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    Immunity/Immunology: Objective: Describe The Defensive Functions Possessed by Mammalian Blood

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    Sabina Parvin
    White blood cells called phagocytes and lymphocytes provide defense against pathogens through non-specific and specific immune responses. Phagocytes engulf and digest pathogens through phagocytosis, while lymphocytes provide long-lasting immunity through cell-mediated responses by T cells and humoral responses by B cells that produce antibodies. B cells recognize specific antigens and produce memory cells and plasma cells that generate antibodies for a rapid secondary immune response.

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    Immunity/Immunology: Objective: Describe The Defensive Functions Possessed by Mammalian Blood

    Uploaded by

    Sabina Parvin
    82 views5 pages
    White blood cells called phagocytes and lymphocytes provide defense against pathogens through non-specific and specific immune responses. Phagocytes engulf and digest pathogens through phagocytosis, while lymphocytes provide long-lasting immunity through cell-mediated responses by T cells and humoral responses by B cells that produce antibodies. B cells recognize specific antigens and produce memory cells and plasma cells that generate antibodies for a rapid secondary immune response.

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    White blood cells called phagocytes and lymphocytes provide defense against pathogens through non-specific and specific immune responses. Phagocytes engulf and digest pathogens through phagocytosis, while lymphocytes provide long-lasting immunity through cell-mediated responses by T cells and humoral responses by B cells that produce antibodies. B cells recognize specific antigens and produce memory cells and plasma cells that generate antibodies for a rapid secondary immune response.

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    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    82 views5 pages

    Immunity/Immunology: Objective: Describe The Defensive Functions Possessed by Mammalian Blood

    Uploaded by

    Sabina Parvin
    White blood cells called phagocytes and lymphocytes provide defense against pathogens through non-specific and specific immune responses. Phagocytes engulf and digest pathogens through phagocytosis, while lymphocytes provide long-lasting immunity through cell-mediated responses by T cells and humoral responses by B cells that produce antibodies. B cells recognize specific antigens and produce memory cells and plasma cells that generate antibodies for a rapid secondary immune response.

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    Immunity/Immunology

    Objective: Describe the defensive functions possessed by mammalian blood.

    Defence mechanisms

    1. Non-specific : White blood cell = Phagocyte. Phagocytosis. Same response for any pathogen.
    2. Specific: White blood cell = T Lymphotcytes & B Lymphotcytes. Long lasting, acquired,
    immunity.

    Introduction

    Our body is defended against pathogens by _________________ blood cells. There are two types of
    white blood cells _________________ and _________________.

    Non-specific defence mechanisms respond to all pathogens in the _________________ way. This is
    either a physical barrier to entry, e.g. _________________ or by engulfing and _________________
    the pathogen in phagocytosis.

    Specific defence mechanisms are slower to response put provide _________________ immunity. T
    lymphocytes are involved in _________________ responses (immunity involving body cells) whereas
    B lymphocytes are involved in _________________ responses (immunity involving body fluids).
    Lymphocytes are complementary, i.e. specific to a particular pathogen but are not made in response
    to a particular infection as 10 million different types _________________ exist in the body. Since
    there are so many types there are only_________________ numbers of each type but large numbers
    are needed to destroy pathogens. After a pathogen is detected large numbers of lymphocyte are
    built up to destroy it. This is why after you have been exposed to a pathogen there is a time
    _________________ before your body brings it under control.

    long-lasting humoral skin delay digesting cell-mediated

    phagocytes white already same lymphocytes small


    1. Non- specific

    This response is the same for any _________________ . _________________ is an example of a


    non-specifc defense meachanism.

    1.1 Phagocytosis

    The diagram above shows the stages phagocytosis.

    In phagocytosis the pathogen recognised as foreign. Pathogen attached to phagocyte by


    antibody and surface receptors. Pathogen is _________________ by phagocyte by endocytosis –
    invagination of plasma cell membrane to form a phagosome (a membrane bound vesicle
    containing the pathogen). Lysosomes (containing lysins & hydrolytic _________________) fuse
    to phagosome. Pathogen is _________________– harmless products removed (egested /
    excreted) or used by phagocyte. Phagocyte also displays antigenic components on external
    surface of plasma cell _________________ (antigen presentation) to start immune response.

    pathogen enzymes digested

    engulfed phagocytosis membrane


    2. Specific

    _________________ = a substance recognised as foreign, a protein on the cell-surface


    membrane, stimulating an immune response, e.g. pathogens, cells from transplanted
    organs.
    _________________ = identifies foreign objects.

    _________________ = antigen and antibody bind together in lock and key method.

    2.1 T Lymphocytes (T cells)

    T cells are made in the _________________ gland. Immunity from T lymphocytes is cell-
    mediated so only responds to _________________ attached to the surface of body cells.
    Body cells invaded by a virus present the viral antigens on its own cell _________________,
    phagocytes that have engulfed a pathogen also present the pathogen’s antibodies on its
    own cell surface, and _________________ cells present antigens on their cell-surface
    membranes. A cell that presents antigens of other cells on its own surface are known as
    _________________ cells.

    T _________________ cells have receptors that fit onto the specific antigen. This process is
    the signal for other T cells to _________________ by mitosis and produce many clones.
    These cloned T cells become _________________ cells which circulate in the blood and body
    fluids. These memory cells allow a rapid response against the same pathogen in the
    _________________. One way T cells kills infected cells is with a protein that makes
    _________________ in their cell-surface membranes. This makes the cell freely
    _________________ to all substances and so die. T cells also encourage phagocytes to
    engulf the pathogen by phagocytosis, and encourage B cells to _________________. T cells
    are most effective against _________________ because viruses live inside cells. A virus
    needs living cells to reproduce. When infected body cells are destroyed it is worth
    _________________ them to prevent the pathogen from multiplying.

    helper memory permeable divide Antigen-antibody complex thymus

    multiply Antigen sacrificing future Antibody

    antigens cancer holes antigen-presenting surface viruses


    2.2 B Lymphocytes (B cells)

    B cells are made in bone _________________. B cells are responsible for _________________
    immunity. Body fluids are also known as _________________. Antibodies are soluble in body fluids
    and so are found in _________________ and tissue fluid. There are possibly 10 million types of B
    cell, each having a different_________________ that responds to a specific antigen. An antigen
    invading the blood or tissue fluid will have a _________________ B cell with an antibody on its
    surface that exactly fits the shape of the foreign antigen. The B cell then divides and multiplies by
    mitosis to make many new _________________. Each clone will develop in one of two types of cell;
    a plasma cell or a _________________ cells. Plasma cells make antibodies and can make 2000 every
    second in their short life of only a few _________________. The antibodies destroy pathogens and
    toxins they make. Plasma cells have an immediate effect known as a _________________ immune
    response. Memory cells can live for _________________circulating in the blood and tissue fluid.
    These calls do not produce antibodies. If the same antigen is encountered in the future they divide
    rapidly into _________________cells and more memory cells. Memory cells provide long-term
    immunity known as the _________________ immune response. The secondary response is more
    rapid and of greater _________________ than the primary one.

    Draw a simple flow diagram to show the role of B cells in humoral immunity:

    memory antibody clones complementary primary

    intensity plasma decades secondary

    humoral blood humour marrow days

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