(Pidruchniki - Net) Eng - 4 - 2015 - Kalinina - Spec

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Англійська мова

Калініна Л.В., Самойлюкевич І.В.

English
A textbook for Grade 4 of secondary schools specializing in English

«Англійська мова для спеціалізованих шкіл з


поглибленим вивченням англійської мови»
підручник для 4 класу загальноосвітніх навчальних закладів
Умовне позначення:
– On your Own./Do it Yourself!
Let’s Start!
Lessons 1–2
Talk about your first day at school
Word Box Phrase Box Communication Box
grade • to stay indoors You look great!
uniform • to work on the I bet…
storyteller computer That’s a good idea!
to miss • to go on a picnick Unfortunately…
• to work hard for
something

1. Look and say how your friends look/feel on the 1st of Sep-
tember.

to be happy to have a lot of fun

to laugh to look great


E x a m p l e: Children are happy on the first of September.
They are glad to see each other.
3
2. Listen and repeat. Say what you will learn this year.
BACK TO SCHOOL
– School has begun. – At last.
Did you miss your class?
– Sure I did. I am glad to see them all
in the big school hall.
– We are now in Grade Four.
And we’ll learn a lot more.
/þ/ all, hall, form, more
/I/ did, miss, in, big
3. Look, match and say what the children can talk about on the
1st of September.

to visit one’s grandparents to swim in the river/sea;


in the village;
to go on a picnick; to work on the computer.
E x a m p l e: The children can talk about how they went
picnicking in summer.

4
lessons 1–2
4. Listen and role-play.
WE ARE IN GRADE FOUR
Danylo: Hi, Ann. Glad to see you in Grade Four. You look
great in your new school uniform.
Ann: Thank you, Danylo. You have grown this sum-
mer. You are taller and stronger now.
Danylo: Glad to hear it. I was working hard for it: swim-
ming, running and jumping all summer long.
And what did you do in summer?
Ann: Unfortunately, my parents were working in sum-
mer. So, I stayed in the city and spent a lot of
time indoors.
Danylo: But I think you also had a lot of fun. You are the
best reader in our class and a good storyteller.
I bet you’ve read a lot and can tell us new stories.
Ann: Right you are. I have a new book about the English
May Queen with lots of pictures in my bag. Let’s
look at it together.
Danylo: That’s a good idea.
5. Talk with your friend about your summer time.
Hi, . Glad to see you . You look great .
Thank you, . You have this summer.
You are and now.

Glad to hear it! I was all summer long.


And what did ?

Unfortunately, . So .

But I think you . You are . I bet you .


Right you are. I have in my school bag.
Let’s .

That’s a good idea.

5
On your Own: Describe your friend after your summer
holidays.
E x a m p l e: Today is my first day at school. I am in Grade
Four now. I saw my friends in the school yard. Some of
them have grown a lot. My best friend has become taller.
We talked about our summer holidays. I was glad to see
my friends.
6. Look and speak about the holidays and traditions you learnt
about in Grade Three.

E x a m p l e: We learnt about Easter holidays in Britain


and the egg rolling tradition.
7. Read and say what holiday Taras is talking about.
HOLIDAY IN AUTUMN
Autumn has come. The days are shorter but the sun is
bright and the sky is blue. The leaves in the trees are
yellow, orange, red and brown. There are so many beautiful
flowers in our school yard today.
The weather is especially nice on this day. It is warm
and sunny. All schoolchildren are going to the school yard.
It is the first of September and a big holiday for us. We
have become one year older this year. We are in Grade
Four now. I am glad to see my old friends in the yard.
They are happy to see me, too. We are going to talk about

6
lessons 1–2

our summer holidays and about Grade Four after classes.


It’s fun to meet again after the long summer holidays.
8. True or False?
1. Nature is beautiful in autumn.
2. The weather is rainy and windy on this day.
3. Taras is in Grade Three.
4. The boy is glad to see his friends.
5. The children are going to talk about sport after
classes.
9. Talk with your friends about the first autumn holiday. Use:
Autumn has come and … . The leaves in the trees … .
The weather is … .
On this day… . They look great …. . They have beauti-
ful … .
Children are glad … . They are going … .
10. Write 5–6 sentences about your first day at school.
Do it Yourself! Draw a picture or take a photo of a nice
September day and write about it.

7
Unit 1
UNIT 1 Me and My Friends
Lessons 3-5
Learn to talk about friendship
Word Box Phrase Box Communication Box
friendship • to be in trouble What’s up?
adventure • to worry about so- Frankly speaking,
to adore mething ….
skating • to look upset Let’s … .
rink • to get somebody in- Any time.
to a cheerful mood
• to give a chocolate
• to teach somebody
to skate

1. Look and say what you can do for a friend.

to fix a bike to play together


to give a chocolate to teach somebody to skate
E x a m p l e: I like to ride my bike in summer. I can fix it
for my friend.
8
lessons 3–5
2. Listen and repeat. Say if you have many friends.
FRIENDSHIP
There are gold ships,
There are silver ships, /I/ ships, silver,
But there is no ship friendship
Like friendship. /@υ/ gold, no

3. Look, match and say.

to look upset;
to worry about something;
to get somebody into a cheerful mood.
E x a m p l e: The child looks upset. She can’t find her toy.
4. Listen and role-play.
FRIENDSHIP TALK
Alex: Hi, Helen! You look so upset. What’s up?
Helen: Hi, Alex. Frankly speaking, I’m in trouble.
Alex: Can I help you?
Helen: Please, do. I can’t find my new camera. It’s my
sister’s present.
Alex: Don’t worry. It is going to be all right. I’ll help
you find it. Let’s look everywhere.
Helen: It isn’t here and it isn’t there.
Alex: Look! It’s over there, under the book.
Helen: Thank you, Alex, so much for your help! You are
a real friend!
Alex: Any time. There’s no ship like friendship, you know.
Remember!
You look so upset.
I’m in trouble.

9
Unit 1
5. Talk with a friend about your summer. Use:
Hi, ! You look . What’s ?

Hi, . Frankly speaking, I’m in .

Can I ? Please do. I can’t . It’s .

Don’t worry. It is going to . I’ll . Let’s ___.

Thank you, , so much for ! You are .

Any time. There’s no , you know.

On your Own: Take a photo of your friend


and write 3–5 sentences about your
friendship.
E x a m p l e: This is a photo of my friend Val.
She is a very kind girl. She always helps
me when I’m in trouble. Val is a real friend.
6. Look and guess where children can meet their friends.

E x a m p l e: I think children can meet their friends at … .

7. Read and say what friends these children


have.
ABOUT FRIENDS
I have got a lot of friends. We often
spend our free time together. We can go to
the park, to the cinema or to the skating-
rink. By the way, my friends taught me
Andrew
10
lessons 3–5
how to skate. It gets us into a cheerful mood. There’s no
ship like friendship, you know.
***
I have got two very good friends. Our in-
terests are alike. First, we adore chocolate.
My friends often give me chocolate. Sec-
ond, we are all fond of reading. We like to
read adventure books. We often tell each
other interesting stories. It’s a lot of fun. Ann
***
Nick is my best friend. He is my classma-
te. He always helps me when I’m in trouble.
Sometimes I have problems at school. Then
we do our homework together. Nick often
says to me, “Don’t worry. It is going to be all
Taras right.” Nick is a real friend.

8. True or False?
1. Andrew likes to have fun with his friends.
2. Ann has the same hobby as her friends.
3. Taras helps his friend Nick with his home tasks.
4. Andrew often looks upset.
5. All the children have real friends.
9. Talk with friends about friendship. Use:
I have got … . Our interests are … . First, we adore … .
Second, we are all fond of … . We often … . It gets us
into … . My friends always help … . There is no … .
10. Write about friendship in a thank you note. Use:
Dear … ,
Thank you so much for …
Yours, … .

Do it Yourself! Make a thank you note for your best friend.

11
Unit 1
Lessons 6–8
Learn to introduce your
international friends
Word Box Phrase Box Communication
England/English • to make Box
Scotland/Scottish a friend Please, meet … .
Ireland/Irish • to become Nice to meet you.
Britain/British friends Where are you
Ukraine/Ukrainian • to do a project from?
international

1. Look and say what international friends you have got in this
book.

John/English Lizzy/Scottish Paul/British

Tom/American Polly/Irish
E x a m p l e: I have got àn international friend. His name
is John. He is English.
12
lessons 6–8
2. Listen and repeat. Say where your international friend lives.
MY INTERNATIONAL FRIENDS
– Are you English?
– No, I’m not. I’m Irish. /ʃ/ English, Irish,
– Is he Scottish? Scottish, British.
– No, he’s not. He’s American.
– Is she Ukrainian?
– No, she’s not. She’s British.
– Are they your friends?
– Yes, they are. Yes, they are.
3. Look, match and say.

Britain England Ireland Scotland


E x a m p l e: John is from England. He is English.
4. Listen and role-play.
INTRODUCING YOUR INTERNATIONAL FRIEND
Ann: Hi, Andrew, have you got a minute?
Andrew: Sure. Why?
Ann: Please, meet my international friend. This is
Polly. Polly, this is Andrew, my classmate.
Andrew: Nice to meet you, Polly.
Polly: Nice to meet you, Andrew.
Andrew: Where are you from, Polly?
Polly: I’m from Liverpool.
Andrew: Are you English?
Polly: No, I’m not. I’m Irish.
Andrew: Aha!
Remember!
– Where are you from?
– I’m from … .

13
Unit 1
5. Talk with a friend about your other friends. Use:
Hi, , have you got a minute?
Sure. Why?

Please, meet . This is . , this is .

Nice to , .
Nice to , .

Where are you from, ?


I’m from .

On your Own: Draw 2–3 pictures of your international


friends from this book and label them.
E x a m p l e: This is my international friend
Lizzy. She is from Scotland. She is Scottish.
6. Look and guess what international friends
Polly has.
E x a m p l e: I think Polly’s got international friends
from … .

14
lessons 6–8
7. Read and say how British and Ukrainian children can become
friends.
HOW TO MAKE AN INTERNATIONAL FRIEND
I am Polly. I am eight. I have got
a lot of friends in England. I like
to make international friends. Now
it is easy. My school is doing the
international project “Connecting
Classrooms”. We use the Internet
to connect to a Ukrainian classroom.
We can talk and write to Ukrainian children and tell them
about our country. We can also learn something interesting
together. I like it a lot.
Ann is my best international friend. She is one of the chil-
dren in that Ukrainian classroom. She is a very smart girl.
Sometimes I ask her to help me with my home tasks. She says
to me, “Any time.” I am so glad we know each other.
I want to meet Ann in person, so I plan to visit Ukraine
soon.
8. Answer the questions about Polly and her international
friends.
1. Where is she from?
2. Has she got any friends?
3. What project is her school doing?
4. They can connect to a Ukrainian school, can’t they?
5. Does Polly want to meet Ann on the Internet or in
person?
9. Talk with friends about international friends. Use:
I have got/haven’t got … . I like/don’t like … . I want/
don’t want … .
I can/can’t … . I use/I don’t use … . I plan/don’t
plan … .
10. Write a letter to an international friend you want to have.

15
Unit 1
Use the question plan.
1. Do you want to make an international friend?
2. What country is he/she from?
3. What can you do together?
4. What can you learn together?
5. What can you tell him/her?
6. Is it good to know each other?
Do it Yourself! Make a colourful picture for your letter.

Lessons 9–11
Learn to tell the news to your friends
Word Box Phrase Box Communication Box
likes/ dis- • to hear a real story What’s the news of
likes • to happen to some- the day?
video body They say … .
news • to keep somebody You are kidding me!
after the lessons Oh, no!
• to tell each other
about something
• to laugh at some-
body/something
1. Look and say what stories different children can tell their
friends.

to tell a real story to tell an unreal story


E x a m p l e: Children can tell real stories about their sum-
mer time.
16
lessons 9–11
2. Listen and repeat. Say who you tell your news.
THE NEWS OF THE DAY
What’s the news of the day, /eI/ day, Grace,
Good friend Grace, I say? say, hooray
They say the balloon /ü/ balloon, moon
Went up to the moon.
Hooray! Hooray!
3. Look, match and say what happened on that day.

to hear a real story;


to keep somebody after the lessons;
to laugh at a funny story;
to tell each other about something.

E x a m p l e: The girl laughed at a funny story.


4. Listen and role-play.
TELLING THE NEWS OF THE DAY
Alex: Hey, Grace, what’s the news of the day?
Grace: They say the balloon went up to the moon in the
morning.
Alex: Hooray! But you are kidding me! It’s so unreal!
Grace: Ha-ha! Of course, I am kidding. Do you want to
hear a real story?
Alex: Very much!
Grace: The teacher kept me after the lessons for some-
thing I didn’t do.
17
Unit 1
Alex: Something you didn’t do? But what was it?
Grace: M-m-my lessons.
Alex: Oh, no!

Remember!
Òåïåð Ó ìèíóëîìó
The balloon goes up. The balloon went up.
Alex wants to hear Alex wanted to hear
a real story. a real story.
What is it? What was it?
I don’t do it. I didn’t do it.
Правильні дієслова: Неправильні дієслова:
watch – watched do – did
play – played hear – heard
talk – talked go – went
listen – listened keep – kept
like – liked see – saw

5. Talk with a friend about the news of the day. Use:


I say, . What’s ? They say .

Hooray! But you are . Ha-ha! Of course


I do! Do you want
Very much! to hear ___?

My .
Oh, no!

On your Own: Draw a picture of


what happened to you last week
and describe it in 3–5 sentences.
E x a m p l e: I like to watch films.
I saw a very interesting film yes-
terday. It was about adventures in
Africa.
18
lessons 9–11
6. Look and guess what stories Grace likes listening to.

E x a m p l e: I think Grace likes listening to…


7. Read and say what the girl’s friends understand from her
story.
GRACE
Grace is an English schoolgirl. She goes to school every
day. After the lessons she comes back home and does her
homework. Then she plays with her friends. They also
talk about the news of the day. They tell each other about
their classmates and teachers, their likes and dislikes,
books and films. She likes to listen to their stories, real or
unreal. She doesn’t often have her own story to tell.
But today she does – she has a real story to tell. Her
friends want to hear it very much. The girl looks upset.
Something happened to her at school. She says that she
didn’t come back home in time. Her teacher kept her after
the lessons for something she didn’t do. “What was it?”
her friends wonder. “M-m-my lessons” is her answer.
Grace’s friends don’t laugh at her story. They can see
that she has a problem at school. They want to help her
with her lessons. They know it is going to be all right.

19
Unit 1
8. True or False?
1. Grace never does her homework.
2. She often tells stories to her friends.
3. Her friends’ stories are all unreal.
4. Something happened to her at home.
5. Grace’s friends laughed at her story.
9. Talk with friends about what happened to you at school.
Use:
… a real story to tell. … at school. The teacher asked
me about … . But I didn’t know … . I looked … . My friend
helped … . … all right.
10. Write a note to your friend about the news of the day.
Begin with:

Hey, … ,
I want to tell you about the news of the day. …
What do you think?
Yours, … .

Do it Yourself! Make a picture about the news of the day.

Lessons 12–14
Learn to talk about what
you learnt from friends
Communication
Word Box Phrase Box
Box
to twinkle • to learn to do some- Let’s … .
star thing from somebody Lucky me!
diamond • to smell the flowers … and what not.
owl • to explore the earth
to study • to watch the sky
• the whole wide world

20
lessons 12–14
1. Look and say what children usually learn to do in early
childhood.

to walk to jump

to read to sing
E x a m p l e: Children usually learn to walk in childhood.
2. Listen and repeat. Say what you like to look at.
TWINKLE, TWINKLE, LITTLE STAR
Twinkle, twinkle, little star,
/w/ twinkle, wonder,
How I wonder what you are.
world, what
Up above the world so high
/aI/ high, diamond, sky
Like a diamond in the sky.
3. Look, match and say what the children like to do.

to learn to do something from some-


body;
to smell the flowers;
to explore the earth;
to watch the sky.
E x a m p l e: This child likes to watch the sky.
21
Unit 1
4. Listen and role-play.
THANK YOU, FRIENDS!
Bob: Hey, Bob, do you study well?
Jane: Sure, I do. I learnt to study from my friends – the
teachers, and I learnt to read from my friends –
the books.
Bob: Good for you! And do you like to play games,
I wonder?
Jane: Sure. I learnt to play different games from my
friends at school. And do you like to sing, Jane?
Bob: I do. I learnt to sing from my friends – the birds.
Jane: Me, too. Listen… “Twinkle, twinkle, little star,
how I wonder what you are”. And I learnt to watch
the night sky from my friend – the owl.
Bob: Wow! Let’s say, “Thank you, friends!”

Remember!
I learnt to study from my friends.
to learn – learnt to walk – walked
to run – ran to study – studied
to sing – sang to jump – jumped
to write – wrote to play – played

5. Talk with a friend about what you learnt from your friends.
Use:

Hey, . Do you well?

Sure, I do. I learnt to .

And do you like to , I wonder?

Sure. I learnt to . And do you like to , ?

I do. I learnt to .

22
lessons 12–14
Me, too. Listen . And I learnt to .

Wow! Let’s say, .

On your Own: Take your friend’s photo and write 3–5 sen-
tences about what you learnt from him / her.
E x a m p l e: Personally, I like to play football. I learnt to
play this game from my friend Peter. You can see him in
the picture. I also learnt to use the Internet from him.
6. Look and guess who can be children’s friends.

E x a m p l e: I think … can be children’s friends.


7. Read and say what Lizzy learnt from people and the world
around her.
MY FRIENDS
My name is Lizzy. I have got so many friends! They are
my parents, my teacher, my classmates, my pets and the
whole-wide-world around me. I learnt a lot from each of
them.
My mum and dad are very kind and loving parents, so
I learnt to love my family from them. My teachers know
a lot about English, Maths and what not, so I learnt to
study from them. My classmates are jolly and creative, so
I learnt to play different games from them.
My pets are my great friends, too. I have got a cat, a dog
and a pony. When I was a baby, I learnt to walk from my
friend – the cat, and I learnt to jump from my friend – the
dog. I also learnt to run from my friend – the pony.
23
Unit 1
The whole world is around me. I learnt to smell the
flowers from my friend, the butterfly. I learnt to explore
the earth from my friend, the ant. I leant to sing from my
friends, the birds.
Lucky me! Lucky you?
8. Label the pictures.

Lizzy learnt to love her family


from her parents.

9. Talk with friends about what you learnt from people and the
world around you. Use:
Personally, … . … and the whole wide world around me.
I learnt to … from … .
Besides, I have got … . I also … . Lucky … .
10. Write a thank you note to your friends. Use:
My dear friends,
Thank you so much! I learnt … from …
Yours, … .

Do it Yourself! Make a picture for your thank you note.

24
lessons 15–17
Lessons 15–17
Learn to talk about your best friend
Word Communication
Phrase Box
Box Box
to share • to live nearby By the way, … .
lamb • to have good manners I know, I know!
childhood • to be friends with
everywhere somebody
to hop- • to miss somebody a lot
scotch • to have a fight
1. Look and say if these children were best friends in the child-
hood.
E x a m p l e: The boys were not best friends. They didn’t
want to share.

2. Listen and repeat. Say what pet you have.


MARY HAD A LITTLE LAMB
Mary had a little lamb,
Its fleece was white as snow;
And everywhere that Mary went
The lamb was sure to go.
It went with her to school one day,
That was against the rule;
It made the children laugh and play
To see a lamb at school.
// had, lamb, and, that
/əU/ snow, go, know
25
Unit 1
3. Look, match and say what you know about these children.

to live nearby; to miss somebody a lot;


to have good manners; to be friends with somebody.
to have a fight;
E x a m p l e: My friend lives nearby.
4. Listen and role-play.
MARY’S BEST FRIEND
Peter: Hey, Mary, who was your best friend in your child-
hood?
Mary: It was Nick. He lived nearby, and we often played
together.
Peter: How old was he? What did he look like? Was he a
good boy?
Mary: Nick was six then. He was a very nice boy, with
blue eyes and wavy fair hair. By the way, he had
very good manners.
Peter: Good for him. Are you still friends with Nick?
Mary: Yes, but he is in America now. I miss him a lot. So
we often write letters to each other. But now my
best friend is a little lamb.
Peter: I know, I know! It went with you to school one day.
Ha-ha!
26
lessons 15–17
Remember!
Nick was Mary’s best friend in her childhood.
Nick and Mary were very good friends then.
I/he/she/it was
You/we/they were

5. Talk with a friend about your best childhood friend.


Hey, , who was your in your childhood?

It was . He/she and we often .

How old was ? What did he/she


look like? Was he/she ?

He/she was then. He/she was ,


with . By the way, he/she had .

Good for him/her. Are you still ?

Yes, but . I miss him/her a lot.


On your Own: Take a photo of your childhood friend and
write 3–5 sentences about him / her.
E x a m p l e: Helen was my best friend in my childhood.
She lived nearby and we often played together. She was
five. She was a very nice girl, with grey eyes and dark
hair. By the way, she had very good manners.
6. Look and guess what games American children can play
with their friends (p. 27–28).

27
Unit 1

E x a m p l e: I think American children can play … with


their friends.

7. Read and say who Nick’s friends are.


CHILDHOOD FRIENDS
Dear Mary:
I am happy to hear from you and to learn that you are
doing all right.
You wrote about your little lamb. What a
funny story! So the lamb goes everywhere
you go! Ha-ha! It even went with you to school
one day! Now you say it is your best friend.
I can say that you are still my best
friend. I miss you so much! We were such
great friends in childhood. You were five
and I was six then. You were a pretty little girl, with
brown eyes and long dark hair. We often played together.
By the way, you had very good manners.
I have a good friend in America, too. His name is Sam.
He is my schoolmate. He is a kind and jolly boy, with big

28
lessons 15–17
brown eyes and curly black hair. Sam and I like to play
baseball*. Frankly speaking, I learnt to play this game from
him. He knows about our friendship and says hello to you.
Please write to me soon.
Yours,
Nick.

* baseball – àìåðèêàíñüêà ñïîðòèâíà ãðà áåéñáîë.

Remember!
He says hello to you.

8. Read and choose.


1. Nick thinks that Mary’s story is … .
a) sad; b) strange; c) funny.
2. Nick’s best friend now is … .
a) Sam; b) Mary; c) the lamb.
3. … is not in America now.
a) Mary; b) Nick; c) Sam.
4. Nick and Sam are fond of … .
a) boxing; b) basketball; c) baseball.
5. Sam … Mary.
a) plays with; b) greets; c) says goodbye to.
9. Talk with friends about your childhood friends. Use:
I can say that … . I miss … . We were such … . She/he
was … . We often played … . By the way, … .
10. Write a letter to your childhood friend. Begin with:
Dear…
I am happy to hear … .
Yours, … .

Do it Yourself! Make a front page for your letter.

29
Unit 2
UNIT 2 Free Time and Sports
Lessons 18–20
Learn to talk about your free time
Word Box Phrase Box Communication Box
pancakes • to climb the hills Look here…
to roller skate • sports club It’s fantastic!
sportswear • tasty food It really… .
to bake … such as …

1. Look and say what you like to do in your free time.

to skip the rope to read a book to draw a picture

to go shopping to slide to ride a bike


E x a m p l e: I like to skip the rope.
2. Listen and repeat. Say if you do the same in your free time.
JACK AND JANE
Jack can climb up the highest hill,
Jane can cook the tastiest food. /k/ can, climb,
You can call me on Sunday cook, call
To try the sweetest mango fruit.
3. Look, match and say what the children can do in their free
time (p. 31).
E x a m p l e: The girl can roller skate in her free time.

30
lessons 18–20

to roller skate;
to cook tasty food;
to bake pancakes.
4. Listen and role-play.
FREE-TIME TALK
Jack: Hey, Jane, what do you like to do in your free
time?
Jane: I like to cook with my grandma. I can cook the
tastiest food, such as pancakes. And I often go shop-
ping with my mum. The sportswear department is
my favourite. So, how do you spend your free time?
Jack: I adore climbing up hills. I can climb the highest
hill with our sports club. It’s fantastic!
Jane: It really is! I also like sports. My friends and I often
roller skate in the park. They say I’m the fastest of
them all.
Jack: Great! And can you ride a bike?
Jane: No, I can’t.
Jack: I can teach you if you like.
Jane: Thank you. You are so kind.

Remember!
I can cook the tastiest food.
I can climb up the highest hill.
I am the fastest of them all.
high – higher – the highest
long – longer – the longest
big – bigger – the biggest

31
Unit 2
5. Talk with a friend about your free time. Use:
Hey, . What do you like ?

I like . I can . My favourite


is . And how do you spend ?

I adore , I can It really is! I also


. It is so ! like and I often .
They say .

Great! And can you ? No. I can’t.


I can if you like.
Thank you.

On your Own: Draw a picture of your favourite free time


activity and write 3–5 sentences about it.
E x a m p l e: I like to draw. I take
drawing lessons on Sunday. I can
draw animals well. This is the fun-
niest picture of my dog Rex.

6. Look and guess what sport Jack is


good at.

E x a m p l e: I think Jack is good at…


32
lessons 18–20
7. Read and say what games Jack plays at the computer
club.
JACK’S FREE TIME
Jack doesn’t go to school on Sunday. It is his free time,
and he likes to spend it with his friends.
In the morning, he goes to the sports centre. He learns
to climb up the hills, and he can climb the highest hill
with his friends.
Then he goes to the park. Jack likes to ride a bike with
his friends. Last Sunday they had a race, and Jack was
the fastest of them all. He got a new bike and was the
happiest boy.
Sometimes Jack spends his free time at the computer
club. He likes to play computer sport games with his
friends. Maybe, Jack will be a good sportsman in future.
8. Answer the questions.
1. Who does Jack like to spend his free time with?
2. What does Jack learn at his sports club?
3. What does Jack do in the park?
4. Why was Jack the happiest boy last Sunday?
5. What other club do Jack and his friends like to go to?
9. Talk with friends about your free time:
I like … in my free time. I can … . They say … . Some-
times … .
I also adore … . My friends and I … . I think … .
10. Write about your favourite free time in your diary. Begin
with:
Dear Diary,
Today is Sunday and I…

That’s all for now.

Do it Yourself! Make a front page for your diary.

33
Unit 2
Lessons 21–23
Learn to describe your hobby
Word Box Phrase Box Communication Box
to knit • bird watching Personally, … .
to embroider • to make a model That’s cool!
nest • to collect stamps/ What about … ?
nestling stickers How clever of you!
• animal feeding

1. Look and say what hobbies different children have.

E x a m p l e: Many girls like to knit.


2. Listen and repeat. Say what you like to do with your friend.
BIRD WATCHING
Elizabeth, Barbara, Nelly and Bess,
They all went together to watch birds in the nests.
They found birds’ nests with nestlings in.
They fed them with bread and left some within.
/e/ Bess, went, together, nest, nestlings
/w/ went, with, will
3. Look, match and say what the children’s hobbies are (p. 35).
E x a m p l e: The girl likes to knit.

34
lessons 21–23

to make a model to knit to collect stickers

to embroider to make a dress to go bird watching


4. Listen and role-play.
HOBBIES
Bess: Hey, Nelly, what’s your hobby?
Nelly: Personally, I adore bird watching and I like to feed
nestlings. They are so funny!
Bess: That’s cool!
Nelly: Yes, it is. And what about your hobby?
Bess: I enjoy knitting and embroidering. Look, Nelly,
I’ve embroidered this kerchief myself!
Nelly: It is so beautiful! How clever of you! Are you inte-
rested in sewing?
Bess: Sure. Sometimes I make dresses for my dolls.
Nelly: That’s my other hobby, too. I can show you my
doll’s new dress.
Bess: Great!
5. Talk with a friend about your hobbies. Use:
Hey, . What’s ?

Personally, I adore and I like . It’s so .

That’s cool! So it is. And what ?

35
Unit 2
I enjoy . Look, myself.

That’s so ! How clever of you!


And are you interested in ?

Sure. Sometimes I .

It’s too. I can show .

On your Own: Draw a picture of


what you can do yourself and
describe it in 3–5 sentences.
E x a m p l e: I am interested in
making models. I can make models
of planes and ships. This is my fa-
vourite model.

6. Look and guess what pets each girl (Elizabeth, Barbara,


Nelly and Bess) has got.

E x a m p l e: I think Elizabeth has got…

36
lessons 21–23
7. Read and say what the girls showed at school.
FRIENDS AND THEIR HOBBIES
Elizabeth, Barbara, Nelly and Bess are good friends.
They like animals and birds. Each girl has got a pet in her
house. Elizabeth has got a cat, Barbara has got a dog,
Nelly has got a hamster and Bess has got a parrot.
But their favourite hobby is bird watching. Every
spring the girls go to the forest to watch birds and feed
young nestlings.
Besides, Elizabeth collects photos of different birds.
She has got the biggest collection in her class. Barbara is
interested in drawing and she draws pictures of the most
beautiful birds in her album. Nelly and Bess enjoy em-
broidering pictures of birds. The friends showed their
works at school. Their classmates liked them a lot.
8. True or False?
1. Elizabeth has got a parrot in the house.
2. Barbara has got a dog.
3. The girls go to the forest every summer.
4. All the girls collect pictures of birds.
5. Their classmates enjoy their works.
9. Talk with friends about your hobby. Say:
• what hobby you have got;
• how much time you give to your hobby;
• what you can do well;
• why you like your hobby;
• who else in your class has such a hobby.
10. Write about your hobby in your diary. Begin with:
Dear Diary,
I want to tell you about my hobby. I am interested in
… . I like … . I can … .Sometimes I enjoy … . My friends
say … . I have got … . I think … .
Do it Yourself! Make a colourful picture of your hobbies
for your diary.
37
Unit 2
Lessons 24–26
Learn to talk about sports
Word Box Phrase Box Communication Box
gym • to do sports I see.
gymnastics • to look sporty Me, too.
athlete • to play chess

1. Look and say where children can do sports.


skating rink sports club

gym stadium

E x a m p l e: Children can skate in the skating rink.


2. Listen and repeat. Say if your pets do the same.
HEY DIDDLE DIDDLE
Hey diddle diddle,
The cat and the fiddle,
The cow jumped over the moon;

38
lessons 24–26
The little dog laughed
To see such a sport, /I/ diddle, fiddle, dish
And the dish ran away with /V/ moon, spoon
the spoon.
3. Look, match and say what sport the children like doing.

to play chess;
to do gymnastics;
to go swimming;
to skate

E x a m p l e: These boys like to play chess.


4. Listen and role-play.
HOBBY TALK
Jane: Hey, Bob, do you like sports?
Bob: Sure, I do. It is one of my best hobbies.
Jane: And what sports do you do, I wonder?
Bob: Personally, I like skating in winter and playing foot-
ball in summer. And what sport do you enjoy, Jane?
Jane: I adore gymnastics. I go to the sports club every Sa-
turday. I want to look sporty.
Bob: Me, too. My dad says I must work a lot for it.
Jane: I think he is right.

Remember!
It is one of my best hobbies.
I must work a lot for it.

39
Unit 2
5. Talk with a friend about the sports you like. Use:
Hey, . Do you sports?

Sure, I do. It is one . And what


sports , I wonder?

Personally, I like in winter and ____


in summer. And what sport ________?

I adore . I go to . I want to look .

Me, too. My dad says .


I think he is .

On your Own: Take a photo (a picture of your favourite


sport and write 3–5 sentences about it).
E x a m p l e: Personally, I like to play chess. I go to the
chess club every Sunday. I want to be the best chess player
in my club. I must work a lot for it.

6. Look and guess who likes to do sports with Bob.

E x a m p l e: I think Bob likes to do sports with … .

40
lessons 27–29
7. Read and say what sports Bob and his friends like.
GOOD ATHLETES
Many children like sports. They do sports in summer
and in winter. Sport is one of the best hobbies for many
of them. Some children go to the gym or to a sports club
and learn to play football, volleyball or chess.
Bob also adores sports. He can run and swim well. His
pets – a dog and a cat – do sports too. The cat likes to jump over
the chair and he can jump high. The dog enjoys running. He
likes to have a running race with Bob. They often run to-
gether in the park. Bob and his pets want to look sporty.
8. Answer the questions.
1. What is one of the best hobbies for many children?
2. Where do children do sports?
3. What sport does Bob like to do?
4. What sports do Bob’s cat and dog like?
5. Where do Bob and his pet run?
9. Talk with friends about your favourite sport. Use:
Personally, … . … is one of the best hobbies for me.
I can … . Besides, I adore … . They say… . I often … .
10. Write about the sport you take in your diary. Use:
Dear Diary,
Sport is one of my best hobbies. … I want to look
sporty but I must work a lot for it.
Do it Yourself! Make a sport page for your diary.

Lessons 27–29
Learn to talk about Ukrainian athletes
Word Box Phrase Box Communication Box
popular • to be good at With pleasure.
fishing • figure skating Come on, then.
boxing • sport fan No wonder.

41
Unit 2
1. Look and say what sports are popular in Ukraine.

football gymnastics swimming

boxing fishing figure skating


E x a m p l e : Football is very popular in Ukraine.
2. Listen and repeat. Say what hobby you share with your
friends.
FISHING
Little fishes in a brook,
Peter caught them on a hook. /{/ – pan, ate, man
Helen fried them in a pan. /υ/ – hook, brook
Andrew ate them like a man.
3. Look and say what sports these Ukrainian athletes are
good at.

Andriy Yana Denys Klychko Anna


Shevchenko Klochkova Sylantiev brothers Bessonova
E x a m p l e : Andriy Shevchenko is good at football.
42
lessons 27–29
4. Listen and role-play.
GOLD FISH
Peter: I say, Andrew, let’s go to the brook.
Andrew: With pleasure. I like swimming and I want to be
the best at swimming like the famous Ukrainian
swimmer, Denis Sylantiev.
Helen: I’m also fond of swimming. My dream is to be
‘a gold fish’ like Jana Klochkova.
Peter: Good for you. But what about fishing? We can
catch a fish on a hook.
Helen: And I can cook it in a pan.
Andrew: And I like eating it like a man.
Taras: Come on, then, Andrew.

Remember!
He is a famous Ukrainian swimmer.

5. Talk with a friend about your favourite Ukrainian athlete.


Hey, . Let’s .

With pleasure. I like and I want to


be good at like a famous Ukrainian .

I’m also fond of . My dream is like .

Good for you. But what about ? We can .


And I can .

Come on then, .
On your Own: Choose a sport photo and write 3–5 sen-
tences about it.
E x a m p l e: Gymnastics is popular in Ukra-
ine. Many girls are fond of this sport. It’s
so beautiful. Anna Bessonova is the best at
gymnastics.

43
Unit 2
6. Look and guess where the great Ukrainian athlete, Oleg
Blokhin began to play football.

Donetsk Zhytomyr Kyiv

Odessa Rivne

E x a m p l e: I think Oleg Blokhin started to play in … .


7. Read and say what football teams Peter and Andrew are
fans of.
SPORT HEROES
Football is very popular in Ukra-
ine. No wonder, Ukraine held the
biggest football competition in Euro-
pe in June 2012. Footballers from all
over Europe came to Ukraine. Foot-
ball fans watched football on TV and
at the stadiums.
Ukrainian boys, big and small,
adore football. They begin to play in
Oleg Blokhin
the yards or school playgrounds. The
famous Ukrainian football player, Oleg Blokhin, started
to play in Zhytomyr. Andriy Shevchen-
ko began to play in Kyiv school team
and Artem Milevsky first played in
Minsk. Now they are real sport heroes.
Peter and Andrew also like foot-
ball. They can’t play well yet, but
they are great football fans. Peter’s
favourite team is “Shakhtar” and
Andrew’s is “Dynamo”. The boys
want to learn to play football like Artem
their favourite footballers. Milevsky

Remember!
Footballers from all over Europe came to Ukraine.

44
lessons 27–29
8. Read and choose.
1. Ukraine held* the biggest … competition in 2012.
a) basketball;
b) volleyball;
c) football.
2. Footballers from all over … came to Ukraine.
a) Europe;
b) Great Britain;
c) the USA.
3. Boys begin to play football … .
a) in the gym;
b) at the stadium;
c) in the yard.
4. Oleg Blokhin is a famous Ukrainian … .
a) footballer;
b) basketball player;
c) boxer.
5. The boys’ dream is … .
a) to learn to play football;
b) to become famous volleyball players;
c) to be sport fans.
9. Talk with friends about your favourite Ukrainian athlete. Use:
… is very popular in Ukraine. I adore … . My favourite
athlete is … .
He/she is good at … . She/he can … . I’m a big fan
of … .
10. Write about your favourite Ukrainian athlete in your diary.
Begin with:
Dear Diary,
… . It is so exciting! My dream is…

Do it Yourself! Make a page about popular Ukrainian ath-


letes in your diary.

* held – ïðîâîäèëà.

45
Unit 2
Lessons 30–32
Learn to talk about British sports
Word Box Phrase Box Communication Box
horse riding • to play rugby It depends.
car racing • to win the Congratulations!
champion competition
• to become a
champion
1. Look and say what sports British children like.

tennis football rugby

horse riding car racing roller skating


E x a m p l e: British children like to play tennis.
2. Listen and repeat. Say what you favourite pet is.
A HOBBY HORSE
Henry had a little hobby horse,
It was well shod. /Á/ hobby, shod, nod
It carried him to London /h/ Henry, had, hobby,
Niddetly nod. horse, him

46
lessons 30–32
3. Look, match and say what sport these British children can
take.

rugby;
football;
horse riding;
car racing;
roller skating;
tennis.
E x a m p l e: This British boy can take rugby.
4. Read and role-play.
BRITISH SPORTS TALK
Taras: Hey, Henry, what sports do British children like
to play?
Henry: It depends. Boys like to play football or rugby.
Many girls are fond of tennis and roller skating.
Taras: They say horse riding is popular in Britain, right?
Henry: So it is, but it is more popular with parents.
Some children have ponies and they like to ride
them.
Taras: I see. And what sport are you good at?
Henry: Personally, I enjoy car racing. Last summer my
car was the fastest. I won the race and became the
school champion.
Taras: Congratulations!
Henry: Thank you.

Remember!
Horse riding is more popular with parents.

47
Unit 2
5. Talk with a friend about British sports. Use:
I say . What sport ?

It depends. Boys and . Many girls .

They say , right?

So it is. But it is more . Some children _____.

I see. And what sport ?:

Personally, I enjoy .
Last summer I won .
Congratulations!
Thank you.

On your Own: Find a picture of British sports and write


3–5 sentences about it.
E x a m p l e: Tennis is a British sport. It is popular with
boys and girls. Children play tennis at school.
6. Look and guess what British sport Taras wanted to know
more about.

E x a m p l e: I think Taras wanted to know more about …


7. Read and say what sport Henry’s brother is good at.
Dear Taras,
I am glad to hear that children in Ukraine like to do
British sports – tennis and football. It is really great that
we like the same sports.
48
lessons 30–32
You asked me about rugby. It is also a British sport.
Rugby is more popular with boys. Usually 16 players play
with an oval ball. They can play not only with their feet,
like in football but they can also use their hands. My elder
brother John is the captain of his school rugby team. I am
happy to tell you that John’s rugby team is our city champi-
on. Every year they win a rugby competition. John and his
friends are good athletes. They are real sport heroes in our
city. Please, write about Ukrainian sports and athletes.
Yours,
Henry
8. True or False?
1. Children in Britain and Ukraine like tennis and foot-
ball.
2. Taras knows a lot about rugby.
3. Rugby players use only their hands.
4. Henry’s younger brother John can play rugby well.
5. John and his friends are the winners of the city
rugby competition.
9. Talk with friends about British sports.
Children in Britain … . Boys usually … . As for girls,
….
They can … . Children often … . They like … .
10. Write about British sports that are popular in Ukraine in
your diary. Begin with:

Dear Diary,
Children in Britain and Ukraine like sports…
I want to learn to play … .

Do it Yourself! Make a picture page about British sports


for your diary.

Lessons 33–34 Резервні уроки


49
Unit 3
UNIT 3 The Place I Live In
Lessons 35–37
Learn to talk about your native place
Communication
Word Box Phrase Box
Box
city • busy streets I’d love to.
town • to feel comfortable It’s a pity!
village • to be in blossom and
picturesque bloom
square • to be famous for
something

1. Look and say what place you live in.

a big city a small town a village a farm


E x a m p l e: I live in a big city.
2. Listen and repeat. Say if you like to live in your place.
– It’s a pity that I don’t live in a big city.
– But I am glad that I live in a small town.
– There are so many big trees and nice flowers around.
I have the best of two worlds.
/I/ it, pity, live, big, city
/aυ/ town, around
50
lessons 35–37
3. Look, match and say where these children live.

a big busy city;


a picturesque village;
a cosy town;
a small farm.

E x a m p l e: The girl lives in a picturesque village.


4. Look at the pictures again and say:
• where the children feel comfortable;
• what makes the children’s places cosy;
• what their places are famous for.
E x a m p l e: I think the girl feels comfortable in a small vil-
lage. There are many fruit trees and flowers around. They
make her village cosy and picturesque, especially in spring.
The village is famous for them.
5. Listen and role-play.
A TOWN OR A CITY?
Bob: I say, Ann, where do you live?
Ann: I live in a big city. It has got many busy streets, big
houses, nice parks and squares. There are always
many people around. And where do you live, Bob?
Bob: Personally, I live in a town of Dundee. It’s small but
very cosy. I feel comfortable there.
Ann: Really? What makes it cosy, I wonder?
Bob: You can see many nice gardens with fruit trees and
beautiful flowers. They make my town green, espe-
cially in spring when everything is in blossom and
bloom.

51
Unit 3
Ann: And where is your town?
Bob: It is in Great Britain. My country is famous for its
small green towns. They are so picturesque. Come
and see them!
Ann: Oh, thank you. I’d love to.

Remember!
– What makes your town cosy, I wonder?
– My town is famous for its small green gardens. There
are a lot of fruit trees and flowers around. I feel com-
fortable there.

6. Let’s play a grammar chain game.


E x a m p l e: A: What makes your place cosy?
B: Nice parks and squares make my city cosy.
And what makes your place cosy?
C: …
7. Make up six sentences on the table.
There are a lot of big shops around.
beautiful flowers in the city.
interesting places
nice squares
busy streets
tall trees
E x a m p l e: There are a lot of big shops around.
8. Talk with your friend about the place you live in. Use:
I say, where ?

I live . I have got and .


There are and where ?

Personally, I live .
It is , but . I feel .

52
lessons 35–37
Really? What makes it , I wonder?

You can see . They make , especially .

And where ?
It is . My country is
famous . Come and . Thank you.
I’d love to.

On Your Own: Take a photo of a big city (small town or a


village) and write 4–6 sentences about it.
E x a m p l e: This is a village. It is
small and picturesque. It is near the
river and the forest. They make this
village nice and cosy. It is famous for
its fish and nuts.

9. Read and say what every member of the family likes to do at


the grandma’s place.
VILLAGE FUN
William is an English boy. He lives with his parents in
London.
London is a big city with busy streets and tall trees. It
has got many beautiful parks and squares. They make
London especially beautiful. Besides, London is famous
for its interesting places. Many people from all over the
world come to see them.
The boy likes his city a lot. But every summer William
and his sisters go to their granny’s place. She lives in a
small picturesque village near the North sea.
All the family members like to go there. They feel com-
fortable at their granny’s place. William’s mum enjoys
gardening and helps the granny to grow flowers. Wil-
liam’s dad is fond of playing beach football. The children
adore swimming in the sea and bathing in the sun. They
all have a lot of fun in their granny’s village in summer.
It’s always a pity to leave it.
53
Unit 3
10. True or False?
1. William lives with his parents near the sea.
2. William’s granny lives in London.
3. London is a big beautiful city.
4. It has got many interesting places.
5. All the family members like to go to their granny’s
place.
11. Act as William and tell about your city and your granny’s
village. Use:

busy streets; a picturesque village;


tall trees; to feel comfortable;
it is famous for…; to bathe in the sea.
12. Tell your friends about the place you live in. Use:
Personally, … . My … is very … . It’s got … . You can
see … there.
… makes my place look … . It is especially nice … . The
place is famous for … . I feel comfortable … .
13. Write about the place you live in for your school newspa-
per. Use:
What is it? What makes it nice?
What is it famous for?
What does it look like? Where is it?

Do it Yourself! Make a postcard of the place you live in.

54
lessons 38–40
Lessons 38–40
Learn to talk about the street
and the house you live in
Communication
Word Box Phrase Box
Box
broad • in front of the Don’t you knîw?
lane house It can’t be true!
flowerbed • behind the house
many-storeyed • tall trees
neighbour • shopping centre

1. Look and say what you can see in the street.

E x a m p l e: I can see a lot of houses and tall trees in the


street.
2. Listen and repeat. Say what there is in your street.
STREET
– What is there in your street?
– There are many houses, indeed. /Ö/ street, indeed
– Are there any cafes or shops? /p/ shop, stop
– Yes, they are near the bus stop.

55
Unit 3
3. Look, match and say in what street and house these children
live.

a one-storeyed house; a many-storeyed building;

a small lane; a broad busy street.


E x a m p l e: The boy lives in a small one-storeyed house.
4. Think and say:
• what house you live in;
• what there is in front of your house;
• what there is behind your house.
E x a m p l e: I live in a two-storeyed house. In front of my house
there is a playground. Behind my house there is a shop.
5. Listen and role-play.
NEIGHBOURS
Taras: Hey, Oksana, what are you doing here?
Oksana: Don’t you know? We got a new flat last summer.
Now I live in this part of Kyiv.
Taras: Glad to hear it. And what street do you live in?
Oksana: I live in Sadova street in a many-storeyed building.
56
lessons 38–40
Taras: It can’t be true! I live in the same street. Is there
a big shopping centre near your house?
Oksana: No, there isn’t.
Taras: And what is there in front of your house and
behind it?
Oksana: There is a big nice flowerbed in frînt of my house
and a cafå behind it.
Taras: I know where it is. There are two tall trees near
this cafå, right?
Oksana: Exactly.
Taras: I live in a nine-storeyed house next to the cafå.
Oksana: So we are neighbours!

Remember!
– I live in Sadova street in a many-storeyed building.
– Oh, I live in the same street.

6. Let’s play “the same word” game. Use the box. a street;
a square;
E x a m p l e: A: a house
a lane;
B: I live in the same house.
a city;
C: …
a village;
a town.
7. Make up 5–6 sentences on the table.
I live in Sadova street in a many- house.
He lives Park square storeyed
She lives Victory lane five
We live Green storeyed
Shevchenko two
storeyed
three
storeyed
one
storeyed

E x a m p l e: I live in Sadova Street, in a many-storeyed


building.
57
Unit 3
8. Talk with your friend about the street and the house you
live in.

Hey, . What are you ?

Don’t you know? We got . Now I live .

Glad to hear it. And what street ?

I live in .
It can’t be true! I live . Is
there ? What is there ?

There in front of my house and behind it.

I know . There are right?

Exactly. So we .

On your Own: Take a picture of any street/lane in your


neighbourhood and write 5–6 sentences about it.
E x a m p l e: This is a broad busy street. There are a lot of
many-storeyed houses there. There is a small cafå. In front
of it there are benches. Behind the cafå there are flower-
beds...
9. Read and say why Kate likes to live in a small town.
ABOUT KATE’S HOUSE
My name is Kate Pavlenko. I live in Ukraine in a small
cosy town. In this town there are some streets and lanes.
And in these streets and lanes there are many houses –
big and small.
I live in a many-storeyed house.
In front of my house there is a big
shopping centre. My mum usually
does the shopping there. There is
also a playground behind my house.
I like it a lot. My friends and I like

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lessons 38–40
to play there in summer. And in winter there is a big
skating rink. Girls adore skating, and boys enjoy playing
hockey there.
In summer there are beautiful flowers around. We help
our mothers to plant and water the flowers. I think it’s
good to live in a small town. Everything is so near! Do you
agree?
10. Read and choose the correct answer.
1. Where does Kate live?
a) in a big city; b) on a farm;
c) in a small village.
2. What house does the girl live in?
a) a two-storeyed house;
b) a many-storeyed building;
c) a one-storeyed house.
3. What is there in front of Kate’s house?
a) a shopping centre; b) a cafå; c) Kate’s school.
4. What does Kate like most of all?
a) a shop; b) a flowerbed; c) a playground.
5. What is there in the playground in winter?
a) a snow house; b) a skating rink; c) a stadium.
6. What can we see there in summer?
a) flowerbeds; b) trees; c) birdhouses.
11. Act as Kate and say about your house. Use:
a many-storeyed house;
in front of the house
behind the house;
a skating rink;
flowerbeds.
12. Tell your friends about the street and the house you live in.
Use:
I live in … street. My street is … .There are … and … .
I live in a … house.
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Contents
Let’s Start! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Unit 1. Me and My Friends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Unit 2. Free Time and Sports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Unit 3. The Place I Live in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Unit 4. School Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Unit 5. On Holidays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Unit 6. Nature Around us . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Unit 7. Travelling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

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