M.B.

INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL
(Session-2020-21)

INSTRUCTIONS
1. According to CBSE your Practical Exam will be held at your own school
center allotted by CBSE. So revise your all practical’s syllabus sincerely
to get Excellent marks in your Practical Exam.

2. Use Elite, Rohit Publication etc. file.

3. Aim, Apparatus, theory observation and table, results, precaution on

lining side paper.

4. Diagram and calculation on blank side paper.

5. Draw your original graph on graph paper with proper scale on it and
attach that in front of observation in your practical file.

6. Draw the diagram from your Elite or Rohit Publication file printed
material.

7. Paste your original performed A4 Size practical paper for Prism practical.

8. Use pencil for diagram and graph paper.

9. Diagram in front of object and theory (on blank paper)

10.Calculation (on blank paper) in front of observation table.

11.Graph on graph paper attached in front of observation table.

12.Write Activities on Simple Classmate notebook (90 pages).

13.Draw the diagram from your file material for Activities.

14.Still you have any doubt consult your internal on given Mobile No- below
in between 11:00AM to 02:30PM.

Mr. Shivendra Hada (9414236645)

Major Experiments

Group A

1. To determine resistance per cm. of a given wire by platting a graph of potential

difference v/s current

2. To verify the laws of series combination of resistance using meter bridge.

3. To compare the electromotive force of two given primary cell using a potentiometer.

4.
To find the frequency of A c main with a sonameter and a horse shoe magnet.

Group B

5. To find the focal length of a convex lens by plating a graph between u and v or
1 1
between and
u v

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6.
To determine the angle of minimum deviation for a given glass prism by plotting a
graph between the angle of incidence and angle of deviation.

7.
To determine the refractive index of the material of a glass slab using a travelling
microscope.

8.
To draw the characteristic curve of a pn junction diode in forward bias and reverse
bias.

Activities:-

1. To assemble a household circuit, comprising there bulbs, there (on/off) switches, a

fuse and a powder source.

2. to assemble the components of a given electrical circuit (say the circuit to

determine galvanometer resistance)

3. To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising of attest a battery, a

resistor, a rheostat , a key, an ammeter and a voltmeter. Mark the components that
are not connected in proper order and correct the circuit and also the circuit
diagram.

4. To identify a diode, an LED, a transistor, an IC a every resistor and a capacitor

from a mixed collection of these items.

5. To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light incident obliquely

on a glass slab.

6. To observe polarization of light using two Polaroid’s

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PRACTICAL NO- 1
Aim : To determine resistance per cm. of a given wire by platting a graph of potential
difference v/s current

Apparatus : Resistance wire, ammeter, voltmeter, key, battery, rheostat, connecting wires.

Theory : Ohm’s law states that if the temperature of a conductor is directly proportional to
the potential difference across its ends.

If I donates the current flowing through a conductor and v1 the potential difference across its
ends. Then according to ohm’s law,

Iv

or

V
vI : = a constant
I

This constant is known as the resistance of the conductor. Its S.I. unit is ohm () . A graph
plotted between I and v will be a straight line.

Observation:
1.5 Amp.
Least count of ammeter = = 0.025 Amp.
60
1.5 volt
Least count of voltmeter = = 0.025 Volt
60

Length of the resistance wire used (L) = 70 cm.

Calculation:

1. Reading of voltmeter = n × L.C. = 5 × 0.025 V = 0.125V

Reading of Ammeter = n × L.C = 1×0.025 = 0.025 A

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V 0.125
R= = =5
I 0.025

2. Reading of voltmeter = 10 × 0.025 V = 0.250V

Reading of Ammeter = 2 × 0.025A = 0.050A

V 0.250
R= = =5
I 0.050

3. Reading of voltmeter = 15 × 0.025 V= 0.325V

Reading of Ammeter = 3×0.025 A = 0.075 A

V 0.325
R= = =5
I 0.075

4. Reading of voltmeter = 20 × 0.025 V = 0.500V

Reading of Ammeter = 4×0.025A = 0.100A

V 0.500
R= = =5
I 0.100

5. Reading of voltmeter = 25 × 0.025V = 0.625V

Reading of Ammeter = 5×0.025A = 0.125 A

V 0.625
R= = =5
I 0.125

5+5+5+5+5
Main resistance R.e.f = = 5
5
Resistance 5 1
Resistance per cm = = =  / cm = 0.07142 / cm
Length 70 14

Observation table:

S.No Voltmeter Ammeter reading I V

Resistance R=
Reading V (volt ) (amp.) I
1. 0.125= 5.025 0.025=1.025 5
2. 0.250 0.050 5
3. 0.325 0.075 5
4. 0.500 0.100 5
5. 0.625 0.125 5
Result – Resistance of wire from the graph=5  mean Resistance=5 

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Resistance per cm of a given wire is
1  
= 0.07172586
14 cm cm

Precaution :

1. Voltmeter and Ammeter should be of proper range.

2. The connection should be proper and tight

3. Thick copper wire should be used per connection after removing the insulations hear
these end by sand paper.

Source of error :

1. Rheostat may have higher resistance.

2. The instrument screw may be loose.

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PRACTICAL NO- 2
Aim : To verify the laws of series combination of resistance using meter bridge.

Apparatus : A meter bridge, galvanometer, resistance box Jockey, two resistance

coils/wires, connecting wires, sand paper and a current Source (e.g Lechalanche cell)

Theory : For a balanced wheat stone bridge the resistance r of a wire (used as S) In given by

100 − l
r =  l  R
 

For a series combination of two resistance r1 and r2 the net resistance ( rs) is given by

rs = r1 + r2

Diagram:

Series combination of resistance

Observation:

Theoretical value r’s = r1 + r2 = 6.25 

Observation table:

Resistance S. No Resistance Length Length Resistance Mean

100 − l 
r = 
connected from the AB=l cm BC(100-l ) resistance
 R
box cm  l  (Ohm)
R (ohm) (Ohm)
r, Only 1 2 40 60 3 r1 =
2 3 49 51 3.12  3.06 
1 2 39cm 61cm 3.13 
r2 Only 2 3 48cm 52cm 3.25  r2 = 3.19 

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r1 and r2 1 5 46cm 54cm 5.9  rs = 5.72 
in series 2 6 52 cm 48 cm 5.53 

Calculation :

I. r = (100 − l) R = 60  2 = 3 


1
l 40

(100 − l) 51
r= 
R =  3 = 3.12 
1
l 59

3 + 3.12
Mean r1 = = 3.06 
2

(100 − l) 61
II. r= R = 
 2 = 3.13 
2
l 34

(100 − l) 52
r= 
R =  3 = 3.25 
2
l 48

3.13 + 3.25
Mean r2 = = 3.2 
2

(100 − l) 54
III. r= R = 
 5 = 5.9 
3
l 46

(100 − l) 48
r = 
R =  6 = 5.5 
3
l 52

5.9 + 5.5
r= = 5.72 
3
2

(Experimental value)

Difference= 6.25-5.72 = 0.53  (Negligible)

Result : Difference between experimental value and theoretical value is negligible so series
combination law is proved.

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Precaution :

1. All of the plug of resistance box should be tight

2. The connection should be neat, clean and tight

3. The plug is key K, should be inserted only when the observation are to be taken.

4. Move the jockey gently over the bridge wire and do not rub it.

Sources of Error

1. The plug may not be clean.

2. The instrument screw may be loose.

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PRACTICAL NO- 3
Aim : To compare the electromotive force of two given primary cell using a potentiometer.

Apparatus : Potentiometer, galvanometer, rheostat , a one- way Key, a two way Key,
jockey, connecting wires , sand paper, a lechlanche cell, a Daniel cell, ammeter and a
secondary cell.

Theory – Potentiometer is a device used to compare the e.m.f.s of two given cells and to
measure small potential difference accurately. It worker on the principal that for a conducting
wire of uniform cross-sectional area currying steady current the potential difference across a
given length of the wire is directly proportional to the length

If two cells e.m.f.s E1 and E2 are balanced by length l 1 and l 2 respectively of potentiometer
wire by we have

E1 l1
=
E2 l2

Diagram:

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Observation :

e.m.f of lechlanche cell l 1 =1.45V

e.m.f of Daniel cell l 2 = 1.08V

e.m.f. of battery E = 3 volt

Calculation :

E1 l1 = 512 = 1.25
=
E2 l2 410

E1 l1 = 610 = 1.19
=
E2 l2 515

E1 l1 = 635 = 1.16
=
E2 l2 550

E1 l1 = 715 = 1.19
=
E2 l2 600

E1 l1 = 740 = 1.17
=
E2 l2 635
Meanratio  E1  1.25 +1.19 +1.16 +1.19 +1.17
Mean =
 
 E2  5
5.96
= = 1.192
5

Observation table :

S.No Potentiometer balancing length E1 l1

=
l 1 (for lechalanche cell (cm) ) l 2 (for Daniel cell (cm) ) E2 l2

1 512 cm 410 cm 1.25

2 610 cm 515 cm 1.19
3 635 cm 550 cm 1.16
4 715 cm 600 cm 1.19
5 740 cm 635 cm 1.17
Result :
E1
Ratio of E.M.F’s of the two cells = 1.192 (unitless)
E2

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Precaution :

1. The plug should be introduced in the keys when only the observation are to be taken.

2. The connection should be neat, clean and tight.

3. The positive poles of the battery E and cell E1 and E2 should will be connected to the
terminal at the Zero at the series.

4. The jockey should not be rubbed long wire, it should touch the wire gently.

Sources of Error :

1. The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.

2. End resistance may not be Zero.

3. Heating of potentiometer wire of current may introduce some Error.

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PRACTICAL NO. 4

Aim : to find the frequency of A c main with a sonameter and a horse shoe magnet.

Apparatus :

Somometer with non- magnetic wire horse – shoe magnet, step down transformer , screw
gauge, hanger and weights.

Theory:

An current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field experiences a force. If the conductor
carrier alternating current, the direction of the force will be reversed and the wire will
oscillate with frequency of the A.C. for wire of length ‘l’ and mass per unit length ‘m’ under
a tension T, the frequency of vibration of the wire is given by

1 T
=
2l m

Diagram :

Observation :

Mass of wire M1 = .005 kg/mt

Length of wire L = 1 meter

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M1
=----
L
Mass per unit length of the wire m =
Calculation :

1 T 1 1
v1 = = × 0.5 = × 100 = 50H
2
2l m 2×0.1 0.005 20

1 T 1 1 = 1
v2 = = × × 200 = 48.76H2
2l m 2×.145 0.005 .29

1 1.5 1
v3 = =  300 = 49.48H2
2 .175 0.005 0.35
1 2 1
v4 =   400 = 50H2
2  0.20 0.005 0.40

1 2.5 1
v5 =   500 = 49.69H2
2  0.225 0.005 0.45

v1 + v2 + v3 + v4 + v5
Mean V =
5
247.93
= 5
v = 49.58H2

Observation table :

S. No Load Tension Resonating length Mean V=

suspend of applied Length 1 T
AB (n) =
2l m
M ( kg)
T =Mg l (cm )
Increasing / Decreasing

1 0.05 kg 0.5 9.8 10.2 10 50H2

2 0.10 kg 1 14 15 14.5 48.76 H2

3 0.15 kg 1.5 17 18 17.5 49.48 H2

4 0.20 kg 2 19 21 20 50 H2

5 0.25 kg 2.5 22 23 22.5 49.69 H2

Mean  = 49.58 H2

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Result : Frequency of a. c supply

 = 49.58 H2

Precautions :

1. The wire should be uniform and there should be no kinds in the wire.

2. The horse – shoe magnet should be placed in the middle of the wedge.

3. Weight of the hanger should also be taken in to account.

4. The magnet should not touch the wire.

5. The wedges should have sharp edges.

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PRACTICAL NO. 5
1 1
Aim: To find the focal length of a convex lens by plating a graph between u and v or between and
u v

Apparatus:

An optical bench, there upright, a convex lens, a lens holder, two optical needles, a knitting
needle and a half meter scale.

Theory: The focal length ‘f’ of a convex lens is related to the object distance ‘u’ and image
distance ‘v’ by the formula.

1 1 1 uv
= − or f =
f v u u −v

According to the sign convention used, the object distance is Taken to be negative where as
the image distance and the focal length are taken as positive.

Diagram:

Observation :

Rough focal length of the convex lens = 10 cm

Least count of optical bench = 0.1 cm

Calculation –

(I) By u – v graph

OA = OB, 2f = 20 cm from graph OA = OB = 20 cm

20
F= cm So, f = 10 cm
2
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1 1
(II) − graph
U V

By = OP = OQ = 0.1 cm–1
1 1
f= or
OP OQ

1
f= = f = 10 cm
0.1

Observation Table :

S. Position of Distance Distance between 1 1

No between U V
Object Lens Image image & lens
Obj & lens cm- cm-
(cm) (cm) (cm) (V) (cm)
(U) (cm)

1 30 50 70 20 20 0.05 0.05

2 20 50 64.2 30 14.2 0.033 0.07

3 10 50 63.3 40 13.3 0.025 0.075

4 0 50 62.5 50 12.5 0.02 0.08

Result : focal length of lens

1. From u – v graph → f = 10 cm
1 1
2. From − graph → f = 10 cm
U V
Precautions :
1. Tip of the object and image needles lie at the same height as the centre of the lens.
2. The image and the object neegles should not be interchanged for different sets of
observation

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PRACTICAL NO. 6

Aim : To determine the angle of minimum deviation for a given glass prism by plotting a graph between
the angle of incidence and angle of deviation.

Apparatus :

Glass prison, drawing board, pins, drawing pins, white paper sheet, pencil, meter scale and
protractor.

Theory: The path of a light ray through, a glass prism is as shows, due to refrection, the ray

bends towards. The base of the prism, through an angle  , called the angle of deviation for a

prism ,  depends on i and varies as shown in the graph, for small values of angle of

incidence i, the angle of deviation  a large As i increases  first decreases to m ( the angle

of minimum deviation ) and there after it again increases.

The refractive index of the material of the prism by →

 A + m 
Sin  
2
=  
sin A / 2

Diagram:

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Observations :

Angle of prism = 60 + 60 + 60 180

= = 600.
23 3

Observation table :

S. No Angle of incidence ( i ) Angle of deviation

0
1 30
2 350
3 400
4 450
5 500

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Graph:

Result :
1. Angle of min. deviation m
2. Refractive index of the material of prism µ = 1.50 unit less.
Precautions:
1. The angle of incidence must lie between = 300 - 600
2. The distance between the two pins should not be less than 8 cm.
Sources of Error :
1. Pins may be thick.
2. Measurement of angle may be wrong.

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PRACTICAL NO. 7

Aim: To determine the refractive index of the material of a glass slab using a travelling microscope.

Apparatus:

Glass slab, traveling microscope, fine saw dust or chalk powder.

Theory: Due to the phenomenon of refraction a point X when seen through a glass slab ( or
any other medium) refracting appears to be raised to y, the apparent depth (=yz) of the slab is
less then the real depth xz , the refractive index of the material of the glass slab is given by →

Realdepth z −x
= =
apparent depth z − y

Observation : Vernire constant of the microscope scale = .001 cm

Diagram:

Observation Table :

S. Vertical scale reading with microscope Read Apparent Z −X

µ=
No pussed on depth depth Z −Y
Ink mark Ink mark Chalk / (Z-X) (Z-Y) (cm)
without slab with slab dust (cm)
X Y particles Z
(cm) (cm) (cm)
1 2.00 2.400 3.240 1.240 0.840 1.476
2 3.00 3.400 4.230 1.230 0.830 1.481
3 4.00 4.405 5.240 1.240 0.835 1.485
Mean = 1.4806

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Result :

Refractive inder of the material of the slab = 1.4806

Precaution :

1. The microscope should be carefully focused.

2. The microscope screw should be moved only in one direction to avoid back – last error.
3. The particles used should be very fine.
4. The experiment should be performed in a well lit form.

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PRACTICAL NO. 8

Aim: To draw the characteristic curve of a pn junction diode in forward bias and reverse bias.

Apparatus :

Theory: A p-n junction os forward biased when its p side is connected to the positive of
supply voltage and n to the negative terminal. Initially with the increase in voltage there is
not much rise in current due to the opposition by barrier potential. Beyond this, the current
starts rising. The forward voltage when current starts rising is termed as knee-voltage.

Reverse biasing A p-n junction is said to be reverse biased if the positive terminal of the
external battery B is connected to n side and the negative terminal to p side of the p-n
junction.

From the characteristics curve it is noted that in reverse biasing of p-n junction diode, the
reverse current is very small (mA) and is voltage independent upto certain reverse bias
voltage. It is called break down voltage.

Circuit Diagram :

Observation : L. C of voltmeter is forward bias = 0.02 v

L.C of millimeter in F.B = 0.2 ma

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L. C of voltmeter in R. B = 1 V

L. C of micrometer in R.B = 2 µA.

Observation table :

S. No Forward bias Reverse bias

Voltmeter (V) Ammeter (mA) Voltmeter (V) Ammeter (µA)

Vf If Vr Ir

1 5×0.02=.1 0×0.2=0 5×1=5 0×2=0

2 10×0.02=0.2 1×0.2=.2 10×1=10 1×2=2

3 15×0.02 = 0.3 3×0.2 = 0.6 15× 1 = 15 2×2 = 4

4 20 × 0.02 = 0.4 7 × 0 .2 = 1.4 20 × 1 = 20 4× 2 = 8

5 25 × 0.02 = 0.5 12 × 0.2 = 2.4 25 × 1 = 25 7 × 2 = 14

Result : Result is shown on graph paper

Graph:

Draw the graph on graph paper as your reading.

Precaution :

1. All connections should be neat, clean and tight

2. Keys should be used in circuit and opened when circuit is not being used.
Sources of Error :

The junction diode supplied may be faulty.

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ACTIVITIES

Activity – 1

Aim: To assemble a household circuit, comprising there bulbs, there (on/off) switches, a
fuse and a powder source.

Apparatus And Material : A tester, three bulbs (40w, 60w and 100w) , three (on/off)
switches, red and black insulated flexible wires , a fuse wire, a kit-kat (for fuse) , the main
plug and insulating tape.

Diagram:

Procedure:

1. Connect one end of each of three switches to one end of the bulb holders using a red wire
connect the other ends of the bulb holders to the black flexible wires.

2. Connect the other ends of the switches to the red wires.

3. Connect the switch-bulb combinations in parallel keeping red wires at one common point
and the black wires at another common point.

4. Take two long flexible wires to save as lead wires.

5. Connect the red wires to the red lead wires and the black ends to the black lead wire.

6. Put the fuse wire in the live lead.

7. Connect the free ends of the lead wires to the two ends of the plug.

8. Test the live terminals using the tester insert the plug taking care that the red becomes the
live wire and the black lead the neutral wire.

9. Test the circuit by switches on and off the bulbs one-by-one.

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Precautions:

1. The connections should be tight.

2. The red lead should always act as the live wire and the fuse should be introduced in this
wire.

3. The switch should always be connected in the live wire.

4. All the joints should be properly insulated.

Activity – 2

Aim : to assemble the components of a given electrical circuit (say the circuit to determine
galvanometer resistance)

Apparatus : A galvanometer, two resistance boxes two one-way keys and a cell.

Procedure:

Connect the given pieces of apparatus as shown in the figure keeping the two keys open.
Carefully check that the high resistance box R I connected in series and the low resistance
box and is connected in parallel with the galvanometer. The circuit can be used to find the
resistance of the galvanometer.

Activity – 3

Aim: To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising of attest a battery, a resistor, a
rheostat , a key, an ammeter and a voltmeter. Mark the components that are not connected in
proper order and correct the circuit and also the circuit diagram.

Apparatus : A voltmeter, an ammeter, a battery, a rheostat, one way key, connecting wires.
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Procedure:

1. Ensure that the key in out of the circuit.

2. Study the circuit carefully to see whether the components have been properly connected.

3. The ammeter should be connected in series. In the circuit the ammeter is in parallel with
the resistance coil. So the ammeter is wrongly connected.

4. The voltmeter should be connected in parallel. In the circuit, the voltmeter is in series and
is honce wrongly connected.

5. In the use of rheostat as variable resistance, one box and the other top terminal has to be
used. But in the circuit both the base. Terminals have been used . so the rheostat is also
wrongly connected

6. The +ve terminals of the components should be connected to the +ve terminals of the
battery.

7. Remove one of the base connections of the re rheostat and connect it to the top terminal.
The correct connections are as shown below.

Activity – 4

Aim : To identify a diode, an LED, a transistor, an IC a every resistor and a capacitor from a
mixed collection of these items.

Apparatus: The given collection of items and a multimeter .

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Theory: Characteristics of various items are as under –

(a) A diode is a two terminal device offering low resistance when forward biased and
high resistance when reverse biased. It does not emit light when it conducts.

(b) An LED, called light emitting diode is also a two terminal device offering low
resistance when forward biased and high resistance when reverse biased. It emits light
as it conducts.

(c) A resistor is also a two terminal device it conducts and its resistance is same when
current is passed through it in any direction it conducts both alternating current as
well as direct current.

(d) A capacitor is also a two terminal device offering very high resistance to direct
current when either of its terminals is made positive the current flows is the circuit
with a capacitor connected to an AC source.

(e) A transistor is a three- terminal device its three terminals are called the emitter, the
base and the collector.

(f) An IC has four as more terminals.

Procedure:

1. From the given collection, separate all items with four or more terminals. All these items
are ICs.

2. Separate the items hairing three terminals these items are transistor.

3. Set the multi meter to measure resistance in the range of a few kilo-ohms. Take a two
terminal item and measure its resistance in both the directions.

4. Repeat step (3) with other two terminal items if it offers very high resistance in both the
directions and does not conduct, it is a capacitor.

5. The two terminals device with high resistance in same direction and low resistance in
other is a diode, it does not emit light when it conducts.

6. Identify the two – terminal devices with high resistance in one-direction (reverse bias)
and low resistance in opposite direction (forward bias). If it emits light as it conducts and
offer low resistance, it is an LED.

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Activity – 5

Aim: To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light incident obliquely on a
glass slab.

Apparatus: A rectangular glass slab, drawing board, drawing pins, paper pins pencil,
sharpener, geometry box, a sheet of white paper.

Theory:- When a ray of tight passes through parallel to the Incident ray. The light however
undergoes lateral displacement depending on the angle of incidence, thickness of the slab
and nature of the material of the slab.

The displacement‘d’ is given by →

d sin(i− r)
D = Rm =
cos r

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Procedure :

1. Fire a sheet of white paper on the drawing board by means of drawing pins.

2. Draw a line parallel to length of the paper and slighting above the half of the paper.

3. Tape a point ‘o’ on the line. Draw 1 or to the line at point 0 and a line OI such that LION
= 300

4. Fire two points P1 and P2 vertically on the line at a distance of 8 cm or more. Palace
the slab on the line and draw its boundary ABCD as shown.

5. Looking from face CD, fire pins P3 and P4 (vertically) So that the bottoms of all the pins
appears to be in the same line.

6. Join the pin pricles . draw RM pendicular to the incident ray (produced). Measure RM, Lx
and Le.

7. Repeat steps 3 to 6 for different angles of incidence to record at least five observations.

S. No Agle of Angle of Sin i Sin r sin i Lateral

u=
incident, i refraction sin r displace
ment a
1.61 (cm)

1 300 180 1 5 −1 1.61 1.3 cm

2 4
= 0.5 = 0.309

Activity – 6

Aim: To observe polarization of light using two Polaroid’s.

Mr. Shivendra Hada (9414236645)

Page 30 of 31
Apparatus: Light source, two Polaroid pieces.

Theory: Polarization is a phenomenon evehibited only by transferors waves. It is the

phenomenon by which the vibrations in o transverse wave are confined to one particular
direction only.

In ordinary light (unpolarised ) travelling in + u direction in Yoz plane. However, when light
is passed through a Polaroid, the oscillations are confined only along the pass areas of the
Polaroid. The light transmitted by ‘A’ is called polarized light. A Polaroid allows only a part
of light to pass through it.

Test for polarization: it refraction of crystal A results in continued unchanged brightness of

field of view, then the incident light is said to be inpolarised.

Pass polarized light through another Polaroid B Rotate B and study the intensity of the
transmitted light and at some stage these is total darkness, than light incident on B is plan
polarized.

Procedure:

1. Take a Polaroid A and observe a light source through it. Slowly rotate A and observe the
transmitted light. There is a decrease in the intensity of light passing through A. on
rotation there is no change in intensity of light transmitted by A Hence the light incident
on A is unpolarized.

2. Take another polarized B called analyzer, keeping the light source A, B and the eye in
same line gently rotate B. the intensity of light through B shows a variation becoming
maximum (twice) and zero (twice) in one complete rotation. The variation in intensity
confirms that light incident on ‘B’ is plane – polarized.

3. Interchange B and A. Repeat steps 1 and 2, to observe polarization. The results are
identical. The result shows that the crystals A and B have identical effects on light and
can be interchanged.

Mr. Shivendra Hada (9414236645)

Page 31 of 31