts,
many students will not face the same problem.
B 2. True 4. False 6. False 8. False


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EXERCISE 2 page 389

2. sign up 5. Hand . . . in 8. get up 11. try out
3. pick up 6. find out 9. keep on 12. pass up
4. fill . . . out 7. work . . . out 10. talk . . . over
EXERCISE 3 page 390

2. up 4. out 6. over 8. out
3. up 5. up 7. out
EXERCISE 4 page 390

A 2. take them off 4. cover it up 6. wake him up
3. turn it on 5. call it off
EXERCISE 5 page 391

2. Set up the experiment. or Set the experiment up.
3. Carry it out.
4. Sit down when you’re done.
5. Go on to page 26.
6. Write up your reports. or Write your reports up.
7. Hand them in.
8. Take off your lab coats. or Take your lab coats off.
9. Put them away.
10. Clean up the lab. or Clean the lab up.
EXERCISE 6 page 391

got back
I just got from Venezuela back! I spent two weeks in the Amazon rain forest with Dr.
Rodriguez. We carried out research there on plants that the Piaroa people use as medicine.
made up
We made down a list of these plants, and we’re going to analyze them when we get back to
school next week.

set up
We set down camp near the Orinoco River, hundreds of miles from any major city. Life there
get up watch out
is hard. You get very early up every morning. You must always watch up and never touch a
pick it up
new insect or plant. If you pick up it, you can get a bad skin rash. But plants can also cure.
One day, I felt sick. One of the Piaroa gave me the stem of a certain plant to chew. It worked!
found out
Later, I found up that the same plant helps cure insect bites. And believe me, insects are a big

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put it on
problem in the rain forest. I used up many bottles of repellent. But even when I put on it, it
didn’t totally keep the insects away.
This trip changed my life! I’m now thinking about switching my major to pharmacology.
find out
I want to find over more about how people can use the same plants that animals use
as medicine.
EXERCISE 7 page 392

A 2. False 4. False 6. True 8. True
EXERCISE 9 page 393

a. 5
b. 6
c. 3
d. 1
e. 4
f. 2

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29 Necessity: Have (got) to, Must, Can’t

RULES AND REGULATIONS

A 1. computers 3. movies 5. books
2. rules 4. sleeping 6. bags
B 1. False 3. True 5. True 7. False

2. False 4. False 6. True

A BEN: Hello. I’m Australian, and I’m planning to spend several weeks in Europe with my
family. I have some questions. First, do we have to get visas to visit Italy?
CLERK: No. Australians don’t have to have a visa to enter Italy, but you can’t stay for longer
than ninety days without one. And, of course, you must have a valid passport to enter
the country.
BEN: Can my wife and I use our Australian driver’s licenses in Italy?
CLERK: You have to carry your Australian license, but you must also have a valid International
Driver’s Permit. And you’ve got to be at least eighteen years old.
BEN: When do we have to get the IDPs? Is it possible to apply for them when we get
to Europe?
CLERK: No, you must apply before you leave. The Australian Automobile Association can
help you. You’ll also have to purchase accident insurance, but you can do this at the
car rental agency in Italy.
BEN: We’ll be in Italy in January. We don’t have a set schedule, so we haven’t made any
reservations. Is that going to be a problem?
CLERK: Yes. You’ve really got to have reservations, even in January—especially in major cities
like Rome, Florence, or Venice.
BEN: One more question. What about travel insurance? Is it necessary?
CLERK: You don’t have to get travel insurance, but we strongly recommend it. That way, if
something goes wrong, you can save yourselves a lot of money and hassles.
BEN: You’re right. Better safe than sorry! Thanks a lot. You’ve been very helpful.

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B 1. Not Necessary 3. Against the Rules 5. Against the Rules 7. Not Necessary
2. Necessary 4. Necessary 6. Necessary 8. Necessary
EXERCISE 2 page 405

Answers may vary slightly. Possible answers:
. . . and he has to give the house keys to Nora.
Ann has to buy phone cards online, and she has to buy batteries for the camera.
She doesn’t have to call Pet Care or stop the mail for two weeks.
Sean and Maya don’t have to pack clothes.
They have to download music for the trip, and they have to say good-bye to friends.
EXERCISE 3 page 406

1. b. can’t leave 3. a. do . . . have to wait
c. have to (or have got to) check in b. won’t (or don’t) have to wait
d. Do . . . have to get 4. a. ’ve got to (or have to) call
e. we do b. can’t use
f. have to (or they’ve got to) do 5. a. ’ve got to (or have to) walk
g. has to (or has got to) park b. do . . . have to get up
2. a. can’t weigh c. can’t sit
b. ’ll (or ’re going to) have to pay 6. a. won’t (or don’t) have to be
c. Do . . . have to bring
d. I do
e. ’ve got to (or have to) have
f. ’ve got to (or have to) go
EXERCISE 4 page 407

2. must keep 7. must not (or mustn’t) weigh
3. must not (or mustn’t) be 8. must show
4. must fit 9. must have
5. must not (or mustn’t) contain 10. must not (or mustn’t) get up
6. must have 11. must not (or mustn’t) use
EXERCISE 5 page 407

2. don’t have to bring 6. must not (or mustn’t) enter
3. must not (or mustn’t) play 7. don’t have to leave
4. must not (or mustn’t) dive 8. must not (or mustn’t) stay
5. don’t have to swim
EXERCISE 6 page 408

1. More Formal 4. Less Formal 7. More Formal

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had
We’re on our way back to Australia. We have to leave the hotel at 5:30 this morning, and
had
then we had got to wait in line at the airport for hours. What a hassle! This flight is great,
though. There are TVs at every seat and hundreds of movies to watch. But Mom says we
must or have to or ’ve got to
can’t sit for more than three hours at a time because it’s unhealthy, and we must to drink
water every hour when we’re not sleeping. This flight is fourteen hours long, so we have to
take
taking care of ourselves. Thanks for the camping knife. I used it a lot in Italy, but before we
had must not or mustn’t or can’t
left, I has to put it in my checked suitcase because of the safety regulations. You don’t have to
bring knives in carry-on bags. Well, I’ve got to get up and walk around again. Email me.
We’ll be on this plane for ten more hours!
EXERCISE 8 page 409

A 2. False 4. True 6. False
3. False 5. True
B a. 5
b. 3
c. 2
d. 6
e. 4

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30 Expectations: Be supposed to
MANNERS

A 1. a 2. b 3. c 4. a 5. c 6. b
B 1. True 3. True 5. Don’t Know

2. False 4. False 6. False

A The dictionary defines manners as polite ways of behaving in social situations. Manners are
governed by rules (called etiquette). They tell us what we are supposed to do, and, just as
important, what we are not supposed to do. Manners are like the oil in a machine. They are
supposed to make things run more smoothly.
Some examples of “good” manners seem very logical and easy to understand. You are
supposed to hold the door open for the person behind you. If you don’t, the door can hit the
person in the face. In some cultures, you are not supposed to keep your street shoes on when
you enter someone’s home. Leaving your shoes on is considered “bad” manners. It’s rude
because they bring dirt into the home. Again, the reason for the custom is clear. But why in
many cultures are you supposed to shake hands when you meet someone for the first time?
Many historians believe that in the past the handshake was supposed to prove that people
were not hiding weapons (knives, for example) up their sleeve.
Many customs, such as the handshake, have complicated rules connected to them. Who
is supposed to offer their hand first? How firmly and for how long are you supposed to hold
the other person’s hand? If you are wearing gloves, are you supposed to remove your glove
before shaking hands? The answer to these and other questions vary from culture to culture.
It can be confusing, and it is not always easy to know the right thing to do.

2. They are supposed to make things run more smoothly.
3. You are supposed to hold the door open for the person behind you.
4. You are not supposed to keep your street shoes on when you enter someone’s home.

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5. The handshake was supposed to prove that people were not hiding weapons (knives, for
example) up their sleeve.
6. For how long are you supposed to hold the other person’s hand?
EXERCISE 2 page 419

2. ’re not (or aren’t) supposed to wear 5. ’re not (or aren’t) supposed to open
3. ’re not (or aren’t) supposed to show 6. ’re supposed to open
4. ’re supposed to arrive 7. ’re supposed to leave
EXERCISE 3 page 420

2. You’re supposed to chew with your mouth closed.
3. You’re not (or aren’t) supposed to reach across the table for food. You’re supposed to ask
someone to pass it.
4. You’re supposed to eat quietly.
5. You’re supposed to use your napkin to clean your fingers and mouth.
6. You’re supposed to keep your napkin on your lap when you’re not using it.
7. You’re not (or aren’t) supposed to start eating before your host.
8. You’re not (or aren’t) supposed to comb you hair at the table.
9. You’re not (or aren’t) supposed to put your napkin on your chair when you are
finished eating.
10. You’re supposed to say “Excuse me” if you leave the table before the end of a meal.

A 1. b. am . . . supposed to bring 4. a. am . . . supposed to call
2. a. Was . . . supposed to do 5. a. was supposed to go
b. ’re supposed to wait 6. a. am . . . supposed to say
3. a. ’s supposed to rain b. ’s supposed to be
b. are supposed to be
Q: I had dinner at a friend’s house last week. The first course was soup and it was already
on the table. When I sat down, I began to eat it. My friend’s mother looked a little
Was
surprised. Did I do something wrong? Am I supposed to wait before starting to eat?
are supposed
A: Yes. In this country, you supposed to wait until your host begins or says, “Please begin.”
not supposed
You are supposed not to start first.
Q: My friend is getting married, and he chose me to be his “best man.” What does this
am I
mean? As the best man, what I am supposed to do?

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A: First of all, you should feel very good. It is an honor to be the best man. In general, the
best man’s job is to help the groom. You can find online lists with all your tasks (and
there are many!). Perhaps one of the most important ones is that you are supposed to
keep the ring for your friend until he needs it during the ceremony. (Nervous grooms are
famous for forgetting or losing the ring).

were supposed
Q: We supposed to get married, but we just decided to cancel the wedding. We’ve already
Are
received some wedding gifts. What do we do with them? Do we supposed to return
them to our friends and relatives now that the wedding is canceled?
A: Yes, unfortunately you are supposed to return all the gifts you received—unless you have
already used them.
Q: I was in line at the supermarket waiting to pay. It was the “express” line, but the woman
in front of me had a shopping cart filled with food and beverages. I had just one item. I
not supposed to
said to the woman, “Sorry, but you are supposed to not be on this line if you have more
than ten items.” She got very angry at me. Was I wrong to say something?
A: No, you weren’t wrong, the woman was wrong. First, for being in the wrong line, and
supposed
then for getting angry at you. People are supposing to follow the rules, and her behavior
was a definite violation of the rules. You were right to say something—as long as you did
it politely.
EXERCISE 6 page 422

A 2. are not 3. is not 4. are not 5. are

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31 Future Possibility: May, Might, Could

WEATHER

A 1. c 2. a 3. c 4. a 5. c
B 1. False 3. False 5. False

EXERCISE 1 page 431

A ANNA: Are you going to drive to work tomorrow?
CODY: I don’t know. I might. Why?
ANNA: I just heard the local weather report. A cold front is moving into the region. It may
snow tonight.
CODY: Oh, then I may have to shovel snow before I leave. You know, on second thought, I
might just take the 7:30 train instead of driving. I have a 9:00 meeting, and I don’t
want to miss it. Do you have a class tomorrow morning?
ANNA: No, but I’m going to the library to work on my paper. Maybe I’ll bundle up and take
the train with you in the morning. And let’s try to go home together, too. Maybe we
could meet at the train station at 6:00, OK? I’m taking the 6:30 train home.
CODY: I might not be able to catch the 6:30 train. My boss said something about working late
tomorrow. I may be stuck there until 8:00. I’ll call you tomorrow afternoon and let
you know what I’m doing.
ANNA: OK. I’ll get some takeout on the way home. Do you mind eating late?
CODY: No. I definitely want to have dinner together.
ANNA: Me too. Definitely.
B CODY:
2. Possible 4. Certain 6. Certain
3. Possible 5. Possible 7. Certain
ANNA:
2. Certain 4. Possible 6. Certain
3. Possible 5. Certain 7. Certain

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EXERCISE 2 page 432

2. could 4. may not 6. may
3. might 5. ’m going to 7. might
EXERCISE 3 page 432

2. She may (or might) buy some notebooks before class.
3. She’s going to go to the meeting with Mrs. Humphrey at 11:00.
4. She may (or might) have coffee with Sue after class.
5. She’s going to go to work at 1:00.
6. She may (or might) go shopping for snow boots after work.
7. She may (or might) take the 7:00 train.
EXERCISE 4 page 433

A 2. they won’t 4. It won’t 6. It could be
3. It could be 5. It could be
EXERCISE 5 page 433
Every few years, the ocean near Peru becomes warmer. This change is called El Niño.
may
El Niño maybe cause big weather changes all over the world. The west coasts of North and
South America might have very heavy rains. On the other side of the Pacific, New Guinea
become
might becomes very dry. Northern regions could have warmer, wetter winters, and southern
may
areas maybe become much colder. These weather changes affect plants and animals. Some
may not
fish mayn’t survive in warmer waters. They may die or swim to colder places. In addition,
cause
dry conditions could causing crops to die. When that happens, food may get very expensive.
El Niño does not happen regularly. It may happen every two years, or it might not come
could may or might or could
for seven years. Will El Niño get worse in the future? It could be. Pollution will increase the
effects of El Niño, but no one is sure yet.

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EXERCISE 6 page 434

A FRIDAY
Possible: Sunny; Low 50s
SATURDAY
Certain: Sunny; Windy
Possible: 62°
SUNDAY
Possible: Cold; Windy; Snow flurries

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32
Present Conclusions: Must, Have (got) to,
May, Might, Could, Can’t
MYSTERIES

A 1. advertisement 3. method 5. amazed
2. salary 4. position
B 1. is very sure 3. possibly 5. is

2. possibly 4. doesn’t believe 6. possibly

A Sherlock Holmes studied the note: The Red-Headed League does not exist anymore.
“This could be serious,” Holmes told Wilson. “What can you tell us about your
clerk Vincent?”
“Vincent couldn’t be dishonest,” replied Wilson. “In fact, he took this job for half the
usual salary because he wanted to learn the business. His only fault is photography.”
“Photography?” Holmes and Watson asked together.
“Yes,” replied Wilson. “He’s always running down to the basement to work with
his cameras.”
Wilson left soon after that.
“Wilson’s clerk might be the key to this mystery,” Holmes told Watson. “Let’s go see
him.” An hour later, Holmes and Watson walked into Wilson’s shop. The clerk was a man of
about thirty, with a scar on his forehead.
Holmes asked him for directions. Then he and Watson left the shop.
“My dear Watson,” Holmes began. “It’s very unusual for a thirty-year-old man to work
for half-pay. This clerk has to have a very special reason for working here.”
“Could it have something to do with the Red-Headed League?” Watson asked.
“Yes. Perhaps the clerk placed that ad in the newspaper. He may want to be alone in the
shop. Did you look at his legs?”
“No, I didn’t.”
“He has holes in his trouser knees. He must spend his time digging a tunnel from
Wilson’s basement. But where is it?”
Holmes hit the ground sharply with his walking stick. “The ground isn’t hollow, so the
tunnel can’t be here in front of the shop. Let’s walk to the street in back of Wilson’s shop.”

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B 2. Less Certain 4. Less Certain 6. Very Certain

3. Very Certain 5. Very Certain
EXERCISE 2 page 444

2. must not 4. might 6. could 8. may
3. might 5. could 7. might not
EXERCISE 3 page 445

2. Vincent must not be the clerk’s real name.
3. He must not know about the poster.
4. He must be very clever.
5. Number 27 Carlisle Street must be City Bank.
6. Vincent’s tunnel must not lead to those shops.
7. Vincent’s tunnel must lead to the bank.
8. The tunnel must be almost finished.
EXERCISE 4 page 446

A 2. That’s got to be wrong. 5. It’s got to be nearby.
3. It’s got to cost less than $50. 6. You can’t be tired.
4. It can’t be after 11:00.

A 2. might not 4. might 6. might not
3. might 5. must be 7. must
EXERCISE 6 page 447

2. could be 7. could be
3. couldn’t be or can’t be 8. Could . . . be
4. couldn’t be or can’t be 9. couldn’t be or can’t be
5. Could . . . be 10. could . . . be
6. couldn’t be or can’t be 11. could be
EXERCISE 7 page 448
The main character, Molly Smith, is a college ESL teacher. She is trying to find her
be
dead grandparents’ first home in the United States. It may being in a nearby town. The
could have might or may or could
townspeople there seem scared. They could be have a secret, or they must just hate
strangers. Molly found some letters hidden in an old encyclopedia that might lead her to the
’ve got to or have to
place. They got to be important because the author mentions them right away. The letters

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must
might contain family secrets. I’m almost certain of it. Who is the bad guy? It couldn’t be
might or may or could
the student because he wants to help. It must be the newspaper editor in the town. That’s
a possibility.
EXERCISE 8 page 448

A 2. Less Certain 7. Very Certain
3. Less Certain 8. Very Certain
4. Very Certain 9. Less Certain
5. Completely Certain 10. Less Certain
6. Completely Certain 11. Less Certain

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Grammar 3 Student Book Answer Key

PART 1 Present and Past PRINT

UNIT 2 Simple Past 5 PRINT

UNIT 3 Past Progressive and Simple Past 9 PRINT

UNIT 4 Used to and Would 12 PRINT

UNIT 5 Wh- Questions 15 PRINT

PART 2 The Future PRINT

UNIT 7 Future Time Clauses 21 PRINT

PART 3 Present Perfect PRINT

UNIT 9 Present Perfect: Already, Yet, and Still 26 PRINT

UNIT 10 Present Perfect: Indefinite Past 29 PRINT

UNIT 11 Present Perfect and Simple Past 32 PRINT

UNIT 12 Present Perfect Progressive and Present Perfect 34 PRINT

PART 4 Modals and Similar Expressions PRINT

UNIT 14 Permission: Can, Could, May, Do you mind if 41 PRINT

UNIT 16 Advice: Should, Ought to, Had better 46 PRINT

PART 5 Nouns, Quantifiers, and Articles PRINT

UNIT 17 Nouns and Quantifiers 49 PRINT

UNIT 18 Articles: Indefinite and Definite 52 PRINT

PART 6 Adjectives and Adverbs PRINT

UNIT 20 Adjectives: Comparisons with As . . . as and Than 58 PRINT

UNIT 21 Adjectives: Superlatives 60 PRINT

UNIT 22 Adverbs: As . . . as, Comparatives, Superlatives 63 PRINT

PART 7 Gerunds and Infinitives PRINT

UNIT 23 Gerunds: Subject and Object 66 PRINT

UNIT 24 Infinitives After Certain Verbs 69 PRINT

UNIT 25 More Uses of Infinitives 72 PRINT

UNIT 26 Gerunds and Infinitives 75 PRINT

PART 8 Pronouns and Phrasal Verbs PRINT

UNIT 27 Reflexive and Reciprocal Pronouns 78 PRINT

UNIT 28 Phrasal Verbs 81 PRINT

PART 9 More Modals and Similar Expressions PRINT

UNIT 30 Expectations: Be supposed to 87 PRINT

UNIT 31 Future Possibility: May, Might, Could 90 PRINT

Contents Copyright © 2017 Pearson • Permission to photocopy for classroom use 1

1 Present Progressive and Simple Present

STEP 1 GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT

AFTER YOU READ page 5

B 1. Dan 3. Jason 5. Ina

STEP 3 FOCUSED PRACTICE

Unit 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson • Permission to photocopy for classroom use 2

EXERCISE 3 pages 10–11

EXERCISE 4 pages 11–12

EXERCISE 6 pages 12–13

Unit 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson • Permission to photocopy for classroom use 3

STEP 4 COMMUNICATION PRACTICE

EXERCISE 7 pages 13–14

B Answers will vary.

Unit 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson • Permission to photocopy for classroom use 4

STEP 1 GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT

AFTER YOU READ page 19

B 1. from 1644 to 1694 / in the seventeenth century

STEP 3 FOCUSED PRACTICE

Unit 2 Copyright © 2017 Pearson • Permission to photocopy for classroom use 5

1666 Todo died.

EXERCISE 5 pages 25–26

Unit 2 Copyright © 2017 Pearson • Permission to photocopy for classroom use 6

right decision? I hope so.

STEP 4 COMMUNICATION PRACTICE

B 1975 parents left Turkey

C Answers may vary. Possible answers:

Unit 2 Copyright © 2017 Pearson • Permission to photocopy for classroom use 7

4. He had no freedom. He felt trapped. He wanted to be in the country, on a farm. He was

EXERCISE 10 page 29

EXERCISE 12 page 30

Unit 2 Copyright © 2017 Pearson • Permission to photocopy for classroom use 8

3 Past Progressive and Simple Past

STEP 1 GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT

AFTER YOU READ page 34

B 5 Water entered the Titanic.

STEP 3 FOCUSED PRACTICE

EXERCISE 1 pages 37–38

EXERCISE 2 pages 38–39

Unit 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson • Permission to photocopy for classroom use 9

EXERCISE 5 pages 40–41

ship. It was the Titanic’s first voyage.

Unit 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson • Permission to photocopy for classroom use 10