Power Transmission System of Tractor - Clutch

Power Transmission System of

Tractor – Clutch System

Sunil Shirwal
Introduction
 The brake power available at the flywheel of
an IC engine of a tractor is transmitted to
rear drive wheels or output Shaft through
the power transmission unit

 The power transmission system consists of:

◦ Clutches
◦ Transmission gears
◦ Differential
◦ Final drive
◦ Rear axle
◦ Rear wheels
Main Functions
 To transmit engine brake power from its flywheel to
Tractor rear drive wheels and to multiply that are
developed by the engine
 To engage or disengage engine power with rest of tractor
power trains as per load and speed
 To select appropriate speed ratio according to type of
work and drawbar load on the tractor
 To equalise power to the rear drive wheels of tractor for
turning
 To provide means of reversing the tractor
 To transmit engine power to PTO shaft and belt pulley
for operation of implements requiring Rotary power
 To drive the pump of hydraulic system of tractor
Tractor Transmission Performance
 Engine Brake power
Where, W= engine brake power, kW
Ne = engine RPM
Te = engine torque, N-m
Where, W= engine brake power, HP

Ne = engine RPM
Te = engine torque, Kg-m
Power in the drive wheels of tractor
Where, Ww = power in drive wheels of
tractor, kW
Tw = drive wheel torque, N-m
Nw = drive wheel RPM
Based on torque speed relationship of tractor power

transmission, the transmission efficiency (ηt) is given by the
following equation.
Where, Te = engine torque, N-m or Kg-m

Ne = engine RPM
Tw = drive wheel torque, N-m
Nw = drive wheel RPM
ηt = transmission efficiency, %
Drawbar power of tractor
It primarily depends on drawbar pull developed by the tractor
and its speed of operation.
Where,
Wd= drawbar power, kW
P = drawbar pull, kN
S = speed, km/hr
Where,
Wd = drawbar power, HP
P = drawbar pull, Kg
S = speed, m/s
Pull v/s Speed
 Pull speed curves of different powered tractors, clearly
indicates that at lower speed of operation, tractor
develops maximum drawbar pull and goes on decreasing
with increase in speed
Clutch System
 Clutch is a device, used to engage and
disengage the tractor engine from the
transmission gears and drive wheels.
 Clutch transmits power by means of

friction between driving members and
driven members
Clutch System
Functions of a clutch
 Facilitates cranking of the engine
 Changing the transmission gears will be

permitted for the purpose of securing
different traveling speeds.
 Stopping the PTO/belt pulley without

having to stop the engine
Requirements of clutch
 It should have good ability of taking load
without dragging, grabbing and slipping.
 It should have higher capacity to transmit

maximum power without slipping.
 It should be convenient, accessible and easy to

operate, adjust and repair.
 Friction surface should be highly resistant to

heat effect. The control by hand lever or pedal
lever should be easy.
Types of clutch
 Friction clutch
◦ Axial Friction Clutches
 Single plate (Disc) clutch
 Multi-plate (Disc) clutch
 Cone clutch
◦ Radial Friction Clutches
 Centrifugal clutch
 Tyre pneumatic clutch
 Over running or free wheeling clutch
 Dog clutch
 Fluid coupling
Friction clutch
 A clutch in which one part turns
the other by the friction
between them.
 Friction clutch produces gripping

action, by utilizing the frictional
force between two surfaces.
 These surfaces are pressed

together to transmit power
Advantages of Friction Clutches
 Slips during engagement help the drive to
pick up and accelerate the load with
minimum shock.
 They need not to be unloaded before
engagement.
 These can be used at high engagement
speeds.
 Slip under momentary shock loads, provides
cushioning.
Design of Disc Type Clutch
 Dimensions of disc.
 Pressure applied to the friction surface.
 Coefficient of friction and
 Torsional moment developed
Uniform pressure: When the friction surface is new
and unworn and rigidly mounted, it is assumed that
the normal force P is uniformly distributed over the
entire area of clutch, rm is taken as :
ro = outside radius of friction plate.

ri = inside radius of friction plate
Uniform axial wear: The clutch is subjected to wear

due to sliding friction and after the running in wear is
ended, the wear will be uniform. The mean radius rm
of the clutch is given by
When equal importance is given to durability and torsional
moment, then
When high torsional moment capacity is needed and wear is not a

serious problem, then
Where wear is a problem, then

Cone Clutch
 It is comparatively powerful for a given
outside diameter and axial energizing force
 Consists of inner and outer conical surfaces
 Outer cone keyed to driving shaft and inner

cone connected to driven shaft using splines
 Wedge action causes considerable friction

force with a small engaging force
 Strict co-axiality required

Construction of cone clutch
 The principal member of the cone-clutch assembly is a
metal disk with a conical peripheral surface that engages
with a similarly shaped recess in the flywheel
 The cone is faced with ordinary brake lining.
 A heavy spring placed behind the cone, exerts sufficient

pressure to insure its positive engagement.
 A sleeve fastened to the cone extends back and is bolted

to the transmission shaft.
 Disengagement is produced by sliding the cone and sleeve

backward on the flywheel shaft extension against the
spring pressure.
Advantages for cone clutch
 Force is concentrated at a large diameter
 Sufficient friction surface width is provided

for durability
 A full 360º of lining material is available.
 It is comparatively powerful for a given

outside diameter and axial energizing force
Design of Cone Clutch
The torsional moment developed by cone
clutch is a function of
 Inner radii of functional surface
 Outer radii of frictional surface
 The cone angle, θ
 The force of engagement
 Coefficient of friction of the contact
surface
• As θ→0 Mt →to infinity
• At θ = 0 the cone becomes a drum and
• At θ = 90º the cone becomes a single face

disk clutch
• Generally the value of θ varies from 7.5 to

30º depending on clutch facing material and
type of disengagement required.
Heat generated in clutch
Where,
Q = heat generated in the clutch due to slippage, J
T = Average slip torque, N.m
Ns = Average slip RPM
t = Total slip time for the clutch, s
Temperature of heat absorbing
element of clutch
Where,
T = average bulk temperature of clutch, ºC
Q = heat generated in clutch, J
M = total mass of heat absorbing element of clutch
Cp = specific heat of heat absorbing element, J/kg-ºC
To = Bulk temperature before engagement of clutch, ºC
Rate of energy generation in clutch
Where,
E = rate of energy generation in clutch, w/mm2
Ns = Average slip of clutch, RPM
T = Average slip torque in the clutch, N-m
a = Total facing area of clutch, mm2

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Power Transmission System of

Tractor – Clutch System

 The power transmission system consists of:

Where, W= engine brake power, HP

Based on torque speed relationship of tractor power

Where, Te = engine torque, N-m or Kg-m

 Clutch transmits power by means of

 Changing the transmission gears will be

 Stopping the PTO/belt pulley without

 It should have higher capacity to transmit

 It should be convenient, accessible and easy to

 Friction surface should be highly resistant to

 Friction clutch produces gripping

 These surfaces are pressed

ro = outside radius of friction plate.

Uniform axial wear: The clutch is subjected to wear

When high torsional moment capacity is needed and wear is not a

Where wear is a problem, then

 Consists of inner and outer conical surfaces

 Outer cone keyed to driving shaft and inner

 Wedge action causes considerable friction

 Strict co-axiality required

 The cone is faced with ordinary brake lining.

 A heavy spring placed behind the cone, exerts sufficient

 A sleeve fastened to the cone extends back and is bolted

 Disengagement is produced by sliding the cone and sleeve

 Sufficient friction surface width is provided

 A full 360º of lining material is available.

 It is comparatively powerful for a given

• At θ = 0 the cone becomes a drum and

• At θ = 90º the cone becomes a single face

• Generally the value of θ varies from 7.5 to

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