SAINT TONIS COLLEGE, INC.
Formerly Kalinga Christian Learning Center
P. 4, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
Philippines 3800
College of Teacher Education
Name:
Course and Year
Course Code FM 102
Course Title Fluid Mechanic
Module # 4
I. INTRODUCTION
In this module, you will learn about the different fundamental conservation laws associated with
fluid mechanics. These laws are very important since they lay the foundation of governing equation that
we will use to describe fluid flow.
II. LEARNING CONTENT: Introduction to Fluid Dynamics; Fundamental Conservation Laws
Associated with Fluid Mechanics
III. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After going through this module, you are expected to;
a) identify the different fundamental laws governing fluid flow;
b) explain how these laws are applied in fluids; and
c) solve problems involving conservation of mass in fluid flow.
IV. LESSON PROPER
A. REVIEW/MOTIVATION
Archimedes’ principle states that an object submerged wholly or partially in a fluid is buoyed up by a
force equal to the weight of fluid it displaces
FB = mFg = ρFVdisplacedg
B. DISCUSSION
Three laws form the basis for our study of fluid mechanics
1) Conservation of mass
It states that mass can neither be created nor destroyed
Conservation of mass takes in consideration that mass cannot be created or destroyed. This
means what goes in must come out. The inflows, outflows and change in storage of mass in a
system must be in balance.
The Law of Mass Conservation is fundamental in fluid mechanics and a basis for
the Equation of Continuity and the Bernoulli Equation.
An Institution of the United Church of Christ in the Philippines (UCCP)
Member: Association of Christian Schools, Colleges and Universities (ACSCU)
UCCP Church- Related Educational Action Towards Empowerment (UCCP-CREATE)
Cordillera Schools Group (CSG)
SAINT TONIS COLLEGE, INC.
Formerly Kalinga Christian Learning Center
P. 4, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
Philippines 3800
College of Teacher Education
If the outflow is higher than the inflow - the change of mass dM is negative but, if the inflow
is higher than the outflow, the mass in a system increases.
The mass flow in and out of a control volume (through a physical or virtual boundary) for a
limited increment of time can be computed using the equation;
dM = ρiviAidt - ρovoAodt
Where; dM = change of storage of mass in the system (kg)
ρ = density (kg/m3)
v = speed (m/s)
A = area (m2)
dT = increment in time (s)
Sample problem: Water with density 1000 kg/m3 flows into a tank through a pipe with inside
diameter 50 mm. The velocity of the fluid in the pipe is 2 m/s. The water flows out of the tank through a
pipe with inside diameter 30 mm with a velocity of 2.5 m/s. Calculate the change in tank content after
20mins.
dM = ρiviAidt - ρovoAodt
dM = (1000 kg/m3)(2m/s)[ ] (1200s) - (1000 kg/m3)(2.5m/s) )[ ] (1200s)
dM = 2,591.85kg
MASS FLOW VS VOLUMETRIC FLOW
Mass flow measures the number of molecules in a flowing gas.
Volumetric flow measures the space that those molecules occupy. Because gases are
compressible, volumetric flow rates can change substantially when pressure or temperature
changes.
Mass flow rate is a measure of the number of molecules that flow through the instrument,
regardless of how much space those molecules occupy. Mass flow rate is often expressed as a
standardized (or normalized) volumetric flow rate, which is the amount of space that those
molecules would occupy if measured under standard temperature and pressure conditions (STP,
or NTP).
An Institution of the United Church of Christ in the Philippines (UCCP)
Member: Association of Christian Schools, Colleges and Universities (ACSCU)
UCCP Church- Related Educational Action Towards Empowerment (UCCP-CREATE)
Cordillera Schools Group (CSG)
SAINT TONIS COLLEGE, INC.
Formerly Kalinga Christian Learning Center
P. 4, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
Philippines 3800
College of Teacher Education
Take not that change in mass can be computed using the equation ρ = which is equal to m =
ρ∆v. We can substitute this to the equation to arrive with the equation;
Now, the change in volume can be expressed as = A∆d, we can substitute this again in the
equation and come up with a new equation;
And then, if we divide the displacement ∆d by the change in time ∆t, that will result to velocity
v, and substituting this to the equation,
= ρAv
Where ∆m = change in mass
∆t = change in time
ρ = density
A = cross sectional area
V = speed
Sample problem: Water flows through a circular pipe with a radius of 15cm at a rate of 1.5m/s
into a storage tank. (a) Calculate the mass flow rate. (b) Calculate the water that will flow into
the storage tank in 10minutes. (How long will it take for 250,000kg of water to enter into the
storage?
(a) = (1,000kg/m3)(3.1416)(0.15m)2(1.5m/s) = 106.29kg/s
(b) = 106.29kg/s ∆m = ∆t( ) ∆m = (600s)(106.29kg/s) = 63,774kg
(c) = 106.29kg/s ∆t = ∆t = ∆t = 39.2minutes
Volumetric flow rate is a measure of the 3-dimensional space that the gas occupies as it flows
through the instrument under the measured pressure and temperature conditions. Volumetric
flow rate can also be called actual flow rate. This is mathematically expresses as
Volume is equal to area x height, therefore we can substitute it in the equation to arrive with;
.
An Institution of the United Church of Christ in the Philippines (UCCP)
Member: Association of Christian Schools, Colleges and Universities (ACSCU)
UCCP Church- Related Educational Action Towards Empowerment (UCCP-CREATE)
Cordillera Schools Group (CSG)
SAINT TONIS COLLEGE, INC.
Formerly Kalinga Christian Learning Center
P. 4, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
Philippines 3800
College of Teacher Education
If we divide ∆H with , the result is velocity v, and we can substitute this to the equation, thus
arriving with the simplest form of the equation;
= Av
SAMPLE PROBLEM: Water flows through a circular pipe with diameter of 10cm at a rate of
2.5m/s into a rectangular pool. (a) Calculate the volume flow rate. (b) How long will it take to
fill a rectangular pool that is 15m long, 12m wide and 3m high?
a. = Av = (0.05m)2(2.5m/s) = 0.0196m3/s
b. Solve for the volume
V=lxwxh V = 15m(12m)(3m) = 540m3
x x x = 7.65hrs.
2) Conservation of momentum
Linear momentum is the product of mass and velocity. This means that a fluid stream linear
momentum (Mv) changes if its direction, speed or velocity changes.
This is used to identify the force of liquid running in pipes. The momentum of a system remains
constant if no external forces acting on the system.
The rate of change of momentum in a control volume is equal to the rate of momentum inflow to
control volume minus the rate of momentum outflow from control volume plus the sum forces
acting on the control volume.
(To be discussed further in the next module)
3) Conservation of energy/ First law of Thermodynamics
The law that relates heat transfer, work, and energy change
The rate of feat transfer to a system minus the rate at which the system does work equals the rate
at which the energy of the system is changing.
A. SUMMARY
Three such laws form the basis of fluid mechanics. The firsts is the Law of Conservation of mass
which states that matter is indestructible. The second law is the Law of conservation of Momentum
which states that the sum of all external forces acting on a system is equal to the time rate of change of
linear momentum of the system. The third law is the Conservation of energy/First Law of
thermodynamics which states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant.
An Institution of the United Church of Christ in the Philippines (UCCP)
Member: Association of Christian Schools, Colleges and Universities (ACSCU)
UCCP Church- Related Educational Action Towards Empowerment (UCCP-CREATE)
Cordillera Schools Group (CSG)
SAINT TONIS COLLEGE, INC.
Formerly Kalinga Christian Learning Center
P. 4, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
Philippines 3800
College of Teacher Education
Name:
Course and Year
Course Code FM 102
Course Title Fluid Mechanic
Module # 4
V. EVALUATION: Solve the following problems correctly. Write your solutions in a whole sheet of pad
paper and encircle your final answer.
1. Water is flowing through a pipe with an inside diameter of 30cm. The volumetric flow
rate is 25L/minute. Determine;
a) Mass flow rate in m3/s
b) The velocity of the water in m/s
c) The time it takes to fill a cylindrical tank with height 3m and a diameter of 5ft.
2. Compute the flow rate of fluid if it is moving with the velocity of 50 inches/s through a tube of
diameter 0.50 m
3. A fluid is moving through a tube at a speed of 15 meters per second. The tube has an area of 35
square inches. The density of the fluid is given as \rho = 3.5 grams per cubic meter. Determine the
amount of mass flowing through the tube using Mass Flow Rate Formula.
VI. REFLECTION: Why is it necessary to check regularly the mass flow rate in the case of a dam?
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VII. REFERENCES
Giancoli, Douglas C. (2015). Physics principles with application. Lake Avenue United States of
America. Pearson Education Inc.
Potter, Merle C., Wiggert David C., Ramdan, Bassem H. (2012). Mechanics of Fluids. Pasig City. Hiyas
Press Inc.
CONGRATULATIONS! YOU HAVE COMPLETED MODULE 4!
If you have questions, feel free to message me.
Messenger account name: Chriscel V. Gallema / 0967-772-8951
An Institution of the United Church of Christ in the Philippines (UCCP)
Member: Association of Christian Schools, Colleges and Universities (ACSCU)
UCCP Church- Related Educational Action Towards Empowerment (UCCP-CREATE)
Cordillera Schools Group (CSG)
