A Guide to Adaptations and
Modifications
Developed in consultation with representation from the following educational associations; BC
Council of Special Educators (BCCASE), Learning Assistance Teachers’ Association (LATA),
Special Educators’ Association (SEA), Office of the Inspector of Independent Schools, and
British Columbia Teacher’s Federation (BCTF)
August 2009
A GUIDE TO ADAPTATIONS AND MODIFICATIONS
In British Columbia, three principles of learning guide practice in the development of Integrated Resource
Packages (IRPs), which contain the provincially prescribed learning outcomes for grades and subjects. These are:
• Learning requires the active participation of the student.
• Students learn in a variety of ways and at different rates.
• Learning is both an individual and group process.
These same three principles should guide the differentiation of instruction, assessment methods, and/or
materials‐‐particularly the principle that people learn in a variety of ways and at different rates.
Today’s classrooms are diverse and inclusive by nature. Differentiation of instruction and assessment and the
principles of universal design are now recognized practices for teachers.
Both differentiation and universal design provide systematic approaches to setting goals, choosing or creating
flexible materials and media, and assessment. To undertake differentiation and universal design, teachers need
to be aware of a range of accommodations (multiple means of representation, of expression, and/or of
engagement) that may be necessary to help each student in the classroom succeed. These accommodations
may take the form of adaptations and/or modifications.
Many students with special needs and significant learning challenges will be able to achieve the learning
outcomes for subjects or courses with no or minor adaptations. Some may be able to achieve the learning
outcomes of some subjects or courses with adaptations. A small proportion will need to work on individualized
outcomes, goals different than the curriculum; this is referred to as modification.
Adaptations
In BC policy, all students should have equitable access to learning, opportunities for achievement and the
pursuit of excellence in all aspects of their educational programs. (Policy Document: Special Education:
http://www.bced.gov.bc.ca/policy/policies/special_ed.htm.) Adaptations are teaching and assessment
strategies especially designed to accommodate a student’s needs so he or she can achieve the learning
outcomes of the subject or course and to demonstrate mastery of concepts. Essentially, adaptations are “best
practice” in teaching. A student working on learning outcomes of any grade or course level may be supported
through use of adaptations.
Adaptations do not represent unfair advantages to students. In fact, the opposite could be true. If appropriate
adaptations are not used, students could be unfairly penalized for having learning differences, creating serious
negative impacts to their achievement and self‐concept.
August 2009 1
Examples of Adaptations
Accommodations in the form of adaptations occur when teachers differentiate instruction, assessment and
materials in order to create a flexible learning environment. For example, a student could be working on below
grade level learning outcomes in Language Arts and at grade level in all other subjects or courses, some of which
require reading materials at the lower reading level.
Adaptations include, but are not limited to:
• audio tapes, electronic texts, or a peer helper to assist with assigned readings
• access to a computer for written assignments (e.g. use of word prediction software, spell‐checker, idea
generator)
• alternatives to written assignments to demonstrate knowledge and understanding
• advance organizers/graphic organizers to assist with following classroom presentations
• extended time to complete assignments or tests
• support to develop and practice study skills; for example, in a learning assistance block
• use of computer software which provides text to speech/speech to text capabilities
• pre‐teaching key vocabulary or concepts; multiple exposure to materials
• working on provincial learning outcomes from a lower grade level
Best practice in teaching suggests that a record of successful adaptations for any student should be kept within a
student’s file to both document current practice and support future instructional needs. In the case of a student
with special needs who has an Individual Educational Plan (IEP) or English as a Second Language students who
have Annual Instructional Plans, successful adaptations are recorded in these plans to document how the
student is being supported currently and also so other teachers will know what works well for that student.
For students with special needs, adaptations that are used for tests and exams must be included in their IEPs in
order for them to be considered for adaptations to the provincial exam conditions (adjudication).
Students whose education programs include adaptations will generally be working toward graduating with a
Dogwood Diploma.
Grading and Reporting When There Are Adaptations
Grading for students who have been provided with adaptations should be in relation to the outcomes of the
curriculum. If the learning outcomes that a student is working toward are from the curriculum of a grade level
lower than the current grade placement, this should be indicated in the IEP or learning plan and in the body of
the student’s progress report. Further information on this subject is available in the Ministry document:
Reporting Student Progress: Policy and Practice:
http://www.bced.gov.bc.ca/reportcards/09_report_student_prog.pdf
August 2009 2
Modifications
This section may not apply to students in ESL programs unless they are also identified as a student with special
needs as determined by Ministry and district processes.
Accommodations in the form of modifications are instructional and assessment‐related decisions made to
accommodate a student’s educational needs that consist of individualized learning goals and outcomes which
are different than learning outcomes of a course or subject.
When To Use Modifications
The decision to use modifications should be based on the same principle as adaptations—that all students must
have equitable access to learning, opportunities for achievement, and the pursuit of excellence in all aspects of
their educational programs. Before modifying the outcomes for a student, schools should review all
instructional interventions tried and consider assessment information, utilizing a process that is ongoing and
consultative—similar to IEP development practices overall.
Modifications should be considered for those students whose special needs are such that they are unable to
access the curriculum (i.e., students with limited awareness of their surroundings, students with fragile
mental/physical health, students medically and cognitively/multiply challenged.) Using the strategy of
modifications for students not identified as special needs should be a rare practice.
In many cases, modifications need only form part of an educational program for a student with special needs,
and they need not be a permanent or long term solution. Whether to use modifications should be reviewed on a
regular basis. Decisions about modifications should be subject or course specific wherever possible. For
example, a student with an intellectual disability may require modifications to a specific subject area such as
mathematics; however, modifications may not be required to meet the provincial outcomes in physical
education.
Although decisions about modifications to a student’s courses or subjects may take place in grades earlier than
Grade 10, a formal decision that an overall program is modified does not need to occur until Grade 10. The
decision to provide modifications, particularly at the secondary school level, will result in students earning a
School Completion Certificate upon leaving school rather than credits toward graduation or a Dogwood
Diploma. Therefore, the critical decision of whether a students’ education program should include modifications
should not be made in isolation by a single classroom teacher. The decision should be carefully and thoughtfully
made, in consultation with parents, school administration, and/or instructional support personnel. This decision
should address longer term educational, career and life goals of students and encompass plans for attaining
these goals.
August 2009 3
Examples of Modifications
An educational program for a student might include a combination of accommodations which includes
modifications. For example, a student could be working on grade level learning outcomes in Physical Education
and Health and Career Education and below grade level learning outcomes in Mathematics, all with adaptations
while at the same time working on individualized learning outcomes that meet the student’s IEP goals in all
other subjects. The individualized outcomes address functional life skills and foundational academic skills.
For students with special needs, modifications that consist of individualized learning outcomes or goals must be
included in the IEP. Some further types of modifications include:
• Content and evaluation related to the course or subject but at a lower level of conceptual difficulty that
is based on a student’s individualized outcomes or goals. When students do well on this especially
designed material, they have a chance to feel successful. For example, while students in a Grade 3 class
are researching for presentations on the solar system, a student with special needs in this class uses a
computer to drag and click planets into a template of the solar system and learns to say the names of
each planet. At the secondary level, a Grade 9 student with special needs learns how to count change
and manage a personal budget while other students are introduced to algebraic expressions.
• Only portions of the learning outcomes are addressed so that a student may participate in the classroom
and feel success even though they are working at a conceptual level significantly different from the
other students. For example, in a science class a student with special needs learns to identify safe and
dangerous chemicals used in the lab, while other students carry out a chemistry experiment.
• Although related to the outcomes of the curriculum, the goals for a student with special needs are
significantly different. For example, while other students are learning how to read and respond to text in
a Grade 4 classroom, a student with special needs is learning how to listen to stories at a pre‐primary
level and when to turn the page at the appropriate time using assistive technology.
Grading and Reporting When there are Modifications
If schools are using BCeSIS or Student Achievement Data Exchange (SADE) to record progress for students in
Grades 4 to 12, a value is required to be entered to maintain student records over time. For more information
about BCeSIS, please contact your local school district. For more information about SADE, please see the
following link: http://www.bced.gov.bc.ca/datacollections/sade/
Progress reports to parents for students with special needs who are working toward individualized outcomes or
goals in an IEP rather than the outcomes of the curriculum for that subject or course may be done using
structured written comments or letter grades. The most appropriate form of reporting for the student should
be determined collaboratively at the school level. If letter grades are used when modifications have been made,
the body of the student progress report should state that the evaluation is in relation to the individualized
outcomes or goals and not in relation to learning outcomes for the subject or course. The specific IEP outcomes
or goals evaluated should be included in the student progress report. Further information on this subject is
available in the Ministry document: Reporting Student Progress: Policy and Practice:
http://www.bced.gov.bc.ca/reportcards/09_report_student_prog.pdf
August 2009 4
Continue with differentiation of instruction
Is the student struggling with some course using adaptations and universal design for
or subject? No learning concepts noting strategies that
work particularly well for the student.
Yes
Try different strategies and Adaptation or
monitor.
Modification Decision
Path
This guide reflects the
collaborative process which might
Did the student Yes
demonstrate improvement? be used to determine if a student
requires adaptations or
modifications.
No
Foundational to the process are
Consult with others, review assessment the following;
information, initiate further assessments or
make referrals, gather ideas for other • The principle that students learn
adaptations. in a variety of ways and at
different rates
• Teachers engage in
differentiation of instruction as
Did the student demonstrate Yes best practise
improvement?
• Students who require
No
adaptations or modifications
No
may only need them in some
subjects or courses
Consult with others. Does the student require • Modifications to a student’s
individualized goals/outcomes other than those of
the course or subject? learning outcomes might be
considered as a short term
Yes solution with the goal of
transitioning back to course or
Modifications subject outcomes wherever
possible.
In which courses or subjects? Which learning outcomes?
Include goals to assist in
transitioning back to the course or
Monitor the plan subject learning outcomes
No Is this a short term plan? Yes (wherever possible) and monitor
within the regular IEP
cycle. within the regular IEP cycle.