Solubilitynotesnocomicsv4 PDF
Solubilitynotesnocomicsv4 PDF
12 Solubility Notes
I) Ionic & Covalent Solutions
Unit 3: Solubility What is a solution?
What are some examples of different types of
solutions?
solidsolid:
liquidsolid:
liquidliquid:
liquidgas:
gasgas:
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I) Ionic & Covalent Solutions Solutions are made up of solute(s) and a solvent.
Define each:
What is a solution? solute:
a homogeneous mixture
homogeneous: one phase (looks like one thing)
mixture: two or more different types of particles solvent:
What are some examples of different types of
solutions?
solidsolid: metal alloys such as brass, steel What is the differencet between an ionic solution
liquidsolid: salt water and a covalent solution?
liquidliquid: alcohol & water
liquidgas: soda
gasgas: air
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Solutions are made up of solute(s) and a solvent. How does a solid salt such as NaCl(s) dissolve in
Define each: water? http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/animations/chang_2e/molecular_view.swf
http://preparatorychemistry.com/Bishop_Solubility_frames.htm
solute: the component(s) of a solution in http://preparatorychemistry.com/Bishop_Solubility_frames.htm
lesser quantity
solvent: the component of a solution in
greatest quantity
What is the difference between an ionic solution When a salt dissolves in water, it can be
and a covalent solution? described as dissolving, but a more accurate
ionic solution: an ionic compound (salt) dissolved (dissociated) in
term is dissociation. Why?
water to produce ions (charges)
covalent solution: a covalent (made up of nonmetals) substance
dissolved in water (sugar in water)
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1
Chem 12 Solubility Notes
How does a solid salt such as NaCl(s) dissolve in NaCl(aq) is commonly used to depict table salt in
water? http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/animations/chang_2e/molecular_view.swf solution (after dissociation has occurred). How
http://preparatorychemistry.com/Bishop_Solubility_frames.htm
http://preparatorychemistry.com/Bishop_Solubility_frames.htm come this is inaccurate?
water molecules collide with the crystal lattice and knock Na+ cations
and Cl anions into solution
water molecules surround the cations and anions as a 'hydration shell'
Example dissociation equation for a salt:
When a salt dissolves in water, it can be
described as dissolving, but a more accurate NaCl(s)
term is dissociation. Why?
NaCl does not dissolve in water as an NaCl neutral molecule. Instead, it
dissociates (breaks apart) into Na+ cations and Cl anions.
*In the solubility unit, always include states in
equations
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NaCl(aq) is commonly used to depict table salt in Compounds that contain polyatomic ions are
solution (after dissociation has occurred). How obviously ionic in nature (they are salts) and
come this is inaccurate? would dissociate in water to form ions. Write the
When NaCl dissociates in water, it breaks apart into Na+ and Cl ions. dissociation equation for K2CO3(s) disssolving in
Thus, they are no longer together, contrary to what NaCl(aq) suggests. A water:
more accurate description is Na+(aq) + Cl(aq).
Example dissociation equation for a salt:
*In the solubility unit, always include states in
equations
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Compounds that contain polyatomic ions are What is a covalent compound (also called
obviously ionic in nature (they are salts) and 'molecular compound') composed of?
would dissociate in water to form ions. Write the
dissociation equation for K2CO3(s) disssolving in
water:
K2CO3(s) 2K+(aq) + CO32(aq)
What is different about covalent compounds
when they dissolve compared to ionic
compounds?
electrolytes
Ions in solution are called _________________.
They are what allow an ionic solution to
______________________________________.
conduct electricity
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2
Chem 12 Solubility Notes
What is a covalent compound (also called Diagram of a covalent compound (sugar in this
'molecular compound') composed of? case) dissolving in water:
nonmetals that share electrons
What is different about covalent compounds
when they dissolve compared to ionic
compounds?
Covalent compounds may dissolve into water (if they're polar) but
do so as entire molecules. They do not dissociate into ions when
dissolving like ionic compounds do.
Write the dissolving equation for the covalent
sugar compound:
C6H12O6(s)
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Diagram of a covalent compound (sugar in this Write the dissolving equation for CH3OH
case) dissolving in water: (methanol) in water:
Do molecular (covalent) solutions conduct? Why
or why not?
What do we call dissolved molecular
compounds?
Write the dissolving equation for the covalent http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/sugarandsaltsolutions
sugar compound: micro
C6H12O6(s) C6H12O6(aq)
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Write the dissolving equation for CH3OH
(methanol) in water: How can you tell the difference between ionic
CH3OH(s) CH3OH(aq) and covalent compounds?
Do molecular (covalent) solutions conduct? Why
or why not?
No, because ions are not created in the dissolving process. Only
entire, neutral molecules dissolve.
What do we call dissolved molecular
compounds?
nonelectrolytes
http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/sugarandsaltsolutions
micro
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3
Chem 12 Solubility Notes
II) Solubility
How can you tell the difference between ionic What is a saturated solution?
and covalent compounds?
ionic compounds start with a metal cation or NH4+ (ammonium)
How can you recognize a saturated solution
covalent compounds start with a nonmetal
visibly?
acids often start with an H
What kind of system is a saturated solution?
Is a saturated solution static or dynamic?
http://www.dlt.ncssm.edu/core/Chapter14Gas_PhaseSolubility
Complex_Ion_Equilibria/Chapter14Animations/Solubility_of_AgCl.html
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II) Solubility Therefore, does the amount of undissolved salt at
the bottom of the solution change?
What is a saturated solution?
a solution that has the maximum amount of solute dissolved
How can you recognize a saturated solution
Write a saturated solution equation for KBr:
visibly?
it will probably have excess, undissolved solute at the bottom
What kind of system is a saturated solution?
an equilibrium system: the rate of dissolving of the solid solute
equals the rate of crystallization of the dissolved solute http://www.wwnorton.com/college/chemistry/gilbert2/tutorials/interface.asp?chapter=chapter_04
ex. NaCl(s) Na+(aq) + Cl (aq) &folder=saturated_solutions
Is a saturated solution static or dynamic?
dynamic due to the continuous forward and reverse reaction
http://www.dlt.ncssm.edu/core/Chapter14Gas_PhaseSolubility
occurring in the system Complex_Ion_Equilibria/Chapter14Animations/Solubility_of_AgCl.html
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Therefore, does the amount of undissolved salt at Explain the difference between the rate of
the bottom of the solution change? dissolving and the rate of precipitation for an
No, as it is being replenished as fast as it is being dissolved unsaturated solution:
Write a saturated solution equation for KBr: Write an unsaturated equation for KBr:
KBr(s) K+(aq) + Br (aq)
What's another name for the equation above?
http://www.wwnorton.com/college/chemistry/gilbert2/tutorials/interface.asp?chapter=chapter_04
&folder=saturated_solutions
Ho do the saturated and unsaturated equations
differ?
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4
Chem 12 Solubility Notes
Explain the difference between the rate of Solubility: the solubility of a substance is a
dissolving and the rate of precipitation for an quantitative value. What is it?
unsaturated solution:
rate of dissolving is greater than the rate of precipitation, thus
eventually all the solute dissolves
Write an unsaturated equation for KBr: Therefore, solubility can only be measured for
what types of solutions?
KBr(s) K+(aq) + Br (aq)
What's another name for the equation above?
What is 'concentration' in chemical terms?
dissociation equation
Ho do the saturated and unsaturated equations
differ? look at the arrow(s): single is unsaturated
double is saturated (equilibrium)
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Solubility: the solubility of a substance is a Concentration is most commonly measured
quantitative value. What is it? using what unit?
the molarity at saturation
(remember, saturation is when the maximum amount of solute
has been dissolved)
Therefore, solubility can only be measured for
what types of solutions?
saturated solutions (solutions at equilibrium)
Concentration can also be measured using mass
What is 'concentration' in chemical terms? of solute per volume of solution, as you'll see in
how much solute is in a certain volume of solution some examples.
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Concentration is most commonly measured Every salt dissociates to some extent in water,
using what unit? but every salt has a different solubility in water.
What does this mean?
Molarity (M) mol
Molarity = moles of solute M L
litres of solution
Some salts can dissociate to a larger extent in
Concentration can also be measured using mass water before becoming saturated. These salts are
of solute per volume of solution, as you'll see in called ___________ salts. Some salts dissociate
some examples. only very little in water before saturating. These
salts are called ___________________ salts.
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Chem 12 Solubility Notes
Every salt dissociates to some extent in water, Solubility is also temperature dependent. A
but every salt has a different solubility in water. general rule for solid/liquid solutions is that
What does this mean? solubility increases with increasing temperature.
there are no salts that will not dissolve in water but each salt has
a unique molarity at saturation.
Some salts can dissociate to a larger extent in
water before becoming saturated. These salts are
called ___________ salts. Some salts dissociate
soluble
only very little in water before saturating. These
salts are called ___________________ salts.
low solubility
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Assignment 1: Assignment 1:
Read Hebden pages 7376 (check out the comic Read Hebden pages 7376 (check out the comic
on p.76) and do Questions 15. on p.76) and do Questions 15.
answers in the back of Hebden
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III) Calculating Solubility and Ion III) Calculating Solubility and Ion
Concentrations Concentrations
Use stoichiometry to calculate the concentration Use stoichiometry to calculate the concentration
of ions given the concentration of solute. of ions given the concentration of solute.
Calculate [Na+] and [SO42] in a 0.20M solution of Calculate [Na+] and [SO42] in a 0.20M solution of
Na2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq)
dissoc eqn: Na2SO4(s) 2Na+(aq) + SO42(aq) dissoc eqn: Na2SO4(s) 2Na+(aq) + SO42(aq)
0.20M _____ _____ 0.20M _____ _____
0.40M 0.20M
Calculate [Fe3+] and [SO42] in a 0.50M solution Calculate [Fe3+] and [SO42] in a 0.50M solution
of iron III sulphate: of iron III sulphate: Fe2(SO4)3(s) 2Fe3+(aq) + 3SO42(aq)
0.50M 1.0M 1.5M
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Chem 12 Solubility Notes
A saturated solution of PbCl2 is found to contain A saturated solution of PbCl2 is found to contain
9.90g of PbCl2 per litre of solution. Find [Pb2+]. 9.90g of PbCl2 per litre of solution. Find [Pb2+].
9.90g PbCl2 1mol PbCl2 = 0.035586mol PbCl2
278g PbCl2
[PbCl2] = 0.035586mol = 0.035586M PbCl2
1.00L
PbCl2(s) Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl(aq)
0.035586M 0.0356M
[Pb2+] = 0.0356M
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Write an equation showing the equilibrium in a Write an equation showing the equilibrium in a
saturated solution of silver carbonate. The saturated solution of silver carbonate. The
solubility of silver carbonate is 1.29 x 104M. Find solubility of silver carbonate is 1.29 x 104M. Find
[Ag+] in grams per litre. [Ag+] in grams per litre.
Ag2CO3(s) 2Ag+(aq) + CO32(aq)
1.29 x 104M 2.58 x 104M
2.58 x 104mol Ag+ 107.9g Ag+ = 0.0278 g/L
1mol Ag+
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A 558mL solution of Al2(SO4)3 has a A 558mL solution of Al2(SO4)3 has a
concentration of 0.0342M. You then add 325mL concentration of 0.0342M. You then add 325mL
of water to it. What is the new concentration? of water to it. What is the new concentration?
Dilution: MiVi = MfVf
Mi = 0.0342M
Vi = 0.558L
Vf = 558 + 325 = 883mL = 0.883L
(0.0342)(0.558) = Mf(0.883)
Mf = 0.0216M
[Al2(SO4)3] = 0.0216M
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Chem 12 Solubility Notes
250mL of 0.30M K2SO4 and 250mL of 0.80M Assignment 2
MgCl2 are mixed, and no precipitate forms. Hebden page 77, numbers 8 and 9
Calculate the concentration of each ion in the page 78, number 13
final solution. page 81, numbers 18ad, 20abfg
dilution:
[K2SO4]f = (0.30M)(0.25L) = 0.15M K2SO4(s) 2K+(aq) + SO42(aq)
0.50L 0.15M 0.30M 0.15M
[MgCl2]f = (0.80M)(0.25L) = 0.40M MgCl2(aq) Mg2+(aq) + 2Cl(aq)
0.50L 0.40M 0.40M 0.80M
*Hint: if equal volumes are mixed, the volume
has been doubled. Therefore, molarities have
been halved
[K+] = 0.30M, [Mg2+] = 0.40M, [SO42] = 0.15M, [Cl] = 0.80M
Jul 234:35 PM Jul 234:41 PM
IV) Using the Solubility Table IV) Using the Solubility Table
The solubility table in the data booklet is used to The solubility table in the data booklet is used to
predict whether a salt is soluble in water or low predict whether a salt is soluble in water or low
solubility in water. Soluble salts can dissociate solubility in water. Soluble salts can dissociate
and produce a solution of at least 0.1M before and produce a solution of at least 0.1M before
becoming saturated. Low solubility salts becoming saturated. Low solubility salts
dissociate very little as they become saturated dissociate very little as they become saturated
before reaching 0.1M. before reaching 0.1M.
Identify three soluble salts, and three low solubility Identify three soluble salts, and three low solubility
salts using the table. http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/solublesalts salts using the table. http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/solublesalts
Soluble Low Solubility Soluble Low Solubility
sodium chloride lead chloride
calcium sulphide barium sulphate
potassium hydroxide silver phosphate
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If two ions (a cation and an anion) that are low Is it possible that a low solubility salt may not
solubility with one another are put into the same precipitate?
solution, and the resulting concentrations of these
ions exceed the solubility (molarity at saturation)
for that salt, then some of those cations and
anions will precipitate out of solution. Is it possible that a soluble salt could
the
saturation precipitate?
mix them molarity
together of
Ag+ and
K+ NO3 K Ag+ + Cl ions
+
K
Ag+ NO3
NO3 Cl NO3 remain in
Cl K
K+ NO
+
K+ solution
3 NO3
The extra Ag+ and Cl ions
http://www.absorblearning.com/media/attachment.action?quick=uu&att=2210
http://preparatorychemistry.com/Bishop_Solubility_frames.htm
precipitate out as AgCl(s),
http://www.wiley.com/college/chem/brady184764/resources/ch04/index_ch4_bysect.html
as it is low solubility
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8
Chem 12 Solubility Notes
Is it possible that a low solubility salt may not There are two ways you can create a saturated
precipitate? solution for a salt. Explain two ways that a
Yes. If the concentration of low solubility ions mixed with one another saturated solution of PbCl2 could be created:
are below the solubility (molarity at saturation) for that salt, no 1) Direct Method:
precipiate will form.
Is it possible that a soluble salt could
precipitate?
Yes. If the solubility (molarity at saturation) is exceeded when two
2) Indirect Method:
ions are mixed, a precipitate will occur.
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There are two ways you can create a saturated Use your table to predict whether each salt is
solution for a salt. Explain two ways that a soluble or low solubility:
saturated solution of PbCl2 could be created: 1) sodium hydroxide
1) Direct Method: 2) calcium sulphate
add PbCl2 salt to water, and continue to stir, until excess PbCl2 salt
remains on the bottom 3) ammonium phosphate
4) rubidium sulphide
5) copper (I) iodide
2) Indirect Method: 6) copper (II) chloride
Mix two solutions together one that contains Pb2+ and one that
contains Cl such as Pb(NO3)2(aq) and NaCl(aq). If the molarities of 7) iron (II) sulphide
Pb2+ and Cl exceed the solubility of PbCl2, a precipitate will form 8)strontium hydroxide
and you'll have a saturated solution (which also contains the
spectator ions NO3 and Na+ 9) magnesium sulphite
10) barium hydroxide
http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/animations/chang_7e_esp/crm3s2_3.swf
Jul 241:46 PM Jul 242:07 PM
Use your table to predict whether each salt is Will a precipitate form if equal volumes of the
soluble or low solubility: following 0.2M solutions are mixed?
1) sodium hydroxide S
2) calcium sulphate LS Pb(NO3)2(aq) + KI(aq)
3) ammonium phosphate S
4) rubidium sulphide S
5) copper (I) iodide LS
6) copper (II) chloride S Which 1.0M soluble solutions could be mixed in
7) iron (II) sulphide LS order to produce a precipitate of Mg(OH)2?
8)strontium hydroxide S
9) magnesium sulphite LS
10) barium hydroxide LS
http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/animations/chang_7e_esp/crm3s2_3.swf
Jul 242:07 PM Jul 242:13 PM
9
Chem 12 Solubility Notes
Assignment 3
Will a precipitate form if equal volumes of the
1) Describe the difference between a soluble salt
following 0.2M solutions are mixed?
and a low solubility salt.
2) If you mix two solutions together, and a low
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + KI(aq) 2KNO3(aq) + PbI2(s)
solubility ion combination results, explain when a
Yes, a ppt of PbI2 will form. Mixing equal volumes of 0.2M precipitate would form and when it wouldn't.
solutions creates 0.1M solutions. So anything that is low
solubility will form a precipitate. 3) Hebden page 83,
numbers 21 & 22
Which 1.0M soluble solutions could be mixed in 4) Hebden page 84,
order to produce a precipitate of Mg(OH)2? number 24
any solution that has Mg2+ and is soluble such as Mg(NO3)2
and any solution that has OH and is soluble such as NaOH
Mg(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) 2NaNO3(aq) + Mg(OH)2(s)
Jul 242:13 PM Jul 242:20 PM
Assignment 3 V) Formula, Complete Ionic, and Net Ionic
1) Describe the difference between a soluble salt Equations
and a low solubility salt.
2) If you mix two solutions together, and a low These equations describe the process of mixing
solubility ion combination results, explain when a two soluble solutions together.
precipitate would form and when it wouldn't.
3) Hebden page 83, numbers 21 & 22 Suppose 0.2M CaCl2(aq) is mixed with an equal
4) Hebden page 84, number 24 volume of 0.2M AgNO3(aq). Write the formula,
complete ionic, and net ionic equations.
1) A soluble salt doesn't become saturated until it's made a solution of
at least 0.1M. A low solubility salt becomes saturated before its
molarity can get as high as 0.1M Formula Equation (double replacement
2) If the low solubility ion concentrations exceed the solubility of the
salt, it will precipitate. If the ion concentrations are below the solubility, equation):
a precipitate will not form.
3) answers in the back of Hebden
4) answers in the back of Hebden
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V) Formula, Complete Ionic, and Net Ionic Complete Ionic Equation
Equations The formula equation is inaccurate for the most
These equations describe the process of mixing part, as the salts dissociate into ions in solution.
two soluble solutions together. This is reflected in the complete ionic equation:
Suppose 0.2M CaCl2(aq) is mixed with an equal
volume of 0.2M AgNO3(aq). Write the formula,
complete ionic, and net ionic equations. Net Ionic Equation
Only ions that react are part of the Net.
Formula Equation (double replacement
equation):
CaCl2(aq) + 2AgNO3(aq) Ca(NO 3 )2(aq) + AgCl(s)
Jul 242:28 PM Jul 242:32 PM
10
Chem 12 Solubility Notes
Complete Ionic Equation The example we did involved one low solubility
The formula equation is inaccurate for the most ion combination. Sometimes, no low solubility
part, as the salts dissociate into ions in solution. ion combinations result. Sometimes, both ion
This is reflected in the complete ionic equation: combinations are low solubility.
Ca2+(aq) + 2Cl(aq) + 2Ag+(aq) + 2NO3(aq) Ca2+(aq) + 2NO3(aq) + 2AgCl(s)
Net Ionic Equation
Only ions that react are part of the Net.
Ag+(aq) + Cl(aq) AgCl(s)
Jul 242:32 PM Jul 242:37 PM
Assignment 4
Assignment 4
1) Aqueous magnesium choride is mixed with
aqueous potassium hydroxide. 1) Aqueous magnesium chloride is mixed with
aqueous potassium hydroxide.
F: MgCl2(aq) + 2KOH(aq) Mg(OH)2(s) + 2KCl(aq)
C: Mg2+(aq) + 2Cl(aq) + 2K+(aq) + 2OH(aq) Mg(OH)2(s) + 2K+(aq) + 2Cl(aq)
N: Mg2+(aq) + 2OH(aq) Mg(OH)2(s)
Jul 242:39 PM Jul 242:39 PM
2) Aqueous lithium carbonate is mixed with 2) Aqueous lithium carbonate is mixed with
aqueous iron (II) sulphate. aqueous iron (II) sulphate.
F: Li2CO3(aq) + FeSO4(aq) FeCO3(s) + Li2SO4(aq)
C: 2Li+(aq) + CO32(aq) + Fe2+(aq) + SO42(aq) FeCO3(s) + 2Li+(aq) + SO42(aq)
N: Fe2+(aq) + CO32(aq) FeCO3(s)
Jul 242:39 PM Jul 242:39 PM
11
Chem 12 Solubility Notes
3) Aqueous copper (I) sulphate is mixed with 3) Aqueous copper (I) sulphate is mixed with
aqueous strontium bromide. aqueous strontium bromide.
F: Cu2SO4(aq) + SrBr2(aq) 2CuBr(s) + SrSO4(s)
C: 2Cu+(aq) + SO42(aq) + Sr2+(aq) + 2Br(aq) 2CuBr(s) + SrSO4(s)
N: 2Cu+(aq) + SO42(aq) + Sr2+(aq) + 2Br(aq) 2CuBr(s) + SrSO4(s)
Jul 242:40 PM Jul 242:40 PM
4) Hebden page 87, numbers 25 e and i 4) Hebden page 87, numbers 25 e and i
answers in the back of Hebden
Jul 242:40 PM Jul 242:40 PM
VI) Separating Mixtures of Ions by VI) Separating Mixtures of Ions by
Precipitation Precipitation
Describe a method to separate Ba2+ and Pb2+ Describe a method to separate Ba2+ and Pb2+
ions which are in solution together: ions which are in solution together:
add an anion that only precipitates one of the cations out
1) Add Cl as NaCl(aq) in order to precipitate Pb2+ as PbCl2(s)
2) Add SO42 as Na2SO4 in order to precipitate Ba2+ as BaSO4(s)
Jul 242:52 PM Jul 242:52 PM
12
Chem 12 Solubility Notes
Assignment 5 Assignment 5
1) Describe a method to separate Cl and OH 1) Describe a method to separate Cl and OH
that are in solution together. that are in solution together.
1) Add Mg2+ as Mg(NO3)2 to precipitate OH as Mg(OH)2
2) Add Pb2+ as Pb(NO3)2 to precipitate Cl as PbCl2
2) A solution is known to contain Mg2+, Ca2+, and 2) A solution is known to contain Mg2+, Ca2+, and
Pb2+. Describe a method to separate the cations. Pb2+. Describe a method to separate the cations.
1) Add Cl as NaCl(aq) to precipitate Pb2+ as PbCl2
2) Add SO42 as Na2SO4 to precipitate Ca2+ as CaSO4
3) Add PO43 as Na3PO4 to precipitate Mg2+ as Mg3(PO4)2
Jul 242:56 PM Jul 242:56 PM
3) You have a solution known to contain any or all 3) You have a solution known to contain any or all
of Cu+, Ca2+, Fe3+, and Sr2+. You have the of Cu+, Ca2+, Fe3+, and Sr2+. You have the
following solutions available: 1M Na2CO3,1M following solutions available: 1M Na2CO3,1M
NaOH, 1M NaCl, and 1M Na2S. What order would NaOH, 1M NaCl, and 1M Na2S. What order would
you add each to test for each cation? you add each to test for each cation?
1M NaCl to test for Cu+, then 1M Na2S to test for Fe3+, then 1M
NaOH to test for Ca2+, then 1M Na2CO3 to test for Sr2+
4) Hebden page 90, numbers 28, 31, & 32 4) Hebden page 90, numbers 28, 31, & 32
answers in the back of Hebden
Jul 243:03 PM Jul 243:03 PM
VII) Quantitative Solubility VII) Quantitative Solubility
A saturated solution is at equilibrium because the A saturated solution is at equilibrium because the
rate of ___________________ equals the rate of rate of ___________________ equals the rate of
dissolving
_____________________. _____________________.
precipitation
Example: BaSO4(s) Ba2+(aq) + SO42(aq) Example: BaSO4(s) Ba2+(aq) + SO42(aq)
Since equilibrium exists, we can work with an Since equilibrium exists, we can work with an
equilibrium constant (Keq). The equilibrium equilibrium constant (Keq). The equilibrium
constant for a saturated solution is called a Ksp. constant for a saturated solution is called a Ksp.
Write the Ksp equation for BaSO4: Write the Ksp equation for BaSO4:
Ksp = [Ba2+][SO42]
Jul 243:08 PM Jul 243:08 PM
13
Chem 12 Solubility Notes
The 'sp' from Ksp stands for ________________. The 'sp' from Ksp stands for ________________.
solubility product
The word 'product' is mathematical. A product is The word 'product' is mathematical. A product is
the result of a multiplication. the result of a multiplication.
Ksp equations only contain multiplication (no Ksp equations only contain multiplication (no
division) because since the solid is always division) because since the solid is always
written on the left of the saturated solution written on the left of the saturated solution
equation, there will never be a denominator for equation, there will never be a denominator for
the Ksp equation. the Ksp equation.
BaSO4(s) Ba2+(aq) + SO42(aq) BaSO4(s) Ba2+(aq) + SO42(aq)
solid on left; not included in Ksp solid on left; not included in Ksp
equation equation
Jul 243:14 PM Jul 243:14 PM
Write the saturated solution equations (solid on Write the saturated solution equations (solid on
the left) and the respective Ksp equations for the left) and the respective Ksp equations for
Ca(OH)2 and Ag3PO4. Ca(OH)2 and Ag3PO4.
Ca(OH)2(s) Ca2+(aq) + 2OH(aq)
Ksp = [Ca2+][OH]2
Ag3PO4(s) 3Ag+(aq) + PO43(aq)
Ksp = [Ag+]3[PO43]
Jul 243:18 PM Jul 243:18 PM
Do soluble salts have large or small Ksp Do soluble salts have large or small Ksp
constants? Why? What about low solubility constants? Why? What about low solubility
salts? salts?
Soluble salts have large Ksp values. Ksp is determined by multiplying
ion concentrations. Soluble salts have larger ion concentrations,
hence large Ksp constants.
Since low solubility salts have small ion concentrations, they will
have small Ksp constants.
Notice that the Ksp table in the data booklet (p.5) Notice that the Ksp table in the data booklet (p.5)
only lists Ksp constants for low solubility salts. only lists Ksp constants for low solubility salts.
Notice that they are all small values, (much less Notice that they are all small values, (much less
than 1), as they should be. than 1), as they should be.
Jul 243:23 PM Jul 243:23 PM
14
Chem 12 Solubility Notes
VIII) Type A Ksp Problems: Calculating Ksp VIII) Type A Ksp Problems: Calculating Ksp
Ksp constants can be calculated for soluble or low Ksp constants can be calculated for soluble or low
solubility salts, as long as there is information solubility salts, as long as there is information
available about the respective saturated solution. available about the respective saturated solution.
Example: If the solubility of Ag2S in water is Example: If the solubility of Ag2S in water is
1.3 x 1017M, calculate the Ksp. 1.3 x 1017M, calculate the Ksp.
Ag2S(s) 2Ag+(aq) + S2(aq)
1.3 x 1017M 2.6 x 1017M 1.3 x 1017M
Ksp = [Ag+]2[S2] = (2.6 x 1017)2(1.3 x 1017) = 8.8 x 1051
The Ksp is very small, supporting the fact that Ag2S is a low solubility
salt.
Jul 243:27 PM Jul 243:27 PM
Example: Calculate the Ksp of MgS if a maximum Example: Calculate the Ksp of MgS if a maximum
of 300.0g can be dissolved in 2.00L of water. of 300.0g can be dissolved in 2.00L of water.
300.0g 1mol MgS = 5.319mol MgS
56.4g MgS
[MgS] = 5.319mol = 2.66M
2.00L
MgS(s) Mg2+(aq) + S2(aq)
2.66M 2.66M 2.66M
Ksp = [Mg2+][S2] = (2.66)(2.66) = 7.07
This is a larger Ksp constant, as MgS is a soluble salt.
Jul 243:33 PM Jul 243:33 PM
Example: A 25.00mL sample of ZnF2 saturated Example: A 25.00mL sample of ZnF2 saturated
solution has the excess solid filtered off. Then, solution has the excess solid filtered off. Then,
the solution is evaporated to dryness. The mass the solution is evaporated to dryness. The mass
of the ZnF2 salt that remained was 0.508g. of the ZnF2 salt that remained was 0.508g.
Calculate the solubility product constant of ZnF2. Calculate the solubility product constant of ZnF2.
0.508g 1mol = 4.913 x 103mol
103.4g
[ZnF2] = 4.913 x 103mol = 0.1965M
0.02500L
ZnF2(s) Zn2+(aq) + 2F(aq)
0.1965M 0.1965M 0.393M
Ksp = [Zn2+][F]2 = (0.1965)(0.393)2 = 3.04 x 102
Jul 243:38 PM Jul 243:38 PM
15
Chem 12 Solubility Notes
Assignment 6 Assignment 6
1) At 25 degrees C, only 0.00245g of BaSO4 can 1) At 25 degrees C, only 0.00245g of BaSO4 can
be dissolved in 1.0L of H2O. Calculate the Ksp for be dissolved in 1.0L of H2O. Calculate the Ksp for
BaSO4. BaSO4.
0.00245g 1mol = 1.0497 x 105mol
233.4g
[BaSO4] = 1.0497 x 105mol = 1.0497 x 105M
1.0L
BaSO4(s) Ba2+(aq) + SO42(aq)
1.0497 x 105M 1.0497 x 105M 1.0497 x 105M
Ksp = [Ba2+][SO42] = (1.0497 x 105)2 = 1.1 x 1010
Jul 255:25 PM Jul 255:25 PM
2) At 25 degrees C, the solubility of Ag3PO4 is 2) At 25 degrees C, the solubility of Ag3PO4 is
1.8 x 105M. Calculate the Ksp for Ag3PO4. 1.8 x 105M. Calculate the Ksp for Ag3PO4.
Ag3PO4(s) 3Ag+(aq) + PO43(aq)
1.8 x 105M 5.4 x 105M 1.8 x 105M
Ksp = [Ag+]3[PO43] = (5.4 x 105)3(1.8 x 105) = 2.8 x 1018
Jul 255:27 PM Jul 255:27 PM
3) An experiment showed that a maximum of 3) An experiment showed that a maximum of
1.49g of AgBrO3 can dissolve in 1.00L of water at 1.49g of AgBrO3 can dissolve in 1.00L of water at
25 degrees C. What is the Ksp for AgBrO3 at this 25 degrees C. What is the Ksp for AgBrO3 at this
temperature? temperature?
1.49g 1mol = 6.319 x 103mol
235.8g
[AgBrO3] = 6.319 x 103mol = 6.319 x 103M
1.00L
AgBrO3(s) Ag+(aq) + BrO3(aq)
6.319 x 103M 6.319 x 103M 6.319 x 103M
Ksp = [Ag+][BrO3] = (6.319 x 103)2 = 3.99 x 105
Jul 255:28 PM Jul 255:28 PM
16
Chem 12 Solubility Notes
4) A saturated solution of CaF2 contains 4) A saturated solution of CaF2 contains
4.15 x 104mol of CaF2 in 2.0L of solution. What 4.15 x 104mol of CaF2 in 2.0L of solution. What
is the Ksp for CaF2? is the Ksp for CaF2?
[CaF2] = 4.15 x 104mol = 2.075 x 104M
2.0L
CaF2(s) Ca2+(aq) + 2F(aq)
2.075 x 104M 2.075 x 104M 4.15 x 104M
Ksp = [Ca2+][F]2 = (2.075 x 104)(4.15 x 104)2 = 3.6 x 1011
Jul 255:29 PM Jul 255:29 PM
5) A solution in equilibrium with solid Ag2S on the 5) A solution in equilibrium with solid Ag2S on the
bottom of the beaker was found to contain bottom of the beaker was found to contain
1.6 x 1016M S2 and 2.5 x 1018M Ag+. Calculate 1.6 x 1016M S2 and 2.5 x 1018M Ag+. Calculate
the solubility product constant of Ag2S. the solubility product constant of Ag2S.
Ag2S(s) 2Ag+(aq) + S2(aq)
2.5 x 1018M 1.6 x 1016M
Ksp = [Ag+]2[S2] = (2.5 x 1018)2(1.6 x 1016) = 1.0 x 1051
Jul 255:30 PM Jul 255:30 PM
IX) Type B Ksp Problems: Calculating Example: Calculate the solubility of CaCO3 in
Solubility water at 25 degrees C.
In Type B problems, you must calculate the
solubility of a salt using the Ksp constant from p.5
of the data booklet.
Remember that solubility is the molarity at
saturation.
Jul 256:02 PM Jul 256:04 PM
17
Chem 12 Solubility Notes
Example: Calculate the solubility of CaCO3 in Example: Calculate the solubility of PbI2 in g/L.
water at 25 degrees C.
CaCO3(s) Ca2+(aq) + CO32(aq)
so [Ca2+] = [CO32] = 7.071 x 105
Ksp = [Ca2+][CO32]
Ksp from table = 5.0 x 109
CaCO3(s) Ca2+(aq) + CO32(aq)
Let x = [Ca ] 2+ 7.071 x 105 7.071 x 105M 7.071 x 105M
so x also equals [CO32]
Therefore, the solubility of CaCO3,
5.0 x 109 = (x)(x) = x2 otherwise written as [CaCO3] equals
7.1 x 105M
x = 5.0 x 109
x = 7.071 x 105
Jul 256:04 PM Jul 256:05 PM
Example: Calculate the solubility of PbI2 in g/L. Example: How many grams of PbBr2 can be
PbI2(s) Pb2+(aq) + 2I(aq)
dissolved in 250.0mL of water at 25 degrees C?
[Pb2+] = 1.28564 x 103M
[I] = 2(1.28564 x 103) = 2.57 x 103M
Let x = [Pb2+]
Let 2x = [I]
PbI2(s) Pb2+(aq) + 2I(aq)
Ksp = [Pb2+][I]2 x x 2x
Ksp from table = 8.5 x 109
therefore, [PbI2] = 1.28564 x 103M
9 2 3
8.5 x 10 = (x)(2x) = 4x
1.28564 x 103mol 461.0g
3
x = 8.5 x 109 1mol
4
= 0.59 g/L
x = 1.28564 x 103
Jul 256:05 PM Jul 262:25 PM
Example: How many grams of PbBr2 can be Assignment 7
dissolved in 250.0mL of water at 25 degrees C? 1) The Ksp at a certain temperature for Ni(OH)2 is
PbBr2(s) Pb2+(aq) + 2Br(aq)
1.6 x 1016. Calculate the solubility of Ni(OH)2.
[Pb2+] = 1.18 x 102M
2+ [Br] = 2(1.18 x 102) = 2.36 x 102M
Let x = [Pb ]
Let 2x = [Br]
PbBr2(s) Pb2+(aq) + 2Br(aq)
Ksp = [Pb2+][Br]2 x x 2x
Ksp from table = 6.6 x 106
therefore, [PbBr2] = 1.18 x 102M
6.6 x 106 = (x)(2x)2 = 4x3
3
x = 6.6 x 106 1.18 x 102mol 367.0g
4 1mol
x = 1.18 x 102 = 4.33g/L
4.33 divided by 4 = 1.1g PbBr2
Jul 262:25 PM Jul 262:32 PM
18
Chem 12 Solubility Notes
Assignment 7 2) Find the solubility of CaSO4 in g/L.
1) The Ksp at a certain temperature for Ni(OH)2 is
1.6 x 1016. Calculate the solubility of Ni(OH)2.
Ni(OH)2(s) Ni2+(aq) + 2OH(aq)
[Ni2+] = 3.42 x 106M
[OH] = 2(3.42 x 106) = 6.84 x 106M
Let x = [Ni2+]
Let 2x = [OH]
Ni(OH)2(s) Ni2+(aq) + 2OH(aq)
2+ 2
Ksp = [Ni ][OH ] x x 2x
Ksp from table = 1.6 x 1016
therefore, [Ni(OH)2] = 3.4 x 106M
1.6 x 1016 = (x)(2x)2 = 4x3
3 16
x = 1.6 x 10
4
x = 3.42 x 106
Jul 262:32 PM Jul 262:39 PM
2) Find the solubility of CaSO4 in g/L. 3) Which saturated solutions at 25 degrees C will
have a greater [Ag+], AgCl or Ag2CO3?
CaSO4(s) Ca2+(aq) + SO42(aq)
so [Ca2+] = [SO42] = 8.426 x 103
Ksp = [Ca2+][SO42]
Ksp from table = 7.1 x 105
CaSO4(s) Ca2+(aq) + SO42(aq)
Let x = [Ca2+] 8.426 x 103 8.426 x 103M 8.426 x 103M
so x also equals [SO42]
Therefore, [CaSO4] = 8.426 x 103M
7.1 x 105 = (x)(x) = x2
8.426 x 103mol 136.2g
x = 7.1 x 105 1 mol
x = 8.426 x 103 = 1.1 g/L
Jul 262:39 PM Jul 262:45 PM
3) Which saturated solutions at 25 degrees C will 4) Calculate the mass of MgCO3 which could be
have a greater [Ag+], AgCl or Ag2CO3? dissolved in 3.0L of water at 25 degrees C.
AgCl(s) Ag+(aq) + Cl(aq) Ag2CO3(s) 2Ag+(aq) + CO32(aq)
Ksp = [Ag+][Cl] Ksp = [Ag+]2[CO32]
Ksp from table = 1.8 x 1010 Ksp from table = 8.5 x 1012
Let x = [Ag+] Let 2x = [Ag+]
so x also equals [Cl] so x = [CO32]
1.8 x 1010 = (x)(x) = x2 8.5 x 1012 = (2x)2(x) = 4x3
x = 1.8 x 1010 x = 1.29 x 104
x = 1.34 x 105
so [Ag+] = 1.3 x 105M so [Ag+] = 2(1.29 x 104)
= 2.6 x 104M
Ag2CO3 has a greater [Ag+]
Jul 262:45 PM Jul 262:56 PM
19
Chem 12 Solubility Notes
4) Calculate the mass of MgCO3 which could be X) Type C Ksp Problems: Trial Ksp
dissolved in 3.0L of water at 25 degrees C. When two soluble solutions are mixed, a cation
from one solution is introduced to an anion from
MgCO3(s) Mg2+(aq) + CO32(aq) another solution, and visa versa. One or both of
the new ion combinations (cation and anion)
Ksp = [Mg2+][CO32]
so [Mg2+] = [CO32] = 2.61 x 103 could have low solubility. If this is the case, and
Ksp from table = 6.8 x 106 there are too many of the low solubility ions
MgCO3(s) Mg2+(aq) + CO32(aq)
2.61 x 103 2.61 x 103M 2.61 x 103M
present (more than what is necessary for a
Let x = [Mg2+]
so x also equals [CO32] saturated solution), a precipitate will result. If
Therefore, [MgCO3] = 2.61 x 103M there are not enough of the low solubility ions
6.8 x 106 = (x)(x) = x2
2.61 x 103mol 84.3g present to reach the saturation concentration, a
x = 6.8 x 106 1 mol precipitate will not form and the ions will stay
x = 2.61 x 103 = 0.2198 g/L x 3 dissolved in solution.
= 0.66g
Jul 262:56 PM Jul 263:03 PM
A trial Ksp (same concept as trial Keq) can be Example: Will a precipitate form if 40.0mL of
calculated for these mixtures to deduce whether a 8.0 x 103M Mg(NO3)2 is mixed with 60.0mL of
precipitate will form or not when the two solutions 1.0 x 102M K2CO3?
are mixed. Mg(NO3)2(aq) + K2CO3(aq)
If the trial Ksp is larger than the actual Ksp, the
concentrations of low solubility ions is greater
than saturation, so a precipitate will result. If the
trial Ksp is smaller than the actual Ksp, the
concentrations of low solubility ions has not yet
reached saturation, therefore a precipitate will not
form.
Jul 263:06 PM Jul 263:10 PM
Example: Will a precipitate form if 40.0mL of Will a precipitate form if 50.0mL of 0.00100M
8.0 x 103M Mg(NO3)2 is mixed with 60.0mL of CaCl2 is added to 50.0mL of 0.0100M Na2SO4?
1.0 x 102M K2CO3?
Mg(NO3)2(aq) + K2CO3(aq) 2KNO3(aq) + MgCO3(s)
possible ppt
since two solutions are Mg(NO3)2 Mg2+ + 2NO3
being mixed, dilution 3.2 x 103M 3.2 x 103M
occurring:
[Mg(NO3)2]f = (8.0 x 103)(0.0400) K2CO3 2K+ + CO32
6.0 x 103M 6.0 x 103M
(0.1000)
possible ppt is MgCO3:
= 3.2 x 103M
MgCO3(s) Mg2+(aq) + CO32(aq)
Ksp = [Mg2+][CO32]
[K2CO3]f = (1.0 x 102)(0.0600) Ksp from table = 6.8 x 106
(0.1000) trial Ksp = (3.2 x 103)(6.0 x 103)
= 1.9 x 105
= 6.0 x 103M
Trial Ksp > Ksp therefore a ppt
of MgCO3 will form
Jul 263:10 PM Jul 263:19 PM
20
Chem 12 Solubility Notes
Will a precipitate form if 50.0mL of 0.00100M Assignment 8
CaCl2 is added to 50.0mL of 0.0100M Na2SO4? 1) Will a precipitate form when 1.0L of
CaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + CaSO4(s)
possible ppt
3.0 x 1010M Zn(NO3)2 is added to 1.0L of
2.0 x 1011M Na2S?
since two solutions are CaCl2 Ca2+ + 2Cl
being mixed, dilution 5.00 x 104M 5.00 x 104M
occurring:
[CaCl2]f = (0.00100)(0.0500) Na2SO4 2Na+ + SO42
(0.1000) 5.00 x 103M 5.00 x 103M
= 5.00 x 104M possible ppt is CaSO4:
CaSO4(s) Ca2+(aq) + SO42(aq)
Ksp = [Ca2+][SO42]
[Na2SO4]f = (1.00 x 102)(0.0500)
Ksp from table = 7.1 x 105
(0.1000)
trial Ksp = (5.00 x 104)(5.00 x 103)
= 2.5 x 106
= 5.00 x 103M
Trial Ksp < Ksp therefore a ppt
of CaSO4 will NOT form
Jul 263:19 PM Jul 263:26 PM
Assignment 8
1) Will a precipitate form when 1.0L of 2) Will a precipitate form when 2.0L of
3.0 x 1010M Zn(NO3)2 is added to 1.0L of 6.7 x 103M SrS is added to 1.0L of 4.3 x 104M
2.0 x 1011M Na2S? K2SO4?
Zn(NO3)2(aq) + Na2S(aq) 2NaNO3(aq) + ZnS(s)
possible ppt
since two solutions are Zn(NO3)2 Zn2+ + 2NO3
being mixed, dilution 5.00 x 104M 5.00 x 104M
occurring:
[Zn(NO3)2]f = (3.0 x 1010)(1.0) Na2S 2Na+ + S2
(2.0) 5.00 x 103M 5.00 x 103M
= 1.5 x 1010M possible ppt is ZnS:
ZnS(s) Zn2+(aq) + S2(aq)
[Na2SO4]f = (2.0 x 1011)(1.0) Ksp = [Zn2+][S2]
(2.0) Ksp from table = 2.0 x 1025
trial Ksp = (1.5 x 1010)(1.0 x 1011)
= 1.0 x 1011M = 1.5 x 1021
Trial Ksp > Ksp therefore a ppt
of ZnS will form
Jul 263:26 PM Jul 263:33 PM
2) Will a precipitate form when 2.0L of 3) Will a precipitate form when 1.0L of
6.7 x 103M SrS is added to 1.0L of 4.3 x 104M 5.0 x 104M MgCl2 is added to 1.0L of
K2SO4? 2.0 x 102M Na2CO3?
SrS(aq) + K2SO4(aq) K2S(aq) + SrSO4(s)
possible ppt
since two solutions are SrS Sr2+ + S2
being mixed, dilution 4.467 x 103M 4.467 x 103M
occurring:
[SrS]f = (6.7 x 103)(2.0) K2SO4 2K+ + SO42
(3.0) 1.433 x 104M 1.433 x 104M
= 4.467 x 103M possible ppt is SrSO4:
SrSO4(s) Sr2+(aq) + SO42(aq)
[K2SO4]f = (4.3 x 104)(1.0) Ksp = [Sr2+][SO42]
(3.0) Ksp from table = 3.4 x 107
trial Ksp = (4.467 x 103)(1.433 x 104)
= 1.433 x 104M = 6.4 x 107
Trial Ksp > Ksp therefore a ppt
of SrSO4 will form
Jul 263:33 PM Jul 263:42 PM
21
Chem 12 Solubility Notes
3) Will a precipitate form when 1.0L of XI) Type D Ksp Problems: Determining the
5.0 x 104M MgCl2 is added to 1.0L of Concentration of a Specific Ion in a
2.0 x 102M Na2CO3? Saturated Solution
MgCl2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + MgCO3(s)
possible ppt Recall that there are two ways to make a
saturated solution: the direct method and the
since two solutions are MgCl2 Mg 2+ + 2Cl
being mixed, dilution 2.5 x 10 4 M 2.5 x 10 4 M indirect method. Explain each using Pb(OH)2 as
occurring: an example.
[MgCl2]f = (5.0 x 104)(1.0) Na2 CO3 2Na + + CO 3 2
(2.0) 1.0 x 10 2 M 1.0 x 10 2 M Direct Method:
= 2.5 x 104M possible ppt is MgCO 3 :
MgCO3(s) Mg 2+ (aq) + CO 3 2 (aq) Indirect Method:
[Na2CO3]f = (2.0 x 102)(1.0) Ksp = [Mg2+ ][CO3 2 ]
(2.0) Ksp from table = 6.8 x 10 6
trial K sp = (2.5 x 10 4 )(1.0 x 10 2 )
= 1.0 x 102M = 2.5 x 10 6
Jul 263:42 PM Jul 263:50 PM
XI) Type D Ksp Problems: Determining the It is important to recognize that ion stoichiometry
Concentration of a Specific Ion in a for a saturated solution is only a reality when the
Saturated Solution saturated solution is made from dissolving the
salt in water directly. What would be the
Recall that there are two ways to make a
proportion of [OH] compared to [Pb2+] in this
saturated solution: the direct method and the
case?
indirect method. Explain each using Pb(OH)2 as
an example.
If a saturated solution of a salt is made by
Direct Method: add Pb(OH)2 salt to water and stir until there is
excess Pb(OH)2 solid on the bottom combining two different solutions (indirectly), the
[Pb2+] relative to the [OH] could be anything,
Indirect Method:
mix two solutions one that contains Pb2+ and one that contains OH
depending on the molarities of the solutions
with large enough concentrations to exceed the solubility of Pb(OH)2. mixed. Therefore, you can't rely on 2 OH : 1 Pb2+
Then a ppt of Pb(OH)2 forms and hence, a saturated solution stoichiometry because the ions came from
different solutions. However, the Ksp can still be
relied upon, as you'll see in Type D problems.
Jul 263:50 PM Jul 263:54 PM
It is important to recognize that ion stoichiometry Example: What is the maximum [Sr2+] that can
for a saturated solution is only a reality when the be dissolved in a 0.020M solution of K2SO4
saturated solution is made from dissolving the without a precipitate of SrSO4 forming?
salt in water directly. What would be the
proportion of [OH] compared to [Pb2+] in this
case? 2 OH : 1 Pb2+
If a saturated solution of a salt is made by
combining two different solutions (indirectly), the
[Pb2+] relative to the [OH] could be anything,
depending on the molarities of the solutions
mixed. Therefore, you can't rely on 2 OH : 1 Pb2+
stoichiometry because the ions came from
different solutions. However, the Ksp can still be
relied upon, as you'll see in Type D problems.
Jul 263:54 PM Jul 263:57 PM
22
Chem 12 Solubility Notes
Example: What is the maximum [Sr2+] that can Example: If Cu2+ is slowly added to a solution of
be dissolved in a 0.020M solution of K2SO4 0.020M KIO3, at what [Cu2+] does a precipitate
without a precipitate of SrSO4 forming? just start to form?
K2SO4(aq) 2K+(aq) + SO42(aq)
0.020M 0.020M
SrSO4(s) Sr2+(aq) + SO42(aq)
? 0.020M
Ksp = [Sr2+][SO42]
Ksp from table = 3.4 x 107
3.4 x 107 = [Sr2+](0.020)
[Sr2+] = 1.7 x 105M
Jul 263:57 PM Jul 264:01 PM
Example: If Cu2+ is slowly added to a solution of Example: Fe(NO3)2 is slowly added to a 2.0L
0.020M KIO3, at what [Cu2+] does a precipitate solution of 0.010M Na2S. What mass of Fe(NO3)2
just start to form? would be required to just start precipitation?
KIO3(aq) K+(aq) + IO3(aq)
0.020M 0.020M
Cu(IO3)2(s) Cu2+(aq) + 2IO3(aq)
? 0.020M
Ksp = [Cu2+][IO3]2
Ksp from table = 6.9 x 108
6.9 x 108 = [Cu2+](0.020)2
[Cu2+] = 1.7 x 104M
Jul 264:01 PM Jul 264:05 PM
Example: Removing pollution by precipitation
Example: Fe(NO3)2 is slowly added to a 2.0L Waste water from a mining operation was found
solution of 0.010M Na2S. What mass of Fe(NO3)2 to have a [Cd2+] exceeding environmental
would be required to just start precipitation? standards. Before discharging the water into an
Fe(NO3)2 + Na2S 2NaNO3 + FeS(s) adjacent river, the [Cd2+] in the tank must be
possible ppt lowered to 1.0 x 105M. What [OH] would be
Na2S 2Na+ + S2
0.010M 0.010M Fe(NO3)2 Fe2+ + 2NO3
required to bring the [Cd2+] to an acceptable
6.0 x 1017M 6.0 x 1017M level? Ksp = 2.2 x 1014 for Cd(OH)2
FeS(s) Fe2+(aq) + S2(aq)
mol Fe(NO3)2 = (6.0 x 1017M)(2.0L)
Ksp = [Fe2+][S2] = 1.2 x 1016mol
Ksp from table = 6.0 x 1019
1.2 x 1016mol 179.8g
6.0 x 1019 = [Fe2+][0.010] 1mol
[Fe2+] = 6.0 x 1017M = 2.2 x 1014g
Jul 264:05 PM Jul 281:19 PM
23
Chem 12 Solubility Notes
Example: Removing pollution by precipitation Assignment 9
Waste water from a mining operation was found
1) What [S2] must be present to just start
to have a [Cd2+] exceeding environmental
precipitation from a 0.20M solution of CuCl2?
standards. Before discharging the water into an
adjacent river, the [Cd2+] in the tank must be
lowered to 1.0 x 105M. What [OH] would be
required to bring the [Cd2+] to an acceptable
level? Ksp = 2.2 x 1014 for Cd(OH)2
Cd(OH)2(s) Cd2+(aq) + 2OH(aq)
1.0 x 105M
[OH] = 2.2 x 1014
Ksp = [Cd2+][OH]2 1.0 x 105
2.2 x 1014 = (1.0 x 105)[OH]2
[OH] = 4.7 x 105M
Jul 281:19 PM Jul 281:25 PM
Assignment 9 2) What [Cu2+] would be required to just start
2
1) What [S ] must be present to just start precipitation of Cu(IO3)2 from a 0.20M solution of
precipitation from a 0.20M solution of CuCl2? KIO3?
CuCl2(aq) Cu2+(aq) + 2Cl(aq)
0.20M 0.20M
CuS(s) Cu2+(aq) + S2(aq)
0.20M ?
Ksp = [Cu2+][S2]
Ksp from table = 6.0 x 1037
6.0 x 1037 = (0.20)[S2]
[S2] = 3.0 x 1036M
Jul 281:25 PM Jul 281:32 PM
2) What [Cu2+] would be required to just start 3) AgNO3 is added to a 0.10M solution of NaCl.
precipitation of Cu(IO3)2 from a 0.20M solution of What [Ag+] must be present in order to observe a
KIO3? precipitate?
KIO3(aq) K+(aq) + IO3(aq)
0.20M 0.20M
Cu(IO3)2(s) Cu2+(aq) + 2IO3(aq)
? 0.20M
Ksp = [Cu2+][IO3]2
Ksp from table = 6.9 x 108
6.9 x 108 = [Cu2+](0.20)2
[Cu2+] = 1.7 x 106M
Jul 281:32 PM Jul 281:34 PM
24
Chem 12 Solubility Notes
3) AgNO3 is added to a 0.10M solution of NaCl. 4) What is the maximum [SO42] that can be
What [Ag+] must be present in order to observe a present in 0.010M CaBr2 solution without a
precipitate? precipitate forming?
NaCl(aq) Na+(aq) + Cl(aq)
0.10M 0.10M
AgCl(s) Ag+(aq) + Cl(aq)
? 0.10M
Ksp = [Ag+][Cl]
Ksp from table = 1.8 x 1010
1.8 x 1010 = [Ag+](0.10)
[Ag+] = 1.8 x 109M
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4) What is the maximum [SO42] that can be 5) What [Ba2+] must be present to just start
present in 0.010M CaBr2 solution without a precipitation in a 5.0 x 104M solution of K2CrO4?
precipitate forming?
CaBr2(aq) Ca2+(aq) + 2Br(aq)
0.010M 0.010M
CaSO4(s) Ca2+(aq) + SO42(aq)
0.010M
Ksp = [Ca2+][SO42]
Ksp from table = 7.1 x 105
7.1 x 105 = (0.010)[SO42]
[SO42] = 7.1 x 103M
Jul 281:38 PM Jul 281:46 PM
5) What [Ba2+] must be present to just start XII) Hard Water
precipitation in a 5.0 x 104M solution of K2CrO4? Hard water is caused by a high concentration of
_____ and/or _____ ions in water. It's a problem
K2CrO4(aq) 2K+(aq) + CrO42(aq) in areas of the world rich in limestone (CaCO3)
5.0 x 104M 5.0 x 104M
and/or magnesite (MgCO3). Water from rivers,
BaCrO4(s) Ba2+(aq) + CrO42(aq) lakes, and streams pass over limestone rock, and
5.0 x 104M
Ca2+ ends up in water by two processes.
2+ 2
Ksp = [Ba ][CrO4 ]
Ksp from table = 1.2 x 1010
Hard water is not harmful to health, but can cause
1.2 x 1010 = [Ba2+](5.0 x 104) pipes to clog and hinders soap from creating suds
[Ba2+] = 2.4 x 107M
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Chem 12 Solubility Notes
XII) Hard Water 1) Permanent Hard Water is formed by acidic
Hard water is caused by a high concentration of water (water containing H+) due to acid rain. It is
Ca2+ Mg2+
_____ and/or _____ ions in water. It's a problem deemed 'permanent' because the reaction is not
in areas of the world rich in limestone (CaCO3) reversible:
and/or dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2). Water from rivers, CaCO3(s) + 2H+(aq) Ca2+(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
lakes, and streams pass over limestone rock, and
Ca2+ ends up in water by two processes. How do you 'soften' permanently hard water?
Hard water is not harmful to health, but can cause
pipes to clog and hinders soap from creating suds:
Jul 281:50 PM Jul 281:57 PM
1) Permanent Hard Water is formed by acidic 2) Temporary Hard Water is due to the CO2
water (water containing H+) due to acid rain. It is dissolved in regular rainwater. It is deemed
deemed 'permanent' because the reaction is not 'temporary' because it's a reversible reaction.
reversible: CaCO3(s) + CO2(aq) + H2O(l) Ca2+(aq) + 2HCO3(aq) + heat
CaCO3(s) + 2H+(aq) Ca2+(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
How do you soften temporary hard water?
How do you 'soften' permanently hard water?
add an anion such as CO32 that is
low solubility with Ca2+, hence
precipitating it out of the water
http://www.absorblearning.com/media/attachment.action?quick=v1&att=2224
Jul 281:57 PM Jul 281:58 PM
2) Temporary Hard Water is due to the CO2 Assignment 10
dissolved in regular rainwater. It is deemed Read Hebden pages 103 & 104 and do questions
'temporary' because it's a reversible reaction. 7680 on page 104
CaCO3(s) + CO2(aq) + H2O(l) Ca2+(aq) + 2HCO3(aq) + heat
How do you soften temporary hard water?
Increase the temperature of the water in order to cause a shift to the
right (endothermic direction), thereby causing the Ca2+(aq) to
precipitate out of solution as CaCO3(s)
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Chem 12 Solubility Notes
Assignment 10 XIII) Altering the Solubility of a Salt
Read Hebden pages 103 & 104 and do questions Saturated solution equations (solid on left, ions on
7680 on page 104 the right) are simply equilibrium equations. In the
equilibrium unit, we studied how concentrations
answers in the back of Hebden changes can cause a shift
AgCl(s) Ag + (aq) + Cl (aq)
What shift would occur if [Ag+ ] is increased?
How would the amount of AgCl(s) change?
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XIII) Altering the Solubility of a Salt By adding more Ag+ to increase [Ag+] or more Cl
Saturated solution equations (solid on left, ions on to increase [Cl], the equilibrium shifts _______,
the right) are simply equilibrium equations. In the resulting in more AgCl(s).
equilibrium unit, we studied how concentrations This is called the _________________________,
changes can cause a shift because an ion that is already part of the
AgCl(s) Ag + (aq) + Cl (aq) equilibrium (common to the equilibrium) is being
added. Keep in mind that Ag+ would be added
What shift would occur if [Ag+ ] is increased? with a spectator anion such as NO3, and Cl
shift left would be added with a spectator cation, such as
How would the amount of AgCl(s) change? Na+.
increase (AgCl (s) would recrystallize)
Jul 282:15 PM Jul 282:22 PM
By adding more Ag+ to increase [Ag+] or more Cl What kind of concentration change would have to
to increase [Cl], the equilibrium shifts _______,
left occur to cause a shift right?
resulting in more AgCl(s).
This is called the _________________________,
common ion effect Thus, you must add an ion that will be low
because an ion that is already part of the solubility, and hence precipitate out either Ag+ or
equilibrium (common to the equilibrium) is being Cl.
added. Keep in mind that Ag+ would be added What ion could you add (with applicable
with a spectator anion such as NO3, and Cl spectator) to precipitate out Ag+ ?
would be added with a spectator cation, such as
Na+. What ion could you add (with applicable
spectator) to precipitate out Cl?
Either of these methods would cause a shift right,
causing more AgCl(s) to dissolve.
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Chem 12 Solubility Notes
What kind of concentration change would have to Example: In which of the following 0.10M
occur to cause a shift right? solutions would CaC2 O4 dissolve the most:
decrease in [Ag+] or [Cl] NaOH, KCl, Ca(NO3 )2 ? Start by writing an
Thus, you must add an ion that will be low equilibrium reaction for calcium
solubility, and hence precipitate out either Ag+ or oxalate.
Cl. CaC2O4(s) Ca2+(aq) + C2O42(aq)
What ion could you add (with applicable
spectator) to precipitate out Ag+ ?
OH as NaOH
What ion could you add (with applicable
spectator) to precipitate out Cl?
Pb2+ as Pb(NO3)2
Either of these methods would cause a shift right,
causing more AgCl(s) to dissolve.
Jul 282:25 PM Jul 282:29 PM
Example: In which of the following 0.10M Example: In which of the following 0.10M
solutions would CaC2 O4 dissolve the most: solutions will PbCl2 dissolve the least?
NaOH, KCl, Ca(NO3 )2 ? Start by writing an HCl, MgCl2 , AgNO3 , NH4 NO3
equilibrium reaction for calcium
oxalate. PbCl2(s) Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl(aq)
CaC2O4(s) Ca2+(aq) + C2O42(aq)
Jul 282:29 PM Jul 282:36 PM
Example: In which of the following 0.10M Assignment 11
solutions will PbCl2 dissolve the least?
1) In which of the following 0.10M solutions
HCl, MgCl2, AgNO3, NH4NO3
would
PbCl2(s) Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl(aq) Sr(OH)2 dissolve the least?
A. Sr(NO3 )2 C. NaCl
MgCl2 AgNO3
Cl is Ag+ ppts
NH4NO3 B. MgS D. KBr
neither NH4+
a common with Cl or NO3 affect
ion so a shift causing the equilibrium
left occurs, [Cl ] to
therefore the decrease,
PbCl 2 thus a shift
recrystallizes right, more
PbCl2
dissolves
Jul 282:36 PM Jul 282:43 PM
28
Chem 12 Solubility Notes
Assignment 11
2) In which of the following 0.10M solutions
1) In which of the following 0.10M solutions would NaCl dissolve the most?
would Sr(OH)2 dissolve the least? A. H2 O C. NH4 Cl
A. Sr(NO3 )2 C. NaCl B. AgNO3 D. HNO 3
B. MgS D. KBr
Jul 282:43 PM Jul 282:44 PM
3) Do Hebden page 108, numbers 81, 82, 8486
2) In which of the following 0.10M solutions
would NaCl dissolve the most?
A. H2 O C. NH4 Cl
B. AgNO3 D. HNO 3
Jul 282:44 PM Jul 282:45 PM
3) Do Hebden page 108, numbers 81, 82, 8486
answers in the back of Hebden
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