M O D U L E III

INTELLECTUAL
REVOLUTION
THAT DEFINED SOCIETY”
DISCUTIDO
DOMINGO
TEJADA
Objectives:
1. Discuss how the ideas postulated by Copernicus,
Darwin, and Freud contributed to the spark of scientific
revolution;
2. Describe the development of Science and Technology
during the scientific revolution;
3. Explain and recognize the significance of technology
invented during the scientific revolution;
4. Recognize and appreciate the works of the different
proponents; and
5. Articulate ways by which society is transformed by
science and technology.
KEY CONCEPTS
REVOLUTION ❖ A wide-reaching change in the way something works,
organized or change in people’s idea about it.

NATURAL ❖ A process that results in the adaptation of an

SELECTION organism to it’s enviroment by means of selectively
reproducing changes in genetic constitution.
PERSONALITY ❖ It is the combination of characteristics or
qualities that form an individual’s
distinctive character.
BEHAVIOR ❖ It is the range of actions and mannerisms made
by individuals.
CIVILIZATION ❖ A complex human society in which people
live in groups of settled dwellings.
INTRODUCTION
“Intellectual Revolution” is the term used to
Greek speculation about “nature” in the period
before Socrates ~600-400 BCE. It is also known as
the “Pre-Socratic” or the “ non-theological” or
“first philosophy”. There are three characteristic
features of this form of philosophy: 1) the natural
whole (i.e., supernatural forces do not make things
“happen”); 2) there is a natural ‘order’ (i.e., there are
‘laws of nature’); and 3) humans can ‘discover’
those laws.
To know that we know what we know, and
to know that we do not know what we do
not know, that is true knowledge.
Mathematics is written for
mathematicians.
For it is the duty of an astronomer to
compose the history of the celestial
motions through careful and expert study.
So, influenced by these advisors and this
hope, I have at length allowed my friends
to publish the work, as they had long
besought me to do.
Nicolaus Copernicus
—Nicolaus Copernicus
1473-1543
C
O
P
E
R
N
I
C
A
N
Nicolaus Copernicus was a Polish astronomer known as the Father
of Modern astronomy. He was the first modern European scientist to
propose that the earth and other planets revolve around the sun or
known as heliocentric theory.
GEOCENTRIC THEORY
Copernicus VS Church
So when Copernicus came
along with the correct
heliocentric system, his ideas
were fiercely opposed by the
Roman Catholic Church
because they displaced Earth
from the center, and that was
seen as both a demotion for
human beings and contrary to
the teachings of Aristotle.
Copernicus was somewhat
ADDITIONALS: wrong about his theory.

ADDITIONALS: Copernicus also worked as a...

TRIVIA: DID YOU KNOW?
Coperni

Copernicus was so perfectionist

that he never once babble or tell
anyone about his theory not until
he was nearing his death, and for
his huge fear of being deemed
heretic by the Church.
CHARLES DARWIN
1809 – 1882
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
● Is the widely held notion that
all living organisms are related
and have descended from a
common ancestor.
Natural selection- is the
process through which
populations of living organisms
adapt and change
DARWINISM
● is a theory of biological
evolution stating that all
species of organisms arise and
develop through the natural
selection of small, inherited
variations that increase the
individual's ability to compete,
survive, and reproduce.
● also called Darwinian theory
On the Origin of Species by Means
of Natural Selection
● November 24, 1859
● work of scientific literature that is
considered to be the foundation of
evolutionary biology
● introduced the scientific theory that
populations evolve over the course of
generations through a process of
natural selection.
Ideas about the transmutation of species
were controversial as they conflicted with
the beliefs that species were unchanging
parts of a designed hierarchy and that
humans were unique, unrelated to other
animals. The political and theological
implications were intensely debated, but
transmutation was not accepted by the
scientific mainstream.
Darwinism’s Effect on Society
● The development of Darwinism changed the
general thinking of the world, while unlocking the
truth behind both Earth and life.

● This realization pitted the church and science

against each other in a battle over creation vs.
evolution.
Darwinism’s Effect on Society
● Darwinism allowed us to gain a better
understanding of our world, which in turn
allowed us to change the way that we
think.
● This leadership took the fear out of science
and allowed scientists to attempt more
controversial experiments in order to find
new discoveries.
Darwinism’s Effect on Society
● He discovered that mutations can prove as
beneficial to a society by allowing a
species to adapt to environmental
changes.
He composed a pro/con list to decide on Fun fact!
whether to marry.
Sigmund Schlomo Freud

● In 1873 , Sigmund studied medicine at the

University of Vienna.

● Freud was an Austrian Neurologist

1856-1939
● Sigmund Freud married Martha Bernays, with
whom he had six children.

● In Freudian Theory, the mind is structured into

main parts: the conscious and unconscious mind.

● He created an entirely approach to the

understanding of the human personality.

● He is regarded as one of the most

influential-and controversial-minds of the 20th
Century.
TRIVIA
In Sigmund Freud's
psychoanalytic theory of
personality, the unconscious
mind is defined as a reservoir
of feelings, thoughts, urges,
and memories that outside of
conscious awareness
T H E

INFORMATION
REVOLUTION
T H E N B E G I N S...
INFORMATION REVOLUTION
Information revolution accompanied the history of mankind
and began as early as 300 BC with Sumerian Pictographs. Some of
the milestones of the information revolution ar Gutenberg’s
invention of the printing press in 1455, the work of Agusta and
Babbage on Analytic Engine in the early 1830’s, the invention of the
first the telephone during 1870’s, and Turing’s work during World
War II (Newman, 1955).

First model of
TELEPHONE

Printing
Press (1455) ALEXANDER
GUTENBERG Augusta & Babbage’s GRAHAM BELL
Analytic Engine
Alan Turing (1912-1954) is a British
mathematician who considered information
revolution as the fourth revolution following
the Copernican, Darwinian, Freudian.

He provided a fundamental contribution

to computer sciences by refining the
concepts of algorithm and computation with
what came to be called Turing Machine.

He also contributed the Turing test concerning the possibility of

developing conscious and thinking machines in Artificial Intelligence. The
Turing test is a test of a machine’s ability to exhibit intelligent behavior
equivalent to, or indistinguishable from that of a human (Beavers, 2013).

Information revolution triggers profound changes both in the way we conduct

our lives and in the way we perceive ourselves as human beings.
MESOAMERICAN CIVILIZATION
Mesoamerica was a region and
cultural area in the Americas,
and it was where pre-Columbian
societies flourish before the
Spanish colonization in the 15th
and 16th centuries.
Mesoamerica and its cultural areas

● Human presence - 21,000 BCE

● Hunting and gathering communities - 11,000 BCE
Agriculture
7000 BC
- Cultivation of cacao,
corn, beans, tomato,
squash and chil;
- Domestication of turkey
and dog from
Paleo-Indian
hunter-gatherer to the The main food sources:
“Three Sisters” - beans, corn,
organization of squash
sedentary agricultural
villages.
● Cotton plants and rubber
trees were used in making
textiles and rubber balls.

Cotton plants Rubber trees

Textiles Rubber balls

Combatting lack of usable land and poor soil condition

● Combination of crop
rotation and slash-and-burn
technique
● Formed terraces along the
slopes of mountain valley.
● Chinampas- plots of mud
and soil placed on top of
Chinampas
layers of thick water
vegetation.
● Irrigation techniques.
Mesoamerican Calendars
Haab (Civil Calendar)
- Had 18 months of 20
days for a total of 30
days each cycle.
Tzolkin Calendar
- 20 months of 13 days
- Was used primarily for
ceremonial purposes.

Aztec Calendar
ASIAN CIVILIZATION
(India and China)

● 4000 years ago

● Indus River Valley

● Bronze and copper

● Mohenjo-daro
ASIAN CIVILIZATION
(India and China)
Hinduism Buddhism
● 4 sacred books ● Buddha
called Vedas “The Enlightened One”
● Aryan people ● Siddharta Gautama
● Caste system “Human greed and
● Brahmans selfishness leads to
human pain”
ASIAN CIVILIZATION
(India and China)
Confucianism
● Huang Ho riverbanks
● Confucius
● Great wall of China
● “Barbarians”
M I D D LE EAS T C I V I LI ZAT I O N
MIDDLE EAST is considered as the home to the “Cradle of
Civilization” where many of the world’s oldest cultures and
civilizations were seen. The history started for the earliest
human settlements continuing through several major pre- and
post- Islamic Empires to the modern collection of nation-states
covering the Middle East today. (Cleveland & Bunton, 2016)
The MIDDLE EAST was the first to practice intensive year-round
agriculture and currency-mediated trade as opposed to barter. It also
gave the rest of the world the first writing system, invented the
potter’s wheel and then the vehicular and mill wheel, created the first
generalized governments and law codes, served as birthplace to the
first city-states with their high degree of division labor, as well as
laying the foundation for astronomy and mathematics.
The invention of writing was considered as one of
the most important inventions between the advent of
agriculture and the age of the steam engine. The
creation was based on the new needs for commercial,
property, and political records including a celebration
of the deeds of proud local kings. Writing was
preceded by the invention of the clay cylinder seals, on
which little pictures of objects can be recorded.
The earliest writings simply evolved from pictures
baked on clay tablets, which were turned into symbols,
and gradually transformed into phonetic elements.
(Mitchell, 2012) However, upon its prospering its
empire also introduced rigid social
stratification, slavery, and organized
warfare.
AFRICAN CIVILIZATION
According to some
historians, Africans
were nothing more
than savages whose
only contributions
to the world were
farming and slaves.
This lineage and culture of achievements have
emerged at least 40,000 years ago in Africa.
Some of these were in the field of Mathematics,
Astronomy, Metallurgy and tools, Agriculture and
Engineering.

Dogon Astronomy Mathematics

Engineering
Metallurgy
Mathematics

● First method of counting.

● The Yoruba people from
present-day Nigeria created their
own complex counting system
based on units of 20 (instead of 10).
● Geometry and symmetry in
repeated patterns can be seen
throughout the area south of the
Sahara, in forms of artistic designs
on houses, gourd, baskets, pipes,
and other everyday items.
Astronomy

● African Stonehenge in
present-day Kenya was a
remarkably accurate
calendar.
● The Dogon people of Mali
have various astronomical
discoveries wherein they
knew of the Saturn’s rings,
Jupiter’s moon, the spiral
structure of the Milky Way
and the orbit of Sirius star.
African Stonehenge
Across African ancient metallugry and tool making were
also made.
This includes:
Steam engines, metal chisels and saw, copper and iron
weapon and tools, nail, glue, carbon, steel and bronze
weapon.
The African empire of egypt developed a vast array of divers
structures and great architectural monument along the nile.

Great Sphinx of Giza Great Pyramid of Giza

In the 12th century,
hundreds of great
cities in Zimbabwe
and Mozambique
made of massive stone
complexes and huge
castle-like compound
existed
In the 13th century
(Adams, 1983) The
empire of Mali boasted
impressive cities
including Tumbuku
with grand places ,
mosque and
universities.
● Medicine in Nigeria and South Africa was
more advanced than medicine in Europe.
● Plants with salicylic acid for pain, kaolin for
diarrhea, and in 20th century extracts that
were confirmed to kill Gram positive bacteria.
● Other plant used had anticancer properties,
caused abortion and treated malaria.
(Ackernecht,1982) Medical procedure
performance in ancient Africa before they were
performed in Europe included vaccination,
autopsy, limb traction and broken bone setting,
bullet removal, brain surgery, skin grafting, filling
of dental cavities , installation of false teeth,
anesthesia and tissue cauterization
REPORTED BY:

Jocel Mae Domingo

Ana Marie Mar Tejada

Althea Myzie Discutido

from BSBA 1-1

/ˈTHaNGk ˌyo͞o/

an Yo ! :) STS MODULE 3