PSYCHOLOGY

Ms. Bushra Shaikh

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Q. 6 Answer the following questions with given points in 100 to 150 words each.
1. Explain the Big Five Factors model of Personality.
Points : (i) Neuroticism
(ii) Extroversion
(iii) Openness to experience
(iv) Agreeableness
(v) Conscientiousness
Answer:

A. Meaning of Personality:
i. The word personality is derived from the Latin word "persona" which means mask.
ii. During olden days, Greek stage actors used to wear suitable masks as per the need of
the characters they used to enact.
iii. The meaning of the word personality thus got interpreted as the projected behaviour.

B. Definition of Personality:
i. Norman Munn: According to him, “Personality is a unique combination of individual's
physical structure, needs, interests, abilities and aptitudes.’’
ii. Gordon Allport: According to him, “Personality is the dynamic organization within the
individual of those psychophysical systems that determines his unique adjustments to
the environment.”

C. Big Five Factor Model of personality : (OCEAN)

i. Big five factor model is one of the personality theories based on the
trait perspective to study personality.
ii. Robert McCrae and Paul Costa (1987) developed a theory of personality explaining the
five major factors of personality.
iii. According to them personality traits are considered as basic tendencies that are rooted
in biology and that interact with external influences including culture in shaping the
skills, habits, tastes, and values of the individual.
iv. The five major factors (traits) of personality are as follows :

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(1) Openness to experience (O) :
Openness to experience is a trait related to appreciation for art, emotion, adventure,
unusual ideas, creativity, imagination, curiosity, and variety of experience.
High: People who are open to experience are curious, imaginative, and creative whereas
Low: Those who are less open to experience are non-creative and lack aesthetic sense.

(2) Conscientiousness (C) : Conscientiousness is a trait showing tendency to display self-

discipline. It is related to the way in which people control, regulate, and direct their
impulses.
High: People having high conscientiousness are well organized, responsible, dependable,
and hardworking.
Low: People having low conscientiousness are unorganized, irresponsible, spontaneous
and careless.

(3) Extroversion (E): Extroversion is a trait characterized by breadth of activities and energy
creation from external means.
High: People having high extroversion are talkative, enthusiastic, open minded,
sociable, assertive, and courageous.

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Low: People having low extroversion are less talkative, shy, alone and less involved.

(4) Agreeableness (A) : The agreeableness is a trait showing an ability of an individual to get
along with people and concern for social harmony.
High: People having high agreeableness are kind, loving, caring, friendly and
cooperative.
Low: People having low agreeableness are uncooperative, jealous, hostile and
argumentative.

(5) Neuroticism (N) : Neuroticism is a trait showing the tendency to experience negative
emotions, such as anger, anxiety, or depression.
High: People having high neuroticism are anxious, depressed, irritable, fearful,
impulsive, angry and unstable.
Low: People having low neuroticism are balanced, calm and stable.

D. Conclusion: The Big Five Factor is most important thing to define the personality of
the person. This perspective assumes that every individual possesses specific traits in
different quantities and so every individual has a unique personality.

2. Explain the factors influencing personality.

Points : (i) Family

(ii) School
(iii) Peer group
(iv) Culture
Answer:

A. Meaning of Personality:
iv. The word personality is derived from the Latin word "persona" which means mask.
v. During olden days, Greek stage actors used to wear suitable masks as per the need of
the characters they used to enact.
vi. The meaning of the word personality thus got interpreted as the projected behaviour.

B. Definition of Personality:
iii. Norman Munn: According to him, “Personality is a unique combination of individual's
physical structure, needs, interests, abilities and aptitudes.’’
iv. Gordon Allport: According to him, “Personality is the dynamic organization within the

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individual of those psychophysical systems that determines his unique adjustments to
the environment.”

c. Factors Influencing Personality:

1. Family:
 Family is one of the most important factors influencing personality of an individual.
 The elements related to family such as structure of family, socio-economic status of
family, emotional, academic and cultural environment in family, interactions between
family members, child rearing practices followed by parents, etc. have significant
effects on personality of an individual
 For example, in a family having warm emotional atmosphere, parents have healthier
relations with their children.
 Love and respect shown by parents towards their children boosts the self-confidence
and self-esteem of children.
 This in turn positively affects the personality of children. On the contrary, over
protection, rejection, negligence, etc. shown by parents towards their children leads
to low self-esteem and low self-confidence among children which have adverse
effects on the personality of children.

2. School:
 The school plays an important role in the personality development of students.
 The elements related to school like the teaching learning process, academic activities
and co- curricular facilities provided by school, teachers’ rapport with students, school
discipline and policies etc. have a significant impact on the personality of students.
 For example, a creative, well qualified, experienced and well-mannered teacher acts
as a role model for his / her students.
 Such teachers provide maximum opportunities for the optimum development of the
potential of their students.
 This in turn helps students to develop their personality in a healthier manner.
3. Peer group :
 Peers are a pervasive aspect of our social life. Peers surround us in our everyday lives
from early childhood until old age.
 Members of the same classroom, workplace or sports club, etc. constitute peer group.
 The peer group may influence personality in a positive as well as negative manner.
 For example, good habits such as studying regularly, developing healthy attitude
towards one’s own gender and the opposite gender, etc. may be developed by being
in a good company of friends. Similarly, the unhealthy habits such as bunking
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lectures, developing various addictions, showing aggressive tendencies and bullying
etc. may be developed by being in a bad company of friends.
4. Culture:
 Cultural factors also play an important role in shaping the personality of an
individual.
 Every culture has its own set of values, beliefs, norms, etc. influencing thoughts,
feelings and behaviour patterns of an individual.
 For example, leadership qualities, listening skills, entrepreneurial skills, tendencies to
cooperate with others, etc. may differ from culture to culture and therefore people from
different cultural backgrounds may have different personalities.

D. Conclusion: Many factors shape personality of an individual. Personality is the

dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determines
his/her unique adjustments to the environment.

3. Explain the various methods of personality measurement.

Points : (i) Behavioural analysis

(ii) Self report technique
(iii) Projective method

Answer:

C. Meaning of Personality:
vii. The word personality is derived from the Latin word "persona" which means mask.
viii. During olden days, Greek stage actors used to wear suitable masks as per the need of
the characters they used to enact.
ix. The meaning of the word personality thus got interpreted as the projected behaviour.

D. Definition of Personality:
v. Norman Munn: According to him, “Personality is a unique combination of individual's
physical structure, needs, interests, abilities and aptitudes.’’
vi. Gordon Allport: According to him, “Personality is the dynamic organization within the
individual of those psychophysical systems that determines his unique adjustments to
the environment.”

c. Methods Of Personality Measurement:

(i) Behavioural analysis:

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 The behavioural techniques such as interview and observation, etc. help in assessing
the personality of an individual. These behavioural techniques can be explained as
follows:

Interview Observation

(a) Interview :
 Interview is the most common method of measuring personality. An interview is a
process in which an interviewer tries to collect information about the personality of an
interviewee by asking him / her various questions.

 The factors like time taken to give answers, gestures, postures, body movements, etc. of
an interviewee are also taken into account while measuring personality of an
interviewee.

Types Of
Interview

Structured Unstructured
interview interview

The following are the main types of interviews :

1. Structured interview :
 Structured interview is a type of interview in which total number of questions to be
asked to the interviewee, the sequence of questions etc. factors are predetermined.
 No questions are added or deleted on the spot. Generally, industrial psychologists use
structured interview while selecting a particular employee for a particular job.
2. Unstructured interview :
 Unstructured interview is a type of interview in which the total number of questions to be
asked to the interviewee, the sequence of questions etc. factors are not predetermined.
 Depending on the responses of an interviewee, some questions are added or deleted on
the spot.
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 Generally, clinical psychologists, counselling psychologists, health psychologists, sport
psychologists, etc. use unstructured interview for collecting detailed information about
personality of their clients.
(b) Observation :
 Observing an individual in various situations is another important method of
personality measurement.
 For example, a psychologist can observe how a child behaves when the teacher is
not present in the classroom or how a factory worker behaves in a workshop when
the supervisor is not present.
 Observation method proves very helpful if it is used by a trained psychologist
(observer) and with clear objectives and guidelines for observations.
 Naturalistic observation, laboratory observation, participant observation, non-
participant observation etc. are some of the types of observations that are helpful to
collect information about the personality of an individual.
(ii) Self report inventories:

 In self-report technique an individual provides information of his / her own personality

by responding to questions / sentences set in a particular inventory.

 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), 16 Personality Factors (PF) by

Cattell, Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), High School Personality Inventory
(HSPQ) are some of the examples of self report inventory.
Strongly Disagree Somewhat Disagree No Opinion Somewhat Agree Strongly Agree

I am
easygoing
I have high
standards
I enjoy time alone

I work well with

others
I dislike
confrontation
I prefer crowds
over intimacy
Specimen of self-report inventory

(iii) Projective method

 Projective methods emerged from the psychoanalytic school of thought. Projective

methods are intended to uncover feelings, desires, and conflicts that are hidden at the
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unconscious level.

 In projective test situations, an individual responds freely to relatively unstructured or

ambiguous materials.

 While responding, individuals project their own personalities onto the unstructured
stimulus, often revealing personal conflicts, motivations, coping styles, and other
characteristics.

1. • Rorschach’s Ink-Blot Test

2. • Thematic Apperception Test

3. • Sentence-completion Test
(a) Rorschach’s Ink-Blot Test:
 This test was developed by Hermann Rorschach in 1921.

 It uses ten irregul a r-ink- blots (five inblack and white, five in colour.) standing
against a white background.

 Each inkblot is shown in a fixed number of ways and the subjects are asked to describe
what they see in each card.

 The subjects are allowed to hold the card in any position they want, whether it’s upside
down or sideways.

 Analysis of this test requires trained and skilful examiner.

(b) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) :
 The TAT was developed by Morgan and Murray in 1935. It requires the individual to
look at the picture and to interpret it by telling a story.

 The individual is invited to say what led upto the scene in the picture.

 Why such events occurred, what is currently happening and what the consequences
will be?
(c) Sentence-completion test :
 In this test an individual is given a series of incomplete (partial) sentences and he/she
is asked to complete them in his/her own words.

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 For example,
(a) I feel anxious when …………..
(b) I feel afraid of ………………….
(c) When something goes wrong ………….
(d) When someone troubles me ……..……
(e) For me, my college is …………

D. Conclusion: Psychologists have developed various techniques of

measurement of personality. These techniques include behavioural analysis, self-
report techniques and projective methods.

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