Module Code

M2H624929
1.

Electronic and COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Measurement Lab SULTANATE OF OMAN

2019 - 2020

LABORATORY MANUAL
Semester B

Lab Instructor
Ms. Halima Al Ghafri
Ms. Aziza Al Toubi

Module Leader / Tutor

Mr D Ragavesh

Department of Electrical &

Communication
Engineering
Contents

S No Title Page No

List of Experiments 3

Preface 4

1 Module Details 5

2 Aim and Objectives 5

3 Syllabus 5

4 Learning Outcomes 6

5 Learning and Teaching Strategy 6

6 Weekly Teaching Schedule 7

7 Assessment Strategy 8

8 Lab Report Evaluation Criteria and guidelines 8-9

9 General lab safety rules & precautions 10-11

Experiments 12-39

Appendix- 1. Pin out of IC’s used 40

Appendix -2. General Procedure for Circuit 41

Simulation using ORCAD
Appendix -3. Laboratory skill card 42

Appendix-4. Laboratory Risk Assessment Form 43

Template for cover page of Lab report 44

Electronic and Measurement Lab- M2H624929 (2019 –2020) Rev: 01 Semester: B 2|Page
List of Experiments

Page
Sl.No Title of the experiment
No:

1 Zener Diode as Voltage Regulator 12

2 Transistor Characteristics (Simulation) 15

3 Operational amplifier – Inverting & non-inverting (Simulation) 18

4(a) First order Active High Pass Filter 21

4(b) Design of a Wien Bridge Oscillator using Op-Amp 24

5 Design of a combinational digital circuit (half adder, Gray code converter) 26

6 Familiarization of Flip-Flops 29

7 Design of a Free running Multi vibrator using 555 IC 31

Context Based Problem

8(a) Study of temperature measurement with thermocouple 34

8(b) Study of displacement sensing using linear variable displacement

36
transformer(LVDT)
Preface

This lab manual is intended to provide you with a concise guide in respect of Electronic and
Measurement Lab (M2H624929). This manual provides you with the information related to all
the experiments to be conducted and it remains as a course guide to achieve the module
objective. It is recommended that the students go through the text books and references
mentioned so as to have a detailed understanding of the module. In this module handbook,
you will find information and advice that will be helpful for you as you progress through the
module.

Grateful acknowledgement is made to all the authors whose works have been cited as
examples from their books, journals and projects.
1. Module Details

Programme Module Level and Co- Requisite

Module Title Credits
Name Code Semester Knowledge

BEng
Honours in Electronic and Electrical and
Level 2
Electrical M2H624929 Measurement 10 Electronic
Semester B
Power Lab Measurements
Engineering

2. Aim And Objectives

The aim of this lab module is to develop the practical skills of the students in accordance
with theoretical knowledge and understanding they have gained in Electronic Engineering
module and Electrical and Electronic Measurements module. Hands on experiments enable
the students to relate theoretical concepts to practical experience. The students acquire
practical knowhow regarding the operation of various analog and digital circuits as well as the
different measurement techniques used.

The specific objectives are to provide:

1. An understanding on the fundamental concepts of Analog & Digital electronic devices
and linear integrated circuits.
2. Detailed insight on the basic concepts of electrical and electronic measurements using
analog and digital instruments.

3. Syllabus

The laboratory syllabus will cover the following major topics:

 Zener Diode as voltage regulator, Transistor Characteristics.
 Operational Amplifier – Inverting and Non-inverting Amplifier
 First order Active Low Pass Filter
 Wien Bridge Oscillator using opamp, Astable multivibrator using 555 Timer
 Measurement of three phase power using two wattmeter method and using power
meter.
 Study of Logic Circuits – D and JK Flip Flops, Binary to Gray Code Converter.
 Transducers- LVDT and Thermocouple.
4. Learning Outcomes
On successful completion of this module the student will be able to:
1. Plot the characteristics of a Bipolar Junction Transistor. (AM1,AM4)
2. Design and implement a voltage regulator circuit using Zener diode for a given
specification and test its performance. (AM1,AM4)
3. Design and test Operational Amplifier based inverting, non-inverting and summing
amplifier, Wien Bridge Oscillator and filters. (AM1,AM4)
4. Design and test 555 timer based multi-vibrator circuits. (AM1,AM4)
5. Build digital electronic circuits to verify the truth tables of half adder, full adder,
binary to gray code converter and flip-flops. (AM1,AM4)
6. Measure various physical/electrical quantities using electronic
equipment/transducers (AM1, AM4)

5. Learning and Teaching Strategy

This module will be delivered through 2 contact hours per week, which will solely be devoted
for laboratory exercises.
6. Weekly teaching schedule
Date of
Week
commencem Lab exercise Remarks
No.
ent of week
1 23 Feb 20 Module and Lab Induction.
2 01 Mar 20 Zener Diode as Voltage Regulator Lab Expt. 1

3 08 Mar 20
Transistor Characteristics (Simulation) Lab Expt. 2. Submission of lab
report 1.

4 15 Mar 20
Operational amplifier – Inverting & non- Lab Expt. 3. Submission of lab
inverting (Simulation) report 2.
First Order Active High Pass Filter (OR)
5 22 Mar 20 Lab Expt. 4. Submission of lab
Wien Bridge Oscillator using Operational report 3.
amplifier
Lab Expt. 5. Submission of lab
6 29 Mar 20 Design of Combinational digital circuits - 1 report 4.

7 5 Apr 20 Lab mid-term examination

12 Apr 20 Mid-term week
8 19 Apr 20 Design of Combinational digital circuits - 2 Lab Expt. 5.

Lab Expt. 6. Submission of lab

9 26 Apr 20 Familiarization of Flip-flops report 5.

10 03 May 20
Design of a lamp flasher using an IC 555 Lab Expt. 7. Submission of lab
timer. report 6.
Study of temperature measurement with
thermocouple (OR)
11 10 May 20 Lab Expt. 8. Submission of lab
report 7.
Study of displacement sensing using linear
variable displacement transformer(LVDT)
12 17 May 20 Practice lab session / End - Term Submission of lab report 8.

13 24 May 20 End - Term

List of Text Books / References

R.K. Rajput, 2013, Electrical and Electronic Measurements and Instrumentation. 5th edition. S.
T1
Chand & Company Ltd. (P) Ltd.

Cooper W.D. & Helfrick A.D, 2002. Modern Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement
R1
Techniques. 5th edition. New Delhi: Prentice-Hall India. (P) Ltd.

Golding E.W and.Widdis F.C, Electrical Measurement and Measuring Instrument. 5 th edition.
R2
India: A.H.Wheeler &Co. (P) Ltd

Morris A. S., 2001. Measurement and Instrumentation Principles. Butterworth-Heinemann, UK.

E1 ebrary [Online] Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/caledonian-
ebooks/detail.action?docID=297105 . [Accessed: 23 January 2019].
7. Assessment Strategy
This module is assessed by 100% Continuous Assessments (CA). Mark distribution and
weightage of the various assessment components are given below.

Marks
Sl. No. Type of assessment Description Weightage
(Maximum)

1 Mid-Term Lab Test Unseen lab test 25 Marks 25%

2 Coursework Lab exercise, report and viva 50 Marks 50%

3 End-Term Lab Test Unseen lab test 25 Marks 25%

Overall 100%

Pass Requirement
(Minimum Marks) Students should obtain a minimum of 50% marks for passing in this module.

8. Lab Report Evaluation Criteria and guidelines

Each lab experiment will be evaluated based on the lab report submitted by the student and
their performance in the lab.

Guidelines and Instructions regarding lab work and submission of lab report:

1. All laboratory exercises are mandatory and students should not miss any lab session.

2. Student should prepare lab reports for each experiment and submit them in the week
following each lab session. Late submissions will not be accepted.

3. Each lab report should contain the following details.

 Aim and objectives
 Components and equipment required
 Design and Circuit diagram
 Theory
 Procedure
 Result (Observation table/calculations/discussions/graph)
 Conclusion
4. A cover page containing the details of the student and the experiment conducted should
also be attached along with the report. (For cover page use the template given at the end
of this manual).
5. Feedback given by the tutor or instructor on students’ performance in lab or the lab reports
should be taken up positively and used for improvement in the forthcoming lab sessions.
6. Towards the end of the semester skills achieved by the students through the various lab
exercises will be assessed (See the lab skill card used for this purpose in Appendix -3).
Students who fail to exhibit satisfactory level of skill achievement will be required to repeat
all or part of the experiments till they achieve the required skills.

7. Upon completion of all the experiments, the lab reports should be consolidated and
submitted in CCELearn.

8. The lab reports along with students’ performance in the lab will together account for 50%
of the continuous assessment.

IN CASE OF SHOCK

In case of shock from equipments, appliances, or outlet extensions, the victim should
be freed from contact with the electricity by turning off the supply switch or by removing the
plug from its receptacle. If the switch or receptacle cannot be quickly located, the suspected
electrical device may be pulled free of the victim. Other persons arriving on the scene must be
clearly warned not to touch the suspected equipment until it is de-energized.

The injured person should be pulled free of contact with stationary equipment (such as a
bus bar) if the equipment cannot be quickly deenergized or if the survival of others relies on
the electricity and prevents immediate shutdown of the circuits. This can be done quickly and
easily by carefully applying the following procedures:

1) Protect yourself with dry insulating material.

2) Use a dry board, belt, clothing, or other available nonconductive material to free the
victim from electrical contact.

3) Do NOT touch the victim until the source of electricity has been removed.

Once the victim has been removed from the electrical source, it should be determined whether
the person is breathing. If the person is not breathing, a method of artificial respiration is to be
provided.

IN CASE OF EMERGENCIES PLEASE REPORT TO LAB–INCHARGE OR EMERGENCY

NUMBERS DISPLAYED.
GENERAL LAB SAFETY RULES & PRECAUTIONS

The following general rules and precautions are of supreme importance and are always to be
followed in laboratories. These rules are for the safety of experimenters, observers and other
people in the lab.

Students are advised to follow the lab safety rules strictly

Execution of Lab work in a safe manner is even more important than performing accurate
measurements and construction of neat circuits. The first step is always to become familiar
with the Lab itself. You should know where the fire extinguishers are and where the
emergency exits is located. Equally important is the location of nearest phone to call for help.
You should also know all equipments and substances that are used in the Lab to take the
necessary precautions.

1. Keep the work area and workbench clean and clear from unwanted items and items not
used in the experiment.

2. All connecting wires and cables should be carefully arranged so that people will not step
or trip over them.

3. Make sure that all the connections are in agreement with the approved circuit diagram.
Never make changes of connections or wiring on live circuits.

4. DOUBLE CHECK circuits for proper connections and polarity prior to applying the power.
Observe POLARITY when connecting polarized components or test equipment into a
circuit, especially with electrolytic capacitors.

5. While making connections, connect the power source at the last. While disconnecting,
disconnect the power source at first.

6. Before connecting the power source get your connections checked and approved by your
instructor.

7. Always make sure that the power switch is OFF before plugging into the outlet. Turn
OFF the instruments and equipments and also the mains before plugging into or
unplugging from the outlet.

8. When unplugging a power cord, pull on the plug, not on the cable.

9. When using a multiple range meters always use the higher range first to determine the
feasibility of using lower ranges.

10. Report any damages to equipment, hazards, and potential hazards noticed, to the
laboratory instructor.

11. Before using any specific equipment, refer the instruction manual provided by the
manufacturer of the equipment. Information regarding safe use and possible hazards
should be studied carefully. Use only the tool designed to do the job in hand.

12. While working in Electrical power Lab, always keeps the body, or any part of it, away and
out of the circuit. When making measurements, if it is essential to touch or hold an
instrument, make it a habit to use only one hand at a time. Never touch the circuits by
both hands.

13. Appropriate personal protective clothing must be worn at all times in laboratories and
comply with instructions to students.
14. Don’t wear any loose conductive jewelry and trinkets, including rings, which may come in
contact with exposed circuits. Also avoid wearing long loose ties, scarves, or other loose
clothing while working around moving/ rotating machinery. The possibility exists for such
items to be caught in moving parts.

15. Never work alone in the laboratory. There must be at least two persons in the laboratory
while working on live circuits.

16. Each group is responsible for their Work bench. After the Lab exercise is over, all
equipment should be powered down and all probes, cords, etc. returned to their proper
position. Do not cut and drop wires on the Lab bench. Lose cut wires have caused many
short circuits.

17. Don’t use any ungrounded electrical or electronic apparatus in the laboratory unless it is
double insulated or battery operated.

18. Don’t keep fluids, chemicals, or heated bodies near the instruments and circuits.

19. No open drinks and/or food are allowed near the Lab benches. Spilled drinks have
caused many accidents.
Experiment - 1
ZENER DIODE AS VOLTAGE REGULATOR
Aim: To design and test shunt voltage regulator using Zener diode.
Objectives:
1. To set up the circuit of a shunt voltage regulator using zener diode.
2. To calculate the line regulation and load regulation and to plot the regulation
characteristics.

Pre-lab task:
Collect the datasheet of the Zener diode and identify the various Zener parameters.

Components & Equipments Required:

Regulated DC Power Supply, Digital multimeter, Bread Board, Zener Diode (1N4735A -6.2V),
Fixed Resistors (150, 680, 820, 1k)

Theory:
Voltage regulation is a measure of the circuit’s ability to maintain a constant output voltage
irrespective of the changes in input voltage or load current. The zener diode when operated in
the breakdown or zener region, will maintain a substantially constant voltage for a large value
of current through it. This characteristic permits it to be used as a voltage regulator. The
resistor R1 limits the zener current from exceeding its rated maximum (IZ max).
Load Regulation: It is the change in the regulated output voltage when the load current is
changed from minimum (no load) to maximum (full load). Load Regulation is expressed in
percentage;
% Load Regulation = {(VNL – VFL) / VFL} × 100
Line Regulation: It is defined as the percentage change in output voltage for a change in
input voltage.
% Line Regulation = {(Change in output voltage) / (Change in input voltage)} × 100

Circuit diagram:

Fig. 1
Procedure:
A) Load Regulation
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Keeping the input voltage Vin constant, measure the load current and load voltage.
3. Repeat Step 2 for various values of load resistance.
4. Plot the load regulation characteristics (Vout Versus IL).

5. Calculate the % load regulation using the formula

B) Line Regulation
1. Keeping the load resistor RL = 1kΩ, vary the input voltage in steps (say from 8V to 12 V)
and measure the corresponding output voltage at each step.
2. Plot the line regulation characteristics (Vout Versus Vin).

3. Calculate the % line regulation using the formula

Observations:
Table 1: Load Regulation

Vin (V) RL () Vout (V) IL (mA)

10V 680 
10V 820
10V 1k

% load regulation,

Table2: Line Regulation

Input Voltage Output Voltage

RL ()
Vin (V) Vout (V)

1 kΩ
1 kΩ
1 kΩ
1kΩ
1kΩ

% line regulation, =
Graph:

Result & Discussions:

Conclusion:
Experiment – 2

TRANSISTOR CHARACTERISTICS (SIMULATION USING ORCAD

SOFTWARE)
Aim: To plot input and output characteristics curve of a Transistor

Objectives:
To study and plot the input and output characteristics of a Bipolar Junction Transistor
connected in Common emitter configuration using ORCAD Software.

Components & Equipments Required:

ORCAD Software

Theory:
A bipolar junction transistor is a semiconductor device with three terminals and two p-n
junctions. The three terminals are emitter, collector and base. A transistor can be connected in
three configurations: Common Base, Common Emitter, and Common Collector.
Common Emitter Configuration: The emitter terminal is made common to the input and
output. The input is applied between the base and emitter and the output is taken across the
emitter and collector.
Input Characteristics: The curve plotted between the base current and the base-emitter
voltage at constant collector- emitter voltage.
Output Characteristics: The curve plotted between collector current and the collector –emitter
voltage at constant base current.

Circuit diagram:

Vbe
R1

470k Vce
R2

1k
Q1

Q2N3904
I1
50uAdc
V1
15Vdc

0
Procedure:

1. Draw the circuit diagram using ORCAD Software. (Refer to Appendix 2 for general
procedure for circuit simulation using ORCAD).
2. The analysis settings for the simulation profile to plot the input characteristics of the
transistor (CE) are as follows:
Analysis Type: DC Sweep
Options – Primary Sweep
>
Sweep Variable: Current Source, Name: I1 (name should be same as in your
schematic)
Sweep Type: Linear > Start Value: 1u
End Value: 100u
Increment: 10u
Options – Secondary Sweep >
Sweep Variable: Voltage Source, Name: V1 (name should be same as in
your schematic)
Sweep Type: Linear > Start Value: 1
End Value: 15
Increment: 5
3. Run the simulation.
4. In the simulation window, select Plot > Axis Settings > X- Axis Variable. Choose the
appropriate X-Axis Variable (Base - Emitter Voltage).
5. From Trace Dropdown Menu, select Add Trace and chose the appropriate Variable (Base
Current).
6. To plot the output characteristics, either create a new simulation profile or edit the already
created simulation profile.
The analysis settings for the simulation profile to plot the output characteristics of the
transistor (CE) are as follows:
Analysis Type: DC Sweep
Options – Primary Sweep
>
Sweep Variable: Voltage Source, Name: V1 (name should be same as in your
schematic)
Sweep Type: Linear > Start Value: 1
End Value: 15
Increment:
0.5 Options – Secondary Sweep >
Sweep Variable: Current Source, Name: I1 (name should be same as in your
schematic)
Sweep Type: Linear > Start Value: 1u
End Value: 50u
Increment: 10u
Expected Output waveform:

OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS
INPUT CHARACTERISTICS

Observations:

Result & Discussions:

Conclusion:
EXPERIMENT – 3

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER – INVERTING & NON-INVERTING

(SIMULATION USING ORCAD SOFTWARE)

Aim: To construct and operational amplifier based inverting and non-inverting amplifier.
Objectives:
To simulate the circuits of op-amp inverting and non-inverting amplifiers using ORCAD
software and to observe the output waveforms.

Components & Equipments Required:

ORCAD Software

Theory:
An inverting amplifier is the one in which the input signal is connected to the inverting input
terminal and the non - inverting input terminal is grounded. The output voltage is fed back to
the inverting terminal through the Rf – R1 network, where Rf is the feedback resistor. The
equation for voltage gain of inverting amplifier is

The negative sign indicates a phase shift of 180̊ between the input and the output.

The non - inverting amplifier amplifies without inverting the input signal. The input signal is
connected to the non-inverting terminal and the inverting input terminal is grounded. It also
has a negative feedback system as the output is fed back to the inverting input terminal. The
equation for voltage gain of non-inverting amplifier is

By changing the value of the feedback resistors, we can change the gain of the circuit.

Circuit diagram:
Rf
R2

10k
+Vcc

+Vcc
-Vcc
15Vdc
4

R1
1
V-

- OS1
Vout
2 1k uA741
VOFF = 0 OUT

6
VAMPL = 1 V1 3 5
0 + OS2
FREQ = 1k 7
-Vcc U2 V+
15Vdc
+Vcc

-Vcc 0
Fig. 1 Inverting Amplifier
R2Rf

+Vcc 10k
-Vcc

+Vcc
R1 4
15Vdc V-
2 1
- OS1
10k
uA741OUT
Vout

0
VOFF = 0 5
3 7 OS2
+
V1 U2 V+

15Vdc VAMPL = +Vcc

-Vcc 1 FREQ =
1k

-Vcc
0

Fig. 2 Non-inverting Amplifier

Procedure:

1. Draw the circuit diagram using ORCAD Software. (Refer to Appendix 2 for general
procedure for circuit simulation using ORCAD).
2. The analysis settings for the simulation profile should be as follows:
Analysis Type: Time Domain (Transient)
Options – General Settings > Modify the run time to 1ms.
3. Run the simulation.
4. In the simulation window, from Trace Dropdown Menu, select Add Trace and chose the
input voltage and output voltage and observe the waveforms.
5. Vary the value of feedback resistor and run the simulation again and observe the
waveforms and note the changes.

Observations:
a) Inverting amplifier

Gain (measured)
Rf V0ut Gain (calculated)
Av= V0/Vin
Av= - Rf/RI

10 k

12 kΩ
Phase shift =
b) Non inverting amplifier

Gain (calculated) Gain (measured)

Rf Vout
Av= 1+ Rf/RI Av= V0/Vin

10 k

100 k

Phase shift =

Expected Input and Output waveforms:

a. Inverting Amplifier

b. Non Inverting Amplifier

Result & Discussions:

Conclusion:
Experiment – 4
(A) FIRST ORDER ACTIVE HIGH PASS FILTER

Aim: To design and test first order active high pass filter using operational amplifier.
Objectives:
a) To study the circuit of a first order active high pass filter and plot its frequency
response curve and determine the cut off frequency.
b) To compare the theoretical and practical cut off.

Components & Equipments Required:

Opamp -IC 741, Resistors 10 k (2 No.), 100 k, Capacitor 0.01f, Function Generator, CRO

Theory:
Filters are frequency selective networks that pass signals within a specified band of
frequencies and blocks or attenuate signals of other frequencies.
High pass filter
High pass filters allow frequency from 0 Hz to some high value (which is known as the
critical frequency,) to pass through the circuit without attenuation and all the other frequencies
are rejected. Critical frequency is the frequency at which the gain reduces to 70.7% of its
maximum value.
In 1st order LPF, only one resistor and capacitor will be present. The critical frequency
is given by the equation fc = 1/2RC. When the applied frequency is greater than the
critical frequency, the output voltage reduces at the rate of –20dB/decade.

Circuit diagram:

Fig.1: First Order Active High Pass Filter

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig.1.

2. Apply an input signal of 1V peak to peak amplitude.
3. Vary the frequency from 50 Hz to 50 KHz in steps.
4. Note down the corresponding output voltage at each frequency step.
5. Calculate the theoretical pass band gain using the equation Av = 1+Rf/R1.
6. Plot the frequency response curve and determine the practical values of pass band
gain and critical frequency.

Output waveform:

Observations:
Vin = 1 V (peak to peak)

Frequency Voltage gain = Voltage gain in dB =

Log (f) Vout (p_p)
(Hz) Vout/Vin 20 × log (Vout/Vin)

50

100

500

1000

1500

2000

2500
3000

4000

5000

6000

8000

10000

20000

50000

Theoretical Pass Band Gain, Av = 1+Rf/R1 =

Critical Frequency = 1/2RC =

Result & Discussions:

Conclusion:
Experiment - 4
(B) DESIGN OF A WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR USING OP-AMP

Aim: To design and test Wien bridge oscillator using operational amplifier.

Objectives:
To set up a Wien Bridge Oscillator circuit using op-amp, observe the output waveform and
measure its frequency.

Components & Equipments Required:

Regulated DC Power Supply, CRO, Digital Multimeter, Bread Board, IC 741, Fixed Resistors -
1.5 k (2 No.s), 1kΩ and 4.7kΩ Pot, Capacitors - 0.1µF (2 No.s).

Theory:
A Wien bridge oscillator is one of the simplest oscillator circuits which basically consist of an
amplifier connected in its non-inverting configuration with a gain 3 (to satisfy Barkhausen Criteria)
and in which a balanced Wien bridge network is used as the feedback element. The bridge has a
series RC network in one arm and a parallel RC network in the adjoining arm; on the remaining
two arms of the bridge resistors R1 and R2 are connected. The phase angle criterion for the
oscillator is that the total phase shift around the circuit must be 0°. This condition occurs only
when the bridge is balanced. i.e. at resonance. At resonant frequency f r, the attenuation is
minimum.
The attenuation provided by the circuit is 1/3 and the resonant frequency is

Circuit diagram:

R1 = 2 R2 for oscillation

Fig. 1 Wien Bridge Oscillator

Procedure:
1. Set up the circuit as shown in Fig.1.
2. Adjust the 4.7 k pot in the feedback circuit so as to obtain a sine wave at the output.
3. Measure the resistance of the pot using multimeter.
4. Draw the output waveform and note down the amplitude and frequency of the output..

Observations:

R= 1.5kΩ, C =0.1µF
Output Voltage, Time period Frequency Frequency
Sl.No
Vout (in volts) (in ms) measured (1/T) Calculated (1/ 2πRC)

Expected Output Waveform:

Result & Discussions:

Conclusion:
Experiment 5
DESIGN OF A COMBINATIONAL DIGITAL CIRCUIT
Aim: To construct and test combinational digital circuit.

Objectives:
To build a half adder circuit using logic gates and verify its truth table.
To study the operation binary to gray code converter.

Components & Equipments Required:

IC 7408, IC7486, IC7432, Bread board, Logic Probe, DC Power supply and connecting leads.

Theory:
Half Adder
A logic circuit used for the addition of two one-bit numbers is referred to as a half adder. It
accepts two binary digits as its inputs and produces two binary digits at the output, a sum bit
(Σ) and a carry bit (Cout). The simplest half-adder design incorporates an XOR gate for the
sum bit and an AND gate for the carry bit. The input variables of a half adder are called the
augend and addend bits.

Logic expression

Circuit Diagram

Fig.1 Half Adder

Procedure

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure. Refer to the pin diagrams of the given IC’s
(Appendix 1). Connect pin 7 of the IC to GND and pin 14 to VCC.
2. Give the inputs and check for the corresponding outputs.
3. To give Logic 0 at the input, connect the input to GND (pin 7). To give a Logic HIGH,
connect the input to VCC (pin 14).
4. Verify the truth table.
Observations:
Truth Table for Half Adder Circuit

Input Output
A B Cout Sum
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1

Binary to Gray Code Converter

A code converter is a conversion circuit that makes two different systems compatible even
though each of them uses a different coding system.
The Gray code is unweighted and is not an arithmetic code. There are no specific weights
assigned to the bit positions. The important feature of Gary code is that it exhibits only a single
bit change from one code word to the next in the sequence. In the conversion process, the
most significant bit (MSB) of the binary code is taken as the MSB of the gray code. The bit
positions G2, G1 and G0 are obtained by adding (B3,B2), (B2,B1) and (B1, B0) respectively,
ignoring the carry generated.

Logic Expression

Fig 2 - Binary to Gray Code Converter

Truth Table

Binary Gray Code

B3 B2 B1 B0 G3 G2 G1 G0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 0
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0
1 1 1 1

Result & Discussions:

Conclusion
Experiment 6
FAMILIARIZATION OF FLIP-FLOPS
Aim: To familiarize with the sequential logic circuit and verify the truth tables of J-K and D flip
flops.

Objectives:
To implement a D Flip Flop using NAND Gates and to verify its truth table.
To verify the truth table of J-K and D flip-flop.

Components & Equipments Required:

Digital IC trainer, Bread Board, IC 7400, IC7473, IC7473, Connecting Leads, LED.

Theory:
Flip-flops are synchronous bistable devices and are capable of serving as a one bit memory.
The output changes state only at a specified point on a triggering input called the clock (CLK).
The D flip-flop is useful when a single data bit (1 or 0) is to be stored. D flip-flop has only one
input, in addition to the clock. The output follows the input at the triggering clock edge. A D flip
flop is a bistable circuit in which the Q output always takes the state of the D input at the
moment of a positive edge (or negative edge if the clock input is active low). It is called a D flip
flop since the output takes the value of the D input or Data input and delays it by maximum
one clock count.

Circuit Diagram

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure. Refer to the pin diagrams of the given IC
(Appendix 1) and Connect pin 7 of the IC to GND and pin 14 to VCC.
2. Give 1 Hz pulse signal from the function generator as the enable signal of the D flip flop.
3. Give logic HIGH at the D input.
4. Observe the outputs Q and record the results. Verify the truth table.
Observations:

Truth Table

CLK D Q CLK J K Q /Q CLK D Q

0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1
1 0
1 1

Theory of D and J-K Flip-flop

The D flip-flop tracks the input, making transitions with match those of the input D. The D
stands for "data"; this flip-flop stores the value that is on the data line. It can be thought of as a
basic memory cell. A D flip-flop can be made from a set/reset flip-flop by tying the set to the
reset through an inverter. The result may be clocked. (D FF IC: 7474)

The J-K flip-flop is the most versatile of the basic flip-flops. It has the input- following character
of the clocked D flip-flop but has two inputs, traditionally labeled J and K. If J and K are
different then the output Q takes the value of J at the next clock edge. The inputs are labeled
J and K in honor of the inventor of the device, Jack Kilby. (J-K FF IC: 7473)

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure. Refer to the pin diagrams of the given IC
(Appendix 1).
2. Connect 1 Hz pulse signal from the function generator as clock signal and connect the J-K
/ D inputs as shown in the table.
3. Give a single pulse and observe the out change as the truth table.
4. Observe the outputs Q and /Q for each input and verify the truth table.

Result & Discussions:

Conclusion
Experiment 7

DESIGN OF A FREE RUNNING MULTIVIBRATOR USING 555 IC

Aim: To design a free running multivibrator using 555 Timer IC.

Objectives: To study and design the operation of IC 555 timer as an Astable Multivibrator.
To design a lamp flasher for a given flash rate.

Components & Equipments Required: Regulated DC Power Supply, CRO, IC 555,

Fixed Resistors (3.3k, 10 k, 22 kΩ), Capacitor 0.1F (2 Nos.), 9V / 12V bulb.

Theory:

A multivibrator is a circuit designed to have zero, one or two stable output states. There are
three types of multivibrator:
 Astable multivibrator (Free running multivibrator)
 Monostable multivibrator (One-shot multivibrator)
 Bistable multivibrator (Flip- Flop)

Astable Multivibrator is a switching circuit that has no stable output state. There are two quasi
stable states. The circuit changes automatically from one quasi stable state to another without
any external triggering pulse, hence it is also called a free running multivibrator. The 555 is a
monolithic timer IC circuit that can produce accurate and highly stable oscillations (square
pulse). It is an IC used in a variety of switching applications.
Circuit Diagram

Fig.1 - Astable Multivibrator using IC 555

Procedure

1. Set up the circuit as shown in Fig.1. The circuit works as an astable multivibrator (free
running square wave generator).
2. Connect pin 3 (output) to channel 1 and pin 6 (Capacitor Voltage) to channel 2 of the
CRO.
3. Observe the output pulses which are being generated at pin 3.
4. Sketch the voltage wave forms at pin 3 and 6.
5. Repeat the above steps for another value of R1: 22 k.
6. Complete the observation table and compare the calculated values of time period,
frequency and duty cycle with the measured values.

Observations

Take the value of R2=10k, C=0.1f

Equations to calculate duty cycle:

Ton = 0.693 × (R1 + R2) × C

Toff = 0.693×R2 × C
Total Time Period, T = ton + toff
Duty cycle = ton / ton+toff = (R1+R2) / (R1+2R2)

Frequency, F =

CALCULATED VALUES MEASURED VALUES

R1 VC Vo
(kΩ) volts volts TON TOFF Duty T F TON TOFF Duty T F
(ms) (ms) Cycle (ms) (Hz) (ms) (ms) Cycle (ms) (Hz)

3.3 k

22 k

Vc – Capacitor Voltage

Vo – Output Voltage
Expected Output waveform:

To design a lamp flasher for a given flash rate.

Design a lamp flasher circuit having ………..seconds on time and...................seconds

off time.

Result & Discussions:

Conclusion
Experiment - 8

STUDY OF TRANSDUCERS –THERMOCOUPLES AND LVDT

Aim: To study the operation of various transducers like Thermocouples and LVDT.

(a) LVDT
Linear variable differential transformer LVDT is a transducer. Basically it is passive inductive
transformer similar to a potential transformer.
Components required
LVDT Trainer kit, multi meter, CRO

Description
LVDT primary winding is driven by sinusoidal signal of about 1Khz at 2Vpp. Basic oscillator is
constructed around U1 in wein bridge configuration. This sine wave is further fed to the
primary of LVDT. Switch SW1 is used to select LVDT operation as against all other sensors.
Voltage induced in secondary S1 & S2 is rectified by precision rectifier Voltage induced in
secondary S1 & S2 depends on core position which couples primary turns to the number of
secondary turns. Secondaries are connected in Anti series to achieve difference signal. This
difference signal is further amplified by Op-Amp and then phase sensitively rectified. Final
amplifier is provided with zero output adjustment & span adjustment to adjust 0-2V swing. The
computer interface would need (0-2V) unipolar, which can be set using zero pot.
1. Select the required sensor using rotary 6 position switch keeping at correct location (1 st &
DPDT switch SW2 on LVDT)
2. Identify all adjustment controls and supply terminals. Connect +12V DC to the respective
terminals on the panel.
3. Connect CRO to the TP11 test point and observe the amplitude of sine signal around
2Vpp.
4. Adjust micrometer to near zero mark and adjust zero adjustment pot for zero output
voltage on voltmeter.
5. Now move micrometer to extreme right position i.e. near 20mm and adjust output to 2V
with the help of span adjust potentiometer.
6. Move the micrometer towards left as given in table & note down the output voltage on
voltmeter (Digital)

Wiring Sequence
+12V-1, -12V-3, GND-2, VM(+)-6, VM(-)-7
Observation table
Micrometer reading Output voltage Calculated displacement
distance in mm [x 10 = displacement (mm)]
0
5
10
15
:
20

Displacement in mm = O/P volt x 10

Graph
Plot a graph of distance versus output voltage

Result & Discussions

Conclusion
(b) Thermocouple (J & K type)

Objective
At the completion of this unit you will be able to understand the working of the
Thermocouple temperature transducer and also plot the graph of characteristic property
against temperature.
Procedure
Circuit diagram for the thermocouple with instrumentation amplifier is as figure. Connect the
test set up as shown below.

+12V Thermocouple Instrumentation Amplifier

10 OP07
3K3 3 U4
10 6
21
Rf 120K

220E C7
10K
Room temp
D5 10K
1N4148 220E 2
O/P(V)
36
3
+12V P3 Span
THERMOCOUPLE (K) 1K 10K OP 07
10K
Rf120K

C5
47K 2
1K
47E 2
P1 100E 3 6 U5
OP07
Zero 47E THERMOCOUPLE (J)

Adjustment

Voltages across Thermocouples

Positio Temp. J Type (mV) K Type (mV)
n
1 55 0.9 0.7mV
2 65 1.5 1.2mV
3 75 1.7 1.5mV
4 85 2.3 2.0mV
5 95 2.8 2.4mV

Wiring seq.: +12V-1,-12V-3,GND-2,VM(+)-5,VM(-)-6,VM(+)-16,VM(-)-17

Procedure
Span Zero Adjustment for thermocouple J type or K type
Select the J type thermocouple by shorting the respective patch cords. Keep P3 (span
potentiometer) at minimum position. Using pot P1(zero potentiometer) adjust o/p (tag no. 16)
to voltage equal to room temperature in 0C divided by 100 .Now select the 95 0C temp. Range
(5th position). Allow the temp to stabilize at that range. Set 0.95V as O/P at that temp. Range
using pot P3. Now again bring the temperature select switch at 1st position i.e. 550C, when
temperature stabilizes at that range, set 0.55V at the O/P using P1.Then take readings at
various temperature ranges. This is the initial span zero adjustment procedure. Repeat the
same procedure for K type thermocouple also.
As temperature of the mini-oven goes on increasing the output voltage of the thermocouple
goes on increasing, but only piecewise linear.

For different values of temperature, note down the output of the thermocouple. The gain of
amplifier is so set that output in volts (x100) is same as temperature in 0C. Don't forget that
offset error in temperature control loop will cause here variation in output of TC.

Fill down the following table by observing the output voltage of thermocouple.

Temp = OP voltage X 100

Observation table (J type)

Switch posn. Temp(C) O/P voltage of T/C
Posn.1 55
Posn.2 65
Posn.3 75
Posn.4 85
Posn.5 95
Repeat same procedure for K type thermocouple. You can select it by changing the patch
cord connections. Remember that for measurement of K type thermocouple you will have to
follow the span zero adjustment procedure again. Also let the oven to cool to room
temperature before starting for K type thermocouple otherwise the results will be erroneous.
Thermocouple may not show you big changes in reading in such a short span of 1000C.

Observation table (K type)

Switch posn. Temp(C) O/P voltage of T/C
Posn.1 55
Posn.2 65
Posn.3 75
Posn.4 85
Posn.5 95

Graph
Plot the graph between the temperature and the output voltage.

Result & Discussions

Conclusion
Appendix -1

PIN OUT DIAGRAMS OF VARIOUS IC’s USED

a. IC 7408 (AND GATE) b. IC 7432 (OR GATE)

c. IC 7486 (XOR GATE) d. IC 7400 (NAND GATE)

e. IC 741 OPAMP f. IC 555 TIMER

g. IC 7474 h. IC 7473
Appendix -2

General Procedure for circuit simulation using ORCAD

1. Select ORCAD 16>ORCAD Capture CIS Demo from the Start menu of the computer.

2. From the File menu, select New and then Project.

3. Enter the name of the project , create a new project using Analog or mixed A/D. Specify

the location where the project has to be saved.

4. Create the PSPICE project as a Blank Document.

5. Select the components from the Place > Part tool or from the Status bar at the right most

corner of the schematic window.

6. Place the components on the schematic window as per the circuit diagram.

7. Select the Place> Wire tool to connect the components as per the circuit diagram.

8. Double click on the components and change the values as specified in the circuit.

9. From PSPICE dropdown menu, select New Simulation Profile and create a new one by

giving a suitable name.

10. In the simulation settings window, select Analysis type from the drop down menu and

make the necessary simulation settings.

11. Once the new simulation profile is created, you can make necessary changes by

selcting the edit simulation profile from the PSPICE dropdown menu.

12. Select Run from the PSPICE dropdown menu to run the simulation.

13. Adjust the run time by selecting edit run time settings in the simulation dropdown menu

for proper results.

Appendix -3

National University, College of Engineering

Department of Electrical and Communication Engineering
Electronic and Measurement Lab (M2H624929) - Lab Skills Card
Student Name : Student Number :
Programme : Semester :
Year : Level :

Sl.No Nature of skills Assessed Poor Satisfactory Good Excellent Remarks

Identification of Basic Measuring Instruments, Equipments and Devices
1 Fuse, MCB, Power supply, ratings
2 Voltmeter, Ammeter , Wattmeter, Energy meter,
Multimeter
3 CRO, Function Generator
4 Transistor, Op-amp, Logic Gates
Ability to Construct circuit and use meters / instruments
6 Construct circuit on the bread board based on
the circuit given
7 Set the function generator to specific frequency,
amplitude and waveform
8 Connect oscilloscope in the circuit. Adjust the
control knobs of the oscilloscope (i.e. VOLTS / DIV,
TIMES / DIV, position, variable)
9 Use of logic probes to check the logic level of
digital circuits
Ability to record and interpret the measured values
10 Record the measured current / voltage, power
etc.
12 Record wave form displayed in the
oscilloscope(amplitude & time) and plot them on
the graph sheet
14 Ability to link observations to theory
Analysis of Results/ Output
16 Ability to analyze different parameters
17 Calculations of output variables and conclusions
18 Justifications of Result, practical interpretations
Reports and Data Display
19 Data recording, Drawings and Graphs
20 Reports- style and structure, language

Instructors Student Module Tutor

Name & Signature Name &
Signature Signature
Appendix -4

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

LABORATORY / WORKSHOP RISK ASSESSMENT

Risk assessment in Student Project work and during a practical session is a compulsory requirement. It involves a
careful examination of possible events that may adversely affect the intended outcome of the project or may cause harm
to people or damages to properties. Appropriate precautions should be taken well in advance to minimise the likelihood of
such adverse events and to ensure the satisfactory achievement of the expected result from the project/ practical work. All
students doing experiments in laboratory/workshop must read and understand the risk involved in the usage of
equipment and follow safety procedures. They have to sign the risk assessment form and attach with the lab
report.

Student ID, Name & Department

Name of Laboratory/ Workshop:

Analogue Electronics Laboratory - Risk assessment done by: Occupational Health and Safety
R217 Engineer

RISK ASSESSMENT

Possible Hazard Risk Involved Precautions/control measures to eliminate or minimize the

risk
Electrical hazard Overheating/ Safety induction & Supervision
Electric shock/ Electrical safety inspection & maintenance, circuit breakers, earthing,
Accidents No overloading, Good electrical cables and proper insulation, Personal
protective equipment (PPE) such as lab coat and foot protection,
Proper maintenance of equipment, Use of safety mark plugs, Switch
off power before you leave the lab.
Soldering & Inhalation of lead Never touch the element or tip of the hot soldering. Do soldering
fumes fumes/ on a solid, level surface and always return the soldering iron to its
Burning injury/ stand when not in use. Never put it down on your workbench.
Switch off the power when not in use, Avoid breathing fumes/smoke.
Fire risk
Ensure proper ventilation. Do not eat or drink in soldering areas and
wash hands after completing soldering work. Electrical safety, Fire
safety,
Ergonomic Falls/health risk such as Suitable chair, Ergonomic safety while using computers/ Laptop
hazard/prolonged pain on neck etc.
seating
Fire hazard Fire, Burning injury, Electrical safety & Fire safety:
Property loss, Fire detection and alarm system, Fire extinguishers Fire wardens
Accidents. and Fire emergency procedure

Signature of Student:
Signature of Laboratory Instructor/ Module leader/Tutor:
Date:
Date:
National University, College of Engineering
Department of Electrical and Communication Engineering

LAB REPORT FRONT PAGE(Online Submission)

Electronic and Measurement Lab (M2H624929)

Name of Student

ID No. Programme & Level BEngg EPE, Level 2

Experiment No. Date of Experiment

Title of Experiment

Date of Submission

Evaluation & Feedback to Student Marks

Signature: Module Tutor/ Instructor

Signature: Student