Indian Geography 2020 Preliminary

IoCS Indian Geography:: Prelims:: 2020 Mob: 8250388630

Political Geography • “This Union Territory possesses a coastal stretchof

about 45km with 28 marine fishing villages.
Set-I
However 45% of the population is engaged in
Location of India
agriculture and allied products”: Lakshadweep
• India is situated in the continent of Asia.
• A man wants to travel from Delhi to Hyderabad.
• It lies completely in the Northern hemisphere and
The shortest route will pass over from the following
Eastern hemisphere between latitudes 84′ N and
states: Haryana, U.P,M.P, Maharashtra
37°6’N and longitudes 68°7′ E and 97°25′ E.
• A State which has two capitals is : Jammu &
• India is divided by Tropic of Cancer 23°30′ N in
Kashmir
almost two equal parts.
• Duncan Pass is between : Andaman and Nicobar
• The upper half has a temperate cooler climate and
[Please refer chart]
the lower half has a tropical climate.
• Gangtok is the capital of : Sikkim
• The Southernmost point of the Indian union is
• In which of the following towns does the LMT
known as ‘Indira point‘, however, that was
(Local Meridian Time) show the greatest deviation
submerged in 2004 Tsunami.
from the IST (Indian Standard Time): Kohima
• In the south-east of India, Andaman and Nicobar
• The time difference between eastern and western
islands lie in the Bay of Bengal.
limits of India is nearly: 2 hours.
• In southwest Lakshadweep islands lie in the
• India is the seventh largest country in India and it
Arabian sea.
covers a total area of approximately: 3300000
• The tiny town of Kibithu in Arunachal Pradesh is
• Indian sovereignty in sea extends upto …. Nautical
the easternmost point of India.
miles:12
• Indira Col in Jammu and Kashmir is the
• Indian states has common border with U.P:
easternmost point of India.
Rajasthan, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi,
• Ban Ganga or Sir Creek in Gujarat is the
Uttarakhand, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand &
westernmost point of India.
Chhattisgarh
• Indira Point is the Southern most point of India.
• Indian states lie on Indo-Bangla border: West
• Pygmalion Poinit or Indira Point is the Bengal, Tripura, Assam & Meghalaya
southernmost point of the mainland of India.
• Indian states lie on Indo-Nepal border :
Uttarakhand, uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal &
Size of India
Sikkim [Please refer chart]
• India is enormous in size, as we discussed it is the
• Kanchipuram is in which of the following states:
7th largest country in the terms of landmass.
Tamil Nadu
• The total area of India is 3.28 million square km. List of Famous Places in India
India also accounts for 2.4% of the area on the Place Location
globe, with a land boundary of 15,200 km and the
Ajanta Aurangabad (Maharashtra)
coastal boundary that includes the islands is 7,516
Amarnath Cave Kashmir
km.
Akbar's Tomb Sikanara, Agra
• When we see the outline of India on the map, we
Amber Palace Jaipur (Rajasthan)
can easily identify the natural features like young
fold mountains bordering the country in the Anand Bhawan Allahabad
northern, northwestern and northeastern borders of Bhakra Dam Punjab
India. Bibi Da Maqbra Aurangabad
• The east-west stretch of India and the north-south Birla Planetorium Calcutta
stretch of India approximately measure the same i.e Black Pagoda Konark (Orissa)
3000km. Bodhisatva Ajanta Caves
• But east-west stretch is smaller than the north-south Brihadeeswara Temple Tanjavur, Tanjor
stretch. Brindaban Gardens Mysore
• It is this huge distance between the eastern and Buland Darwaza Fatehpur Sikri
western ends of the country that cause a lag in the Charminar Hyderabad
local time of the country. Cheena Kesava Temple Belur
• The difference of time between Gujarat and Chilka Lake East Coast of India near
Arunachal Pradesh is 2 hours. Bhubaneshwar
• But both their clocks show the same timing. Dal Lake Srinagar
Because India follows a standard time. Indian Dilwara Temple Mt.Abu
Standard Time is along longitude 82.30° E. Elephanta Caves Bombay
• It passes through the city of Mirzapur in Uttar Ellora Caves Aurangabad
Pradesh. Gateway of India Bombay
1
Golden Temple Amritsar Statue of Ugra Hampi
Gol Gumbaz Bijapur Narasimha
Hanging Gardens Bombay Sunderbans West Bengal
Hawa Mahal (Place of Jaipur Sun Temple Konark
winds) Taj Mahal Agra
Howrah Gridge Calcutta Tripati Temple Andhra Pradesh
Island Palace Udaipur Tower of Silence Bombay
Itmaad-ud-Daulah's Agra Victoria Memorial Calcutta
Tomb Victoria Garden Bombay
Jagannath Temple Puri Vijay Ghat New Delhi
Jahaz Mahal Mandu, M.P.(City of Joy) • Lakshadweep is a group of how many islands: 36
Jai Stambha (Tower of Chittorgarh • Port Blair is situated in: South Andaman
Victory) • The 24th state in India was : Arunachal Pradesh
Jama Masjid Delhi • The 25th state in India was : Goa
Jantar Mantar New Delhi State Formation date Year
Jog (Gersoppa) Falls Karnataka Andhra Pradesh 1 October 1953
Kailasa Temple Ellora Telangana 02 June 2014
Kanyakumari Temple Kanyakumari Arunachal Pradesh 20,February 1987
Khajuraho M.P. Assam 15,August 1947
Kalinjar Fort Panna, MP Bihar 01,April 1936
Kirti Stambha (Tower of Chittorgarh Chattisgarh 01,November 2000
victory) Goa 30,May 1987
Kornark Orissa Gujarat 01,May 1960
Lakshmi Vilas Palace Baroda Haryana 01,November 1966
Lal Bagh Garden Bangalore Himachal Pradesh 25 January 1971
Lalgarh Palace Bikaner Jharkhand 15 November 2000
Mahabaleshwar Temple Ujjain (M.P.) Karnataka 01 November 1956
Maheshmuri (Trimurty) Elephanta Caves Kerala 01 November 1956
Malabar Hill Bombay Maharashtra 01 May 1960
Man Mandir Palace Gwalior Fort Manipur 21 January 1972
Marble Rocks Jabalpur Meghalaya 21 January 1972
Marina Beach Madras Mizoram 20 February 1987
Minakshi Temple Madurai Nagaland 1 December 1963
Mt. Girnar(Jain Temple) Junagadh Odisha 01 April 1936
Nagin Lake Srinagar Punjab 01 November 1966
Nishat Bagh Srinagar Rajasthan 01 November 1956
Padmanabha Temple Trivandrum Sikkim 16 May 1975
Palitana Junagadh Tamilnadu 26 January 1950
Panch Mahal Fatehpur Sikri Jammu and Kashmir 26 October 1947
Pichola Lake Udaipur Tripura 21 January 1972
Prince of Wales Bombay Uttar Pradesh 26 January 1950
Muserm Uttarakhand 9 November 2000
Qutab Minar Delhi Madhya Pradesh 1 November 1956
Raj Ghat New Delhi West Bengal 01 November 1956
Rashtrapati Bhawan New Delhi
Red Fort Delhi
Sanchi Stupa Sanchi(Bhopal) State Formation in Chronological Order
Sahar Bombay ✓ 1953: Andhra Pradesh carved out of Madras
Sarnath Temple Varanasi ✓ 1960: Gujarat separated out of Bombay(15th State)
Sidi Sayyid Mosque Ahmedabad ✓ 1963: Nagaland separated out of Assam(16th State)
Shalimar Bagh Srinagar ✓ 1966: Haryana separated out of Punjab(17th
Shahi Chashma Srinagar State) HP separated as UT
Shanti Vana New Delhi ✓ 1971: HP converted into state from UT(18th state)
Shore Temple Mahabalipuram ✓ 1972: Manipur converted to state from UT(19th)
Somnath Temple Gujarat ✓ 1972: Tripura converted to state from UT(20th)
Statue of Gomateswars Karnataka
2
✓ 1972: Meghalaya converted to state from sub state • Which of the following Indian states is landlocked:
in Assam(21st) Bihar
✓ 1975: Sikkim from being a protectorate of India • Which of the following is the capital of the Union
became a full state(22nd) Territory of Dadra & Nagar Haveli: Silvassa
✓ 1987: Mizoram converted to state from UT(23rd) • Which of the following latitudes passes through
✓ 1987: Arunanchal converted to state from UT(24th) India : Tropic of Cancer
✓ 1987: Goa converted to state from UT(25th) • Which one of the following shows the correct
✓ 2000: Chhatisgarh (26th) sequence of occurrence of four towns/cities as one
✓ 2000: Uttarakhand (27th) proceeds from west to east: Pandharpur, Gulbarga,
✓ 2000: Jharkhand (28th) Kottagudam, Vishakhapatnam
✓ 2014: Telengana (2nd June, 29th) • Which state is in the easternmost part of India:
Arunachal Pradesh
• The boundary line between India and China is
called : Mc Mahon Line
• The India-Pakistan boundary was settled by : States and Capitals of India
Radcliffe Line Sl. State Capital
• The capital of Lakshadweep is : Kavaratti 1 Andhra Hyderabad (De jure - 2 June
• The capital of Madhya Pradesh is : Bhopal Pradesh 2024) Amaravati (proposed)
• The largest southern most single island in India is : 2 Arunachal Itanagar
Minicoy Island Pradesh
• The number of states in India is : 29 3 Assam Dispur
• The number of Union Territories is: 7 4 Bihar Patna
• The smallest Union Territory is : Lakshadweep 5 Chhattisgarh Raipur
• The southernmost tip of India is : Kanyakumari 6 Goa Panaji
• The States of India having common border with 7 Gujarat Gandhinagar
Myanmar are: Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland, 8 Haryana Chandigarh
Arunachal Pradesh 9 Himachal Shimla
• Which of the following states lie along the border Pradesh
of Pakistan: Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab, Jammu & 10 Jammu and Srinagar (summer), Jammu (wint
Kashmir. Kashmir er)
• Which of the following States touches the boundary 11 Jharkhand Ranchi
of four nations : Jammu & Kashmir 12 Karnataka Bengaluru
• Which of the following states touches the boundary 13 Kerala Thiruvananthapuram
of states of Orissa: Andhra Pradesh 14 Madhya Bhopal
• Which one of the following countries has the Pradesh
longest international boundary with India: 15 Maharashtra Mumbai
Bangladesh 16 Manipur Imphal
• The states of India having common frontiers with 17 Meghalaya Shillong
China are: Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, 18 Mizoram Aizawl
Uttarakhand, Sikkim & Arunachal Pradesh [5 19 Nagaland Kohima
states]) 20 Odisha Bhubaneswar
• The Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli lies 21 Punjab Chandigarh
between which of the following states of India: 22 Rajasthan Jaipur
Gujarat and Maharashtra 23 Sikkim Gangtok
• Union Territory: Andaman & Nicobar islands, 24 Tamil Nadu Chennai
Chandigarh, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu, 25 Telangana Hyderabad
Delhi, Lakshadweep & Puducherry 26 Tripura Agartala
• What separates Daman and Diu: Gulf of Khambat 27 Uttar Lucknow
• Where exactly is Aksai Chin: The north-east corner Pradesh
of Jammu & Kashmir 28 Uttarakhand Dehradun
• Where exactly is St. Jorge Island: Near Vasco-da- 29 West Kolkata
Gama Bengal
• Where is Gulbarga situated – Karnataka S.n Union Capital
• Which of the following sets of cities is located on o Territori
the reference longitude for Indian standard time: es
Kakinanda-Pondicherry 1 Andaman Port Blair
3
and • The Nine Degree Channel is a channel in the Indian
Nicobar Ocean between the Laccadive Islands of Kalpeni
Islands and Suheli Par, and Maliku Atoll.
2 Chandigarh Chandigarh • 11th parallel north: separates Aminidivi and
3 Dadar and Silvassa Laccadive islands, while 9 Degree Channel
Nagar (Mamala Channel) separates Laccadive and Maliku
Haveli (Minicoy).
4 Daman and Daman • India has a total of 1208 islands, including marine,
Diu riverine and lake islands.
5 Delhi Delhi • Andaman and Nicobar Islands (572 islands: 325 in
6 Lakshadwee Kavaratti Andaman, 247 in Nicobar)
p • Lakshadweep(36 island: 10 inhabitated, 17
7 Puducherry Pondicherry uninhabited, 4 newly formed and 5 submerged
reefs)
• The National Capital Region (NCR) is a • Atoll: a ring-shaped reef, island, or chain of islands
coordinated planning region centred upon formed of coral.
the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT) • Reef: A reef is a bar of rock, sand, coral or similar
in India. material, lying beneath the surface of water. Many
• It encompasses the entire NCT of Delhiand several reefs result from abiotic processes, but the best
districts surrounding it from the states known reefs are the coral reefs of tropical waters
of Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan. • Archipelago: An archipelago, sometimes called an
• The NCR and the associated National Capital island group or island chain, is a chain, cluster or
Region Planning Board were created in 1985 collection of islands, or sometimes a sea containing
• Prominent cities of NCR a small number of scattered islands.
include Delhi, Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Gurgaon, Noi • Lagoon: a stretch of salt water separated from the
da and Meerut. sea by a low sandbank or coral reef
• Uttar Pradesh's Shamli district was included in the • Backwater: a part of a river not reached by the
national capital region, taking the total number of current, where the water is stagnant.
districts in the NCR to 23 in December 2017. • Puducherry, formerly known as Pondicherry, is
• Chandigarh is a city and a union a union territory of India. It was formed out of
territory in India that serves as the capital of the two four exclaves of former French India,
neighbouring states of Haryana and Punjab. namely Pondichéry (Pondicherry; now
• It was one of the early planned cities in post- Puducherry), Karikal (Karaikal), Mahé and Yanaon
independent India and is internationally known for (Yanam).
its architecture and urban design. • It is named after the largest district, Puducherry.
• The master plan of the city was prepared by Swiss- • Historically known as Pondicherry (Pāṇṭiccēri), the
French architect Le Corbusier. territory changed its official
• The Ten Degree Channel is a channel that separates name to Puducherry (Putuccēri) on 20
the Andaman Islands and Nicobar Islands from September 2006.
each other in the Bay of Bengal.
4
INDIAN VEGETATION & WILD LIFE 24. The main region of Sunderbans is :Ganga-
Brahmaputra delta (সু ন্দরবন প্র ৃ তপপক্ষ ক ান অঞ্চপল অবগিত:
1. Area under forests is far below the required িঙ্গা-বহ্মপু ত্র বদ্বীপ)
percentage in India because of : large area under cultivation 25. The most important commercial forests of India are
due to large population : Tropical deciduous (ভারপতর সবণাগি অথণ রী অরণ্য েল: ক্রান্তীয়
2. Flemingo has been set up in : Rann of Kuchch পণ্ণপ াচী)
3. For the maintenance of a viable population of tigers 26. The most useful forest type in India for paper and
in India, the ‘Project Tiger’ was initiated in :1973 pulp industry is : tropical evergreen forest
4. Forests in Bihar cover an area of : 28 lakh hectares 27. The percentage of land occupied by forests in India
5. Forests in peninsular India are of the : Deciduous is approximately: 19.6 (ভারপতর ভূ-ভাপির ত শতাংশ অরণ্য
type (ভারত উপদ্বীপপর অরণ্য ক ান জাতীয়: পণ্ণপ াচী) কবগিত: ১৯.৬%)
6. Gir forests are located in : Gujarat (গির অরণ্য অবগিত: 28. The Project Elephant to save elephants from
গুজরাপে) extinction has been launched in : 1992 (অবলু গির োত কথপ
7. How much is notified as forest area in India: about োগত সংরক্ষপণ্র উপেপশয ত সাপল কপ্রাপজক্ট এগলফ্যান্ট েেণ্ রা
550 Lakh hectares (ভারপত বনভূগ র পগর াণ্ ত: প্রায় ৫৫০ লক্ষ েপয়পি: ১৯৯২ সাপল)
কেক্টর) 29. The sal forests in India are found in :Satpuras
8. In India, the state known for its sandalwood is : (ভারপতর ক াথায় শাল-র অরণ্য কদখপত পাওয়া যায়: সাতপু রা)
Karnataka (ভারপত চন্দন াপের জনয পগরগচত রাজয েল: ণ্ণাে ) 30. The Sonal-Rupa sanctuary for one-horned
9. In which of the following states the yield of forest rhinoceros is in the state of: Assam (এ শৃ ঙ্গ িন্ডাপরর সংরক্ষপণ্র
wealth per acre is highest: Assam (ভারপতর ক ান রাপজয জনয গনগ ণত কসানাল-রূপা অভয়ারণ্য ক াথায় অবগিত: আসা )
এ রপ্রগত অরণ্যজাত দ্রপবযর উৎপাদন সবণাগি : আসা ) 31. The west facing slopes of Western Ghats are
10. India’s first Marine National park is coming up in : covered with : tropical wet evergreen forest (পগি ঘাে
Gulf of Kutch (ভারপতর ক াথায় ক গরন নযাশানাল পা ণ গন ণাণ্ রা পবণত ালা পগি ঢাল ক ান জাতীয় অরণ্য দ্বারা আোগদত: ক্রান্তীয় আদ্র
েপে: ে উপসািপর) গচরেগরৎ অরণ্য)
11. Indian Rhinos are mostly found in : Kaziranga 32. What is Ranthambor famous for: Tiger (রনথম্বর
National Park (ভারতীয় িন্ডার সবণাগি কদখা যায়: াগজরাঙ্গা নযাশানাল গ পসর জনয গবখযাত: বযাঘ্র)
পাপ ণ ) 33. What proportion of geographical land area is under
12. Jaldapara Sanctuary is located in : West Bengal actual forest cover in India: 1/5 (ভারপতর কভৌিগল এলা ার ত
(জলদাপাড়া অভয়ারণ্য ক াথায় অবগিত: পগি বপঙ্গর জলপাইগুগড় ভাি অরণ্যভূগ : ১/৫ )
কজলা) 34. Where in the country is Chandraprabha Sanctuary
13. Kaziranga National park is in : Assam ( াগজরাঙ্গা located: U.P. (ভারপতর ক ান রাপজয চন্দ্রপ্রভা অভয়ারণ্য অবগিত:
নযাশানাল পা ণ ক াথায় অবগিত: আসা ) উিরপ্রপদশ)
14. Kazirange Sanctuary was set up to project : 35. Which of the following states has abundant black
rhinoceros (প ান প্রাণ্ীর সংরক্ষপণ্র উপেপশয াগজরাঙ্গা অভয়ারণ্য soil: Maharashtra (প ান রাপজয প্রচুর পগর াপণ্ ৃ ষ্ণ ৃ গি া রপয়পি:
িাগপত েপয়গিল: িন্ডার) োরাষ্ট্র)
15. Largely varying vegetation in India is mainly due to 36. Which area of Madhya Pradesh is known for white
the difference in : Climate (ভারতবপষণ স্বাভাগব উগিপদর গবগভন্নতার tigers: Baghelkhand
প্রিান ারণ্ েল: জলবায়ু ) 37. Which is the important red soil area in India :
16. Laterite soil is found in India in: Western Ghats Southern peninsula (ভারপতর ক ানটি গুরুত্বপূ ণ্ণ কলাগেত ৃ গি া
(ভারপতর ক াথায় লযাপেরাইে ৃ গি া কদখা যায়: পগি ঘাে) অঞ্চল: দগক্ষপণ্র উপদ্বীপ)
17. Parts of which of the following states in India is 38. Which of the following areas is bare of vegetation
covered by tropical deserts: Gujarat (প ান রাপজযর আংগশ for most part of the year: Ladakh region (প ান অঞ্চপল বিপরর
অঞ্চল ক্রান্তীয় রুভূগ অঞ্চপলর অন্তভুণক্ত: গুজরাে) অগি াংশ স য় ক াপনা উগিদ জপে না: লাদাখ অঞ্চপল)
18. Soils of western Rajasthan have a high content of 39. Which of the following does not belong to
:calcium (পগি রাজিাপনর ৃ গি ায় ক ান উপাদান কবশী থাপ : biosphere reserves set up so far: Gulf of Kachchh
যালগশয়া ) 40. Which of the following is correctly matched: Gir-
19. The depth of Ganga alluvial soil generally goes Lions (প ানটি সঠি : গির—গসংে) [Please refer chart]
below the ground surface to the extent of : 600m (ভূ-পৃ ষ্ঠ কথপ 41. Which of the following soils is very hard to
ত িভীর পযণন্ত িঙ্গার পগল ৃ গি া গবস্তৃত: ৬০০ গ োর) cultivate: Red (প ান ৃ গি ায় চাষ আবাপদর জনয খু বই ঠিন: লাল বা
20. The four states of north-east India which are কলাগেত ৃ গি া)
reported having more than 50% of the total area under forest, 42. Which of the following states in India has the
are : Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Manipur, Tripura largest area under forests: Madhya Pradesh (ভারপতর ক ান
21. The Ghana Bird Sanctuary is located in which of রাপজয অরণ্যভূগ সবণাগি : িযপ্রপদশ [৭৭.৫২ বিণ গ গ , গদ্বতীয় িাপন
the following states: Rajasthan (ঘানা পাগখরালয় ক ান রাপজয অরুনাচল প্রপদশ—৬৭.৩২ বিণ গ গ ])
অবগিত: রাজিান) 43. Which of the following states in India is the largest
22. The great Indian Bustard is found in: Rajasthan producer of teak wood: Madhya Pradesh
(পেে ইগন্ডয়ান বাস্টার্ণ বা উল্লু ক াথায় পাওয়া যায়: রাজিাপন) 44. Which of the following types of natural vegetations
23. The largest zoo in India is at : Arignar Anna is found on the Nilgiri hills: Evergreen woodland (গনলগিগর
Zoological Park (Vandalur Zoo), Chennai, Tamil Nadu পাবণতয অঞ্চপল ক ান জাতীয় অরণ্য কদখপত পাওয়া যায়: গচরেগরৎ অরণ্য)
(ভারপতর বৃ েি গচগড়য়াখানা ক াথায় অবগিত: 45. Which of the following wild life sanctuaries is in
Assam: Manas (আসাপ র এ টি অভয়ারণ্য েল: ানস)
5
46. Which one of the following soil types of India is 47. Which state is the largest producer of natural
rendered infertile by the presence of excess iron: Podzolic rubber: Kerala (প্রা ৃ গত রবাপরর সবণাগি উৎপাদন ারী রাজয:
(অগতগরক্ত কলৌপের উপগিগতপত ভারপতর ক ান জাতীয় ৃ গি া অনু বণর ক রল)
েয়: পর্সল জাতীয় ৃ গি া)

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CLIMATE 11. The climate of India is : tropical climate
1. In which city of India, the diurnal range of (ভারপতর জলবায়ু: ক্রান্তীয় প্র ৃ গতর)
temperature is maximum: New Delhi (ভারপতর ক াথায় 12. At which place will you find maximum sunlight
দদগন তাপ াত্রা তারতপ যর বযবিান সবণাগি : নতুন গদল্লী) in December: Kanyakumari (প ান িাপন গর্পসম্বর াপস
2. Which shows the correct sequence of places in সবণাগি সূ যণাপলা কদখা যায়: নযাকু াগর)
descending order of the average summer rainfall: 13. Cherrapunjee receives more rainfall than
Cherapunji, Allahabad, Pune, Jaisalmer (েীষ্ম ালীন Shillong because: Cherrapunjee is located on the
বৃ গিপাপতর গনরীপখ সঠি ক্র েল: কচরাপু ঞ্জী, এলাোবাদ, পু পন, windward side of the mountain range while Shillong is
জয়শল ীর) on its leeward side. (গশলং-র কথপ কচরাপু ঞ্জীপত অগি বৃ গিপাত
3. In which season is the frequency of tropical ঘপে, ারণ্: কচরাপু গঞ্জ পাোপড়র প্রগতবাত ঢাপল এবং গশলং অনু বাত
cyclones in the Bay of Bengal maximum: During winter ঢাপল অবগিত)
(প ান ঋতুপত বপঙ্গাপসািপর ক্রান্তীয় ঘু গণ্ণঝপড়র োর সব কথপ 14. Amritsar and Shimla have the same latitude yet
কবশী: শীত াপল) Shimla is cooler than Amritsar because it: is at a higher
4. Which place has maximum rainfall: Cherapunji elevation (অ ৃ তসর এবং গস লা এ ই অক্ষাংপশ অবগিত,
(প ান িাপন বৃ গিপাত সবণাগি : কচরাপু ঞ্জী) তাসপেও গস লা অ ৃ তসপরর তুলনায় শীতলতর, ারণ্: গস লা
5. The north – western India receives substantial উচ্চতর িাপন অবগিত)
rainfall during winter months because of :westerly 15. Which areas have an average of 2000 mm
disturbances (প ান ারপণ্ উির-পগি ভারপত শীত াপল rainfall in India : Assam, Manipur, Tripura (প ান ক ান
পযণাি বৃ গিপাত পগরলগক্ষত েয়: পগিগ ঝঞ্ঝা) িাপন িড় বৃ গিপাত ২০০০ গ গ : আসা , গনপু র, গত্রপু রা)
6. On state, retreating monsoon has more effect: 16. The climate of India is of which type: Tropical
Tamil Nadu (প ান রাপজয প্রতযাবতণ ন ারী ক ৌসু গ বায়ু সবণাগি Monsoon (ভারপত জলবায়ু ক ান প্র ৃ গতর: ক্রান্তীয় ক ৌসু গ )
প্রভাব পগরলগক্ষত েয়: তাগ লনাড়ু) 17. Rajasthan remains dry during south-west
7. The premonsoon mango showers occur monsoon because of: anticyclonic circulation (দগক্ষণ্-
predominantly in :Kerala and Karnataka (প্রা প ৌসু গ পগি ক ৌসু গ বায়ুর স য় রাজিান শুস্ক থাপ , ারণ্: প্রতীপ
আম্রবৃ গির আগি য রপয়পি: ক রালা এবং ণ্ণােপ ) ঘু গণ্ণবাত)
8. Which state receives the highest rainfall during 18. Most of India’s rainfall is : cyclonic (ভারপতর
winter months: Tamil Nadu (প ান রাপজয শীত াপল সবণাগি অগি াংশ বৃ গিপাত: ঘু গণ্ণবাত)
বৃ গি পগরলগক্ষত েয়: তাগ লনাড়ু) 19. Which region in India receives substantial rain
9. The place which experiences minimum and during the winter month of January: Punjab (ভারপতর
maximum temperature of – 28.30C and 150C ক ান অঞ্চপল শীত াপল পযণাি বৃ গিপাত ঘপে: পাঞ্জাব)
respectively is : Leh (ক ান িাপন নূ নযত এবং সবণাগি 20. Which city has the longest day in the month of
তাপ াত্রা েয় যথাক্রপ -২৮.৩০ কসগন্টপেে এবং ১৫০ কসগন্টপেে: কল) June: Delhi (জু ন াপস ক ান শেপর গদপনর দদঘণয সবণাগি : গদল্লী)
10. The seasons recognized by the Indian 21. Retreating monsoons cause rainfall during the
Meteorological Department are : Winter (occurring months of : October & November (অপসৃ য় ান ক ৌসু ীবায়ু
from December to March), Summer or pre-monsoon ক ান াপস বৃ গিপাত ঘোয়: অপক্টাবর এবং নপভম্বর াপস)
season, (lasting from April to June; April to July in 22. The wettest months of the year along
north western India), Monsoon or rainy season (lasting Coromandel Coast of India, are: October, November,
from July to September) & Autumn (lasting from December (ভারপতর র ন্ডল উপকূপল আদ্রণত াস েল:
October & November) [ভারপতর আবোওয়া দির তৃণ অপক্টাবর, নপভম্বর এবং গর্পসম্বর)
গনপদণ গশত ভারপতর ঋতুগুগল েল: শীত (গর্পসম্বর কথপ াচণ), েীষ্ম 23. North-east monsoon brings maximum rainfall
(এগপ্রল কথপ জু ন/ উির পগি ভারপত এগপ্রল কথপ জু লাই) বষণা to: Madras (উির-পূ বণ ক ৌসু গ বায়ু সবণাগি বৃ গিপাত ঘোয়:
(জু লাই কথপ কসপেম্বর) এবং শরৎ (অপক্টাবর কথপ নপভম্বর) । কচন্নাইপত)
7
24. In May-June each year, the monsoon winds, 37. Which time of the day is generally the hottest
approach the southern tip of India from: south- westerly all over India : 3 P.M (গদপনর ক ান স য়টিপত সবণাগি ির
direction (প্রগতবির ক এবং জু ন াপস ক ৌসু গ বায়ু, ভারপতর অনু ভূত েয়: গব াল ৩োয়)
দগক্ষণ্ত গবন্দু পত কপৌিায়: দগক্ষণ্-পগি গদ কথপ ) 38. Which hill tract receives maximum rainfall:
25. The maximum temperature in Thar Desert Khasi (প ান পাবণতয অঞ্চপল সবণাগি বৃ গিপাত ঘপে: খাগস)
during the month of May is between : 40 0C -430C (থর 39. The western disturbances which cause rain in
রু অঞ্চপল ক াপস সবণাগি তাপ াত্রা েয়: ৪০০ কস: কথপ ৪৩০ north west India originate in : Mediterranean Sea
কস: ) (ভারপতর উির-পগিপ পগি ীঝঞ্ঝার ারপণ্ কয বৃ গিপাত ঘপে
26. The rains along the western coast of India are : তার উৎপগিিল: ভূ িযসাির)
orographic (পগি উপকূপলর বৃ গি ক ান প্র ৃ গতর: ওপরাোগফ্ 40. Earthquake is frequently experienced in Assam
বা প্রগতঘাত জাতীয়) due to: the passage of tectonic belt of India through it.
27. Which is a drought prone area: Tamil Nadu (আসাপ প্রায়ই ভূগ ম্প ঘপে ারণ্: কে েগন কবপের এ টি
coast (প ানটি খরাপ্রবণ্ এলা া: তাগ ল নাড়ু উপকূল) পযাপসজ এই অঞ্চপলর িয গদপয় গিপয়পি)
28. Which is the main cause of heavy rainfall in 41. At which place rainfall variability ( in
Tamil Nadu during winters: Tropical cyclones which percentage) is likely to be the greatest: Bombay (প ান
originate when the north-west monsoon winds cross িাপন শত রা বৃ গিপাপতর গনগরপখ সবণাগি গভন্নতা কদখা যায়: ু ম্বাই)
Bay of Bengal. (শীত াপল তাগ লনাড়ু উপকূপল অগি াত্রায় 42. North western India receives heavy rainfall by
বৃ গিপাপতর ারণ্: যখন ক ৌসু গ বায়ু বপঙ্গাপসাির অগতক্র পর retreating monsoon (উির-পগি ভারপত প্রচুর বৃ গিপাত েয়:
তখন কয ক্রান্তীয় ঘু ণ্ণাবতণ -র সৃ গি েয় তার ারপণ্) প্রতযাবতণ ণ্ ারী ক ৌসু গ বায়ুর প্রভাপব)
29. The State in India having dry season for only 3 43. Which States of India receives rainfall during
or 4 months every year is: Kerala (ভারপতর ক ান রাজয ৩- the winter from the Mediterranean disturbances: Punjab
৪ াস শুস্ক রসু থাপ : ক রালা (প ান রাজযটি ভূ িযসািরীয় ঝঞ্ঝার ারপণ্ বৃ গিপাত ঘপে: পাঞ্জাব)
30. Punjab and Haryana receive rainfall in winter
from : westerly disturbances (শীত াপল পাঞ্জাব ও েগরয়ানা
রাপজয বৃ গিপাত ঘপে: পগি ী ঝঞ্ঝার ারপণ্)
31. The driest place in India is : Jaisalmer (ভারপতর
শুস্কত িান েল: জয়শল ীর)
32. Uncertainty of rainfall in India is widely seen in
: coastal areas (ভারপতর বৃ গিপাপতর অগনিয়তা অতযাগি
পগরলগক্ষত েয়: উপকূল অঞ্চপল)
33. South west monsoon blows during: May-
September (দগক্ষণ্-পগি ক ৌসু গ বায়ু প্রবাগেত েয়: ক কথপ
কসপেম্বর)
34. Heavy rain in both summer and winter seasons
is a characteristic feature of : Tamil Nadu (েীষ্ম এবং শীত
উভয় ঋতুপতই অগি বৃ গিপাত ক ান রাপজযর দবগশিয: তাগ লনাড়ু)
35. Norwesters cause significant amount of rainfall
in : Assam & West Bengal ( ালববশাখী ক ান রাপজয পযণাি
বৃ গিপাত ঘোয়: আসা এবং পগি বঙ্গ)
36. Rainfall in India is not associated with :
anticyclones (ভারপতর বৃ গিপাত সম্প ীত নয়: অযাগন্টসাইপলান)
8
INDIAN MULTIPURPOSE PROJECTS Delhi, Haryana (পাবণগত ভযাগল কপ্রাপজক্ট গন ণাপন ক ান ক ান রাজয
অংশেেণ্ পরপি: গে াচল প্রপদশ, পাঞ্জাব, গদল্লী, েগরয়ানা)
1. Sardar Sarovar Project is based in the state of : 22. The Subarnarekha Barrage Project is built in which
Gujarat (সদণ ার সপরাবর কপ্রাপজক্ট ক ান রাপজয অবগিত: গুজরাে) state: Bihar (সু বণ্ণপরখা বযাপরজ কপ্রাপজক্ট ক ান রাপজয গনগ তণ েপয়পি:
2. The Tehri Dam is constructed on the river : গবোর)
Bhagirathi (পতেগর বাাঁি ক ান নদীর ওপর গনগ ণত েপয়পি: ভািীরথী) 23. Which dam is built in the earthquake prone region
3. Hirakud Dam is on river: Mahanadi (গেরাকুদ বাাঁি ক ান of India: Tehri (ভূগ ম্প প্রবণ্ অঞ্চপল ক ান বাাঁি গনগ ণত েপে:
নদীর ওপর গনগ ত ণ : োনদী) কতেগর)
4. Koyana hydro electric Power Project is located in 24. Thein Dam is constructed on the river : Ravi (গথন
which states: Maharashtra ( য়না োইপরা-ইপলগি পাওয়ার র্যা ক ান নদীর ওপর দতরী: রগব)
কপ্রাপজক্ট ক ান রাপজয অবগিত: োরাষ্ট্র) 25. Mettur Dam is situated on which river: Kaveri
5. Idukki Dam is on the river : Periyar (ইড্ডুগ বাাঁি ক ান (প িুর বাাঁি ক ান নদীর ওপর গনগ ণত: াপভগর)
নদীর ওপর গনগ ত ণ : কপগরয়ার) 26. The Gandhi Sagar Dam has been constructed on
6. Which Project consists of the Gandhi Sagar Dam, river : Chambal (িান্ধীসাির বাাঁি ক ান নদীর ওপর গনগ ণত: চম্বল)
the Kota Barrage and the Rana Pratap Sagar Dam: The 27. Srisailam hydroelectric project is on the river :
Chambal Project (প ান প্র ল্পটি িান্ধী সাির বাাঁি, ক াো বযাপরজ এবং Krishna (শ্রীবশল জলগবদ্যযৎ প্র ল্প ক ান নদীর ওপর গনগ ণত: ৃ ষ্ণা)
রানা প্রতাপ সাির বাাঁি গনপয় িঠিত: চম্বল কপ্রাপজক্ট) 28. Which group of states takes benefit from
7. Salal hydro electric Project is in which state: Tungabhadra Project: Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka (প ান
Jammu & Kashmir (সালাল োইপরা-ইপলগি কপ্রাপজক্ট ক ান রাপজয রাজযগুগল তুঙ্গভদ্রা প্র ল্প কথপ উপ ৃ ত েয়: অন্ধ্রপ্রপদশ এবং ণ্ণাে )
অবগিত: জম্মু ও াশ্মীর) 29. The Sardar Sarovar Project affects the states of :
8. Bhakra Nangal multipurpose project is constructed Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra (সদণ ার সপরাবর প্র ল্প
on the river : Sutlej (ভা রা-নাঙ্গাল বহু ু খী প্র ল্প ক ান নদীর ওপর ক ান ক ান রাজযগুগলপ প্রভাগবত পর: িয প্রপদশ, গুজরাে এবং
গনগ ণত: শতদ্রু) োরাষ্ট্র)
9. Sardar Sarovar project is associated with which 30. One of the dams which controls the release of
river: Narmada (সদণ ার সপরাবর প্রপজক্ট ক ান নদীর ওপর গনগ ণত: Cauvery water to Tamil Nadu is : Krishnaraja Sagar (প ান
ন ণদা) বাাঁি কথপ াপবগর নদীর জল তাগ লনাড়ু রাপজয সরবরাে রা েয়:
10. Which multipurpose project is under the control of ৃ ষ্ণরাজাসাির)
a single state in India: Tawa Project (প ান বহু ু খী নদী পগর ল্পনা 31. The highest dam in India is located in : Himachal
এ টি াত্র রাজয-র গনয়ন্ত্রপণ্ রপয়পি: তাওয়া) Pradesh (ভারপতর উচ্চত বাাঁি ক ান রাপজয অবগিত: গে াচল প্রপদশ)
11. Papanasam power generation scheme is associated 32. Matching:
with river: Tambravarni (পাপানাসা গবদ্যযৎ উৎপাদন প্র ল্প ক ান Tungabhadra—Karnataka
নদীর ওপর গনগ ত ণ : তা ব্রভাগনণ, তাগ লনাড়ু) Gandhi Sagar—Gujarat
12. Machkunda hydro electric project is a joint venture Bhakra Nangal—Punjab
of the states of : Orissa and Andhra Pradesh ( ু চকুন্দ জলগবদ্যযৎ Hirakud—Orissa
প্র ল্প ক ান রাজযগুগলর কযৌথ প্র ল্প: উগড়ষযা এবং অন্ধ্রপ্রপদশ) 33. Nathpa-Jhakri hydel project is located in the state of
13. The Vidyasagar Setu is located at : Calcutta : Himachal Pradesh (নাথপা-ঝা গর জলগবদ্যযৎ প্র ল্প ক ান রাপজয
(গবদযাসাির কসতু ক াথায় অবগিত: ক াল াতা, গদ্বতীয় হুিগল কসতু) অবগিত: গে াচল প্রপদশ)
[Please refer chart] 34. Mettur Power Project is located in : Tamil Nadu
14. Telugu Ganga Project is planned to supply drinking (প িুর গবদ্যযৎ প্র ল্প ক ান রাপজয অবগিত: তাগ লনাড়ু)
water to: Chennai (প ান নিপর জল সরবরাে রার জনয কতপলগু িঙ্গা 35. Installed capacity of hydro-electricity projects is
প্র ল্প গনগ ণত েপয়গিল: কচন্নাই) highest in: Eastern region (প ান অঞ্চপল জলগবদ্যযৎ প্র পল্প উৎপাদন
15. The Tulbul navigation project is under taken by ক্ষ াতা অগি : পূ বণভারপত)
India on the river: Jhelum (তুলবু ল কনগভপিশন কপ্রাপজক্ট ক ান নদীর 36. Dulhasti Hydroelectric Power Project is in : Jammu
ওপর গনগ ণত: গঝলা ) & Kashmir (দ্যলেগস্ত জলগবদ্যযৎ প্র ল্প ক ান রাপজয অবগিত: জম্মু ও
16. Pong Dam has been constructed on the river : Beas াশ্মীর)
(পং বাাঁি ক ান নদীর ওপর গনগ ণত: গবপাসা) 37. Which state gets the benefit of Idukki Power
17. The Ranjit Sagar Dam is built in which state: Uttar Project: Kerala (প ান রাজযটি ইড্ডুগ গবদ্যযৎ প্র ল্প কথপ উপ ৃ ত:
Pradesh (রগঞ্জত সাির বাাঁি ক ান রাপজয গনগ ণত েপয়পি: উির প্রপদশ) ক রল)
18. Matching: 38. The controversial Enron project is located at :
Koyna Project—Maharashtra Debhol (গবতগ ণ ত এনরন প্র ল্প ক ান রাপজয অবগিত: িাবল)
Sharavathy Project—Karnataka 39. Which group of states is linked with Beas Project:
Kundoh Project—Tamil Nadu Punjab, Rajasthan, Haryana (প ান রাজযগুগল গবপাসা প্র পল্পর সপঙ্গ
Balimela Project—Orissa যুক্ত: পাঞ্জাব, রাজিান এবং েগরয়ানা)
19. Which is the longest dam in India : Hirakud Dam 40. The multipurpose project irrigating the maximum
(প ানটি ভারপতর দীঘণত বাাঁি: গেরাকুদ) area is: Bhakra Nangal (প ান বহু ু খী প্র ল্প কথপ সবণাগি জলপসচ
20. Asia’s first underground hydel project is located in েয়: ভা রা নাঙ্গাল)
which state in India: Himachal Pradesh (এগশয়ার প্রথ ভূিভণ ি 41. Farakka Barrage was built to check: water flowing
জলগবদ্যযৎ প্র ল্প ভারপতর ক ান রাপজয িপড় উপেপি: গে াচল প্রপদশ) into Bangladesh, silting of Calcutta port & erosion of
21. The states contributed to the construction of the Kolkata port. (ফ্ারাক্কা বাাঁি গন ণাপনর ূ ল উপেশয গিল: বাংলাপদপশ জল
Parbati Valley Project are : Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, বন্টন, ক াল াতা বন্দপরর পগল হ্রাস রা এবং ক াল াতা বন্দপরর ভাঙন
করাি রা)
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42. The dispute regarding the Telugu Ganga Project is 45. Construction of Sunkosh Multi-purpose
between : Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra (প ান Hydroelectric Project is a co-operative effort between India
ক ান ক ান রাজযগুগল কতপলগু িঙ্গা প্র ল্প গবতপ ণ যুক্ত: ণ্ণাে , and : Bhutan (সপকাশ বহু ু খী নদী পগর ল্পনা গন ণাপণ্ ক ান কদপশর সপঙ্গ
অন্ধ্রপ্রপদশ এবং োরাষ্ট্র) ভারত কযৌথভাপব াজ পরপি: ভূোন)
43. Which is correctly matched: Gandak-Bihar and 46. Jawahar Sagar, Rana Pratap Sagar and Gandhi
Uttar Pradesh (সঠি : িন্ড : গবোর ও উিরপ্রপদশ) Sagar are constructed on the river : Chambal (জওের সাির,
44. Rihand hydro-electricity project is located in which রানা প্রতাপ সাির এবং িান্ধী সাির বাাঁি গুগল ক ান নদীর ওপর গনগ ণত:
state: U.P. (গরোন্দ জলগবদ্যযৎ প্র ল্প ক ান রাপজয অবগিত: উির চম্বল)
প্রপদশ)
Following are the important river valley projects in India: Project older river valley project in India.
Bhakra Nangal On Sutlej in Punjab. Highest in Tata Hydel Scheme On Bhima in Maharashtra
Project India.Ht. 226m. Reservoir is called Sharavathi Hydel On Jog Falls in Karnataka
Gobind Sagar Lake. Project
Mandi Project On Beas in HP Kundah & Periyar In Tamil Nadu
Chambal Valley On Chambal in MP & Rajasthan, 3 Project
Project dams are there:- Gandhi Sagar Dam, Farakka Project On Ganga in WB. Apart from power
Rana Pratap Sagar Dam and Jawahar and irrigation it helps to remove silt
Sagar Dam for easy navigation.
Damodar Valley On Damodar in Bihar, Based on Ukai Project On Tapti in Gujarat
Project Tennessee Valley Project USA Mahi Project On Mahi in Gujarat
Hirakud Project On Mahanadi in Orrisa, World’s Salal Project On Chenab in J&K
Longest Dam: 4801m Mata Tila On Betwa in Uttar Pradesh and
Rihand Project On Son in Mirzapur, Reservoir is Multipurpose Madhya Pradesh
called Gobind Vallabh Pant reservoir. Project
Kosi Project On Kosi in N.Bihar Thein Project On Ravi, Punjab.
Mayurkashi Project On Mayurkashi in West Bengal Pong Dam On Beas, Punjab
Kakrapara Project On Tapi in Gujrat Tehri Dam On Bhgirathi, Uttarakhand
Nizamsagar Project On Manjra in Andhra Pradesh Sardar Sarovar On Narmada, Gujarat/MP.
Nagarjuna Sagar On Krishna in Andhra Pradesh Project
Project
Tugabhadra Project On Tugabhadra in Andhra Pradesh &
Karnataka BRIDGES OF WEST BENGAL
Shivasamudram On Cauvery in Karnataka. It is the
NAME RIVER DISTRICT OTHER INFORMATION
Coronation Bridge Teesta Darjeeling Connects Darjeeling & Jalpaiguri
(Sevoke Bridge)
Vivekananda Setu Hoogly Kolkata Connects Kolkata & Howrah
Vidyasagar Setu Hoogly Kolkata Connects Kolkata & Howrah
Nivedita Setu Hoogly Kolkata Parallel to Vivekananda Setu
Jubilee Bridge Hoogly North 24 Pgs Connects Naihati & Bandel
Howrah Bridge Hoogly Howrah Cantilever bridge, also known as
Rabindra Setu
Ishwar Gupta Setu Hoogly Hoogly Kalyani Expressway crosses the
bridge.
Nashipur Rail Bhagirathi Murshidabad Connects Nashipur & Ajimganj
Bridge
Sarat Setu Rupnarayan Purba Medinipur Connects Howrah & Purba
Medinipur near Kolaghat.
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INDINAN AGRICULTURE: 13. Which Indian state is the largest producer of pepper:
Kerala ( গরচ ক ান রাপজয সবণাগি উৎপন্ন েয়: ক রল)
1. Dry farming in India is extensively practiced in : Deccan
14. The largest coffee growing state in India is : Karnataka
region (শুস্ক চাষ ভারপতর ক াথায় বযাপ ভাপব েপয় থাপ :
(ভারপতর সবণাগি গফ্ ক ান রাপজয উৎপাগদত েয়: ণ্ণাে )
দগক্ষণ্াপপথ) [Dryland farming and dry farming are
15. The scientist associated with the success of Green
agricultural techniques for non-irrigated cultivation of
Revolution is : Norman Borlaug (প ান দবজ্ঞাগন সবু জ
crops. Dryland farming is associated with drylands - dry
গবপ্লপবর সাফ্পলযর সপঙ্গ জগড়ত: নর যান বরলযাি)
areas characterized by a cool wet season followed by a
16. Which district of Andhra Pradesh is regarded as the rice
warm dry season. Dryland farmed crops may include
bowl of the state: Cuddapah (অন্ধ্রপ্রপদপশর ক ান কজলা িাপনর
winter wheat, corn, beans, Sunflowers or even
ভান্ডার গেসাপব পগরগচত: কুড্ডাপা)
watermelon. Dry farmed crops may include grapes,
17. Jute is grown in India due to : hot & humid climate
tomatoes, pumpkins, beans, and other summer crops]
(ভারপত পাে উৎপন্ন েয় ারণ্: উষ্ণ ও আদ্র আবোওয়া)
2. Which is the main source of irrigation of agricultural
18. Which are a rabi crops: Wheat, barley, mustard, seasame
land in India: Canals (ভারতীয় ৃ গষপত জল কসপচর প্রিান
& pease. [Rabi crops or Rabi harvest are agricultural
উপাদান েল: খাল)
crops sown in winter and harvested in the spring in the
3. In which state of India wet agriculture is practiced:
South Asia] (রগবশসয ক ানগুগল: ি , বাগলণ, সরপষ, গতল, ের)
Kerala (ভারপতর ক ান রাজয আদ্র ৃ গষ অনু সৃত েয়: ক রল)
19. Blue Revolution is associated with : Fish (ব্লু করভগলউশন
4. India has been divided into how many principal cotton
ীপসর সপঙ্গ যুক্ত: াি) [White Revolution (Operation
growing regions: Five (ভারতপ তগুগল প্রিান াপণাস
flood): Dairy, Green Revolution: food crops]
উৎপাদ অঞ্চপল গবভক্ত রা যায়)
o Black Revolution – Petroleum Production
5. The major agricultural land in India is under : food crops
o Blue Revolution – Fish Production
(ভারপতর ৃ গষজগ গুগলপত সবণাগি ীপসর চাষ েয়: খাদয শসয)
o Brown Revolution – Leather/non-
6. Jhum cultivation is prevalent in : Manipur (ঝু চাষ ক াথায়
conventional(India)/Cocoa production
েয়: গনপু র)
o Golden Fibre Revolution – Jute Production
7. Fishing is highly developed along the western coast of
o Golden Revolution – Fruits/Overall Horticulture
India as : the continental shelf along the western coast is
development/Honey Production
well pronounced (ভারপতর পগি উপকূপল বযাপ পগর াপণ্
o Green Revolution – Food grains
ৎস গশ ার েপয় থাপ : পগি উপকূল বরাবর েীপসাপান বতণ ান)
o Grey Revolution – Fertilizer
[The continental shelf is an underwater landmass which
o Pink Revolution – Onion production/Pharmaceutical
extends from a continent, resulting in an area of
(India) /Prawn production
relatively shallow water known as a shelf sea. Much of
the shelves were exposed during glacial periods and o Red Revolution – Meat & Tomato Production
interglacial periods.] o Round Revolution – Potato
8. The state with highest production of large cardamom in o Silver Fiber Revolution – Cotton
India is : Sikkim (প ান রাপজয সবণাগি বড় এলাচ উৎপন্ন েয়: o Silver Revolution – Egg/Poultry Production
গসগ ) o White Revolution (In India: Operation Flood) –
9. Which crop is sown in the largest area in M.P. : Rice Milk/Dairy production
( িযপ্রপদপশ ক ান শসয সবণাগি করাগপত েয়: িান) o Yellow Revolution – Oil Seeds production
10. Which state has the largest average size of agricultural o Evergreen Revolution – Overall development of
holdings: Rajasthan (প ান রাপজয বৃ েি িড় ৃ গষ কজাত Agriculture
পগরলগক্ষত েয়: রাজিান) 20. India is the largest producer as well as consumer of :
11. Saffron is produced in J&K (জাফ্রান ক াথায় উৎপন্ন েয়: জম্মু pulses (র্াল শপসযর কক্ষপত্র ভারত বৃ েি উৎপাদ এবং কভাক্তা)
ও াশ্মীর) 21. Which state is the main producer of Tendu leaves:
12. Which combination of state has experienced water Madhya Pradesh (প ান রাজয কতন্ডুপাতার ূ ল উৎপাদ :
logging due to over irrigation: Haryana and Punjab (প ান িযপ্রপদশ) [The tendu tree (Diospyros melanoxylon) is
রাজযগুগলপত জলপসপচর ারপণ্ জলবগন্দ অবিার সৃ গষ্ঠ েয়: েগরয়ানা found widely across central India. Leaves plucked from
ও পাঞ্জাব) its shrubs are used to wrap bidi, the poor man's cigarette.]
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22. Quality rice for export purposes comes from : Punjab and 29. India is the largest producer of : tea (ভারপত সবণাগি
Haryana (রিগনর উপেপশয উচ্চ াপনর চাল পাওয়া যায়: পাঞ্জাব ও উৎপাগদত েয়: চা)
েগরয়ানাপত) 30. Which state produces non-mulberry silk: Orissa (প ান
23. Besides the two dominant crop seasons i.e. rabi and রাজয তাঁু ত-গবেীন গসল্ক উৎপন্ন েয়: উগড়ষযা)
kharif, a brief cropping season has been lately introduced 31. Rubber plantations are located mostly in : Kerala and
mainly in irrigated areas, where early maturing crops are Karnataka (প াথায় সবণাগি রবার চাষ েয়: ক রল এবং ণ্ণােপ )
grown. The popular crops of this season are: moong and 32. Lac is produced in : Jharkhand (লাক্ষা উৎপন্ন েয়: ঝারখপন্ড)
urad (দ্যটি প্রিান শসয উৎপাদন াপলর অথণাৎ রগব এবং খাগরফ্-র 33. Kharif crops are: rice, maze, sorgum, bajra, arhar,
িযবতী স য় ূ লত জলপসচ প্রিান অঞ্চপল গবপশষ এ প্র ার চাষ soyabean, groundnut, cotton etc. (খাগরফ্ শসযগুগল েল: িান,
সম্প্রগত প্রচগলত েপয়পি, এই অঞ্চপল ূ লত: দ্রুত বিণণ্শীল শপসযর ভূট্টা, কজায়ার, বাজরা, অরের, কসায়াগবন, চীনাবাদা , াপণাস)
চাষ েপয় কথপ কয ন: ু ি এবং উরদ) [Kharif crops or autumn crops are domesticated plants
24. Which state is the largest producer of groundnut: Gujarat cultivated and harvested during the rainy (monsoon)
(চীপনবাদা উৎপাদন ক ান রাপজয সবণাগি : গুজরাে) season in the South Asia, which lasts between April and
25. The largest food crop of India is : rice (ভারপতর সবণাগি October depending on the area. Main kharif crops are
খাদয শসয েল: িান) millet and rice.]
26. The largest number of cattle are found in : Bihar & 34. Foodgrain production of India in million tones is nearest
Jharkhand (সবণাগি িবাগদ পশু পাওয়া যায়: গবোর ও ঝারখন্ড) to the figure of : 252 (ভারপত খাদযশসয উৎপাদপনর পগর াণ্
27. The maximum edible oil in India is produced from : গ গলয়ন েন গেসাপব: ২৫২)
Groundnut (ভারপত সবণাগি কভাজযপতল উৎপাগদত েয়: চীনাবাদা 35. Which state is called the ‘sugar bowl’ of India: Uttar
কথপ ) Pradesh (ভারপতর ‘সু িার কবাল’ ক ান রাজযপ বলা েয়: উির
28. Tobacco cultivated in Gujarat is mostly used for the প্রপদশ)
manufacture of : beedi (গুজরাপে তা া চাপষ উৎপাগদত
তা া ক ান কক্ষপত্র সবণাগি বযবহৃত েয়: গবগড়)
45. Which irrigation canal irrigates the portion of Thar
36. Jhum cultivation in India is connected with : hilly people Desert: Indira Gandhi canal (প ান খাপলর সাোপযয থর
(ভারপত ঝু চাপষ ারা যুক্ত: পাোড়ী অঞ্চপলর অগিবাসী) রুভূগ র এ াংপশর জলপসচ রা েপয় থাপ : ইগন্দরা িান্ধী খাল)
37. The state which is known as the ‘Granary of India’ is : 46. The largest producer of areca nut is : Karnataka (সু পাগর
Punjab (ভারপতর শসযভান্ডার াপ বপল: পাঞ্জাব) সবণাগি উৎপন্ন েয়: ণ্ণাে )
38. Which state leads in the production of marine fisheries: 47. Which region in India is known as the ‘Rice Bowl of
Kerala (সা ু গদ্র ৎসচাপষ ক ান রাজয অেিনয: ক রল) India’: Krishna-Godavari delta (ভারপতর ‘শসয ভান্ডার’ ক ান
39. Which state is the leading producer of tobacco: অঞ্চলপ বলা েয়: ৃ ষ্ণা-কিাদাবগর বদ্বীপ)
Maharashtra (তা া ক াথায় সবণাগি উৎপন্ন েয়: োরাষ্ট্র) 48. The highest milk producing breed of goat in India is :
40. Which country is likely to take over to India in tea Beetal (ভারপতর সবণাগি দ্যি উৎপাদন ারী িািল প্রজাগত েল:
production: China (প ান কদশ চা উৎপাদপন ভারতপ গপগিপয় বীোল)
গদপত পাপর: চীন) 49. Which state produces maximum wheat in the country:
41. Which is the most important cash crop of West Bengal: U.P (প ান রাপজয সবণাগি ি উৎপন্ন েয়: উিরপ্রপদশ)
Jute (পগি বপঙ্গর সবপচপয় গুরুত্বপূ ণ্ণ অথণ ারী ফ্সল: পাে) 50. Which is the most important cash crop of West Bengal:
42. Sowing season for kharif crop is : June-July (খাগরফ্ tea (নীপচর ক ানটি পগি -বপঙ্গর সবপচপয় গুরুত্বপূ ণ্ণ অথণ ারী ফ্সল:
(শপসযর করাপন াল: জু ন-জু লাই) চা)
43. Among the largest milk producing countries in the world, 51. The largest producer of fresh water fish in India is : West
India stands: First (দ্যগ্ধ উৎপাদপন ভারত পৃ গথবীপত ক ান িান Bengal (ভারপতর সবণাগি গ ো জপলর াি ক ান রাপজয উৎপন্ন
অগি ার পর: প্রথ ) েয়: পগি বঙ্গ)
44. Which crop combinations is characteristic of the upper 52. What type of climate is most suited for the cultivation of
Brahmaputra Valley: Rice, Tea, Oilseeds (প ান ৃ গষজাত spices in India: Hot and moist (ভারপত শলার চাপষর জনয
পণ্য রাগশ উচ্চ ব্রহ্মপু ত্র উপতয ার দবগশিয: চাল, চা, দতলবীজ) ক ান জাতীয় জলবায়ু আদশণ: উষ্ণ ও আদ্র)
53. Which state is the biggest producer of cashewnut: Tamil
Nadu ( াজু বাদা ক ান রাপজয সবণাগি উৎপাগদত েয়: তাগ ল নাড়ু)
12
54. Out of the total area under cash crops in India, which 70. Which oilseed crops is grown most extensively in India:
crop covers the largest area: Cotton (ভারপতর ক াে অথণ রী Groundnut (ভারপত ক ান জাতীয় দতলবীজ সবপচপয় কবশী
ফ্সল চাপষর জগ র পিয ক ান ফ্সল সবণাগি এলা ায় চাষ েয়: উৎপাগদত েয়: চীপনবাদা )
াপণাস) 71. Kharif season is from : June-September (খাগরফ্ ঋতু েল:
55. Which is not a rabi crop: Rice (প ানটি রগবশসয নয়: চাল) জু ন কথপ কসপেম্বর)
56. In which area of India is there an overlapping plantation 72. Which is the major cause of green Revolution in India:
of tea and coffee: South-west region (ভারপতর ক ান অঞ্চপল introduction of hybrid seeds, fertilizers etc. (ভারপত সবু জ
চা এবং গফ্ িাপির অগিক্র ণ্ বা ওভারলযাগপং কদখা যায়: দগক্ষণ্- গবপ্লপবর প্রিান ারণ্ ী গিল: উচ্চ ফ্লনশীল বীপজর আি , সার
পগি অঞ্চপল) ইতযাগদ)
57. Which state ranks first in the production of cotton in the 73. In India, what percentage of area is covered by wheat
country: Gujarat (ভারপত াপণাস উৎপাদপন ক ান রাজয প্রথ growing regions: 13.5% (ভারপতর ত শতাংশ এলা ায় ি
িান অগি ার পর: গুজরাে) চাষ েয়: ১৩.৫%)
58. In India, the greatest variety of flowers is found in : 74. The density of cattle population per 100 hectares of gross
Sikkim (ভারপত গবগভন্ন প্রজাগতর ফ্ু ল সবণাগি কদখা যায়: গসগ প ) cropped area is the highest in : Haryana (প্রগত ১০০ কেক্টর
59. Which agricultural holding has the largest percentage in গপিু িবাগদ পশু চাপষর ঘনত্ব সবণাগি : েগরয়ানা)
India: Marginal holdings (প ান জাতীয় ৃ গষ জগ কজাপতর 75. The largest tea producing state in India is: Assam
শত রা োর ভারপত সবণাগি : প্রাগন্ত কজাত (ভারপতর সবণাগি চা উৎপাদন ারী রাজয েল: আসা )
60. The largest producer of sesamum in India is: Tamil Nadu 76. The maximum density of canals lies in which state: Uttar
(ভারপত সবণাগি গতল উৎপাগদত েয়: তাগ ল নাড়ুপত) Pradesh (সবণাগি খাল ক ান রাপজয আপি: উির প্রপদশ)
61. Bajra, jowar and ragi are not primarily grown in : Kerala 77. In the Gulf of Kachh, a coral land is used for nesting
(বাজরা, কজায়ার এবং রাগি ক াথায় এপ বাপর উৎপন্ন েয় না: green turtles. It is called : Bhydar ( ে উপসািপর, এ টি
ক রালা) প্রবাল দ্বীপ সবু জ েপ পালপন বযবহৃত েয় । এটির না : ভযদার)
62. Bangladesh has become a leading competitor of India in 78. Rajasthan canal receives water from which river: Sutlej
the world in the field of : jute (প ান কক্ষপত্র গবপে বাংলাপদশ (রাজিান যানাপল জল আপস: শতদ্রু নদী কথপ )
ভারপতর প্রিান প্রগতদ্বন্দী: পাে) 79. The rabi crops are sown in the month of : November (রগব
63. Which is the largest livestock ( in number) in India: শসয ক ান াপস বপন রা েয়: নপভম্বর)
Goats (প ানটি সংখযায় ভারপতর সবণাগি িবাগদ পশু: িািল) 80. Which is the main spice producer: Malabar coast (প ানটি
64. After U.P. which state leads in production of sugarcane: প্রিান শলা উৎপাদ অঞ্চল: ালাবার উপকূল)
Bihar (উির প্রপদপশর পর ক ান রাপজয সবণাগি ইক্ষু উৎপন্ন েয়: 81. Cropping pattern in India is determined by : size of land
গবোর) holding (ভারপত ক্রগপং পযাোনণ গনভণ র পর: কজাপতর আ াপরর
65. Which state leads in irrigation by tanks: Punjab (প ান ওপর)
রাপজয জলাশপয়র দ্বারা সবণাগি জলপসচ েয়: পাঞ্জাব) 82. Who was responsible for White Revolution: Verghese
66. The most widely cousumed cereal in India is : rice Kurien (পেত গবপ্লপবর জন : ভাগিণস কুগরপয়ন)
(ভারপত সবণাগি ক ান শষয খাদয গেসাপব েেণ্ রা েয়: চাল) 83. Which forms the lowest percentage of crop pattern:
67. Which are rabi crops: Wheat, Mustard, gram, Linseed Sugarcane (প ানটির কক্ষপত্র ক্রপ পযাোনণ-র োর সবণগনম্ন: ইক্ষু)
(রগবশসয ক ানগুগল: ি , সগরষা, লাই, দতলবীজ) 84. Jute is grown on a large scale in the delta of : Damodar
68. Terrace farming is widely practiced in : Mountain areas (প ান উপতয ায় সবণাগি পাে উৎপন্ন েয়: দাপ াদর)
(িাপ চাষ ক াথায় সবণাগি পগরলগক্ষত েয়: পাোগড় অঞ্চপল) 85. Indian farmers insurance against crop failure is the
69. Good quality sugarcane is produced in South India. This process of one of the major methods of risk coverage by
can be attributed to : hot and wet climate (ভাল াপনর ইক্ষু Indian farmers in : Mixed cropping (ফ্সলোনী প্রগতপরাপি
দগক্ষণ্ভারপত উৎপন্ন েয় । এর অথণ: উষ্ণ ও আদ্র জলবায়ু) ভারপতর ৃ ষ রা ক ান পদ্ধগত অবলম্বন পর: গ শ্র চাষ)
AGRICULTURAL COMMODITY TOP PRODUCER o Largest Maize producing state is Andhra Pradesh
STATE o Largest Coarse Cereal producing state is Karnataka,
o Largest Total Food Grains producing state in India Rajasthan
is Uttar Pradesh o Largest Oilseeds producing state in India is Gujarat
o Largest Wheat producing state is Uttar Pradesh
13
o Largest Rapeseed & Mustard producing state in o Largest Guava producing state in India is Madhya
India is Rajasthan Pradesh
o Largest Soyabean producing state is Madhya o Largest Grapes producing state in India is
Pradesh Maharashtra
o Largest Sunflower producing state is Karnataka o Largest Apple producing state in India is Jammu &
o Largest Sugarcane producing state is Uttar Pradesh Kashmir
o Largest Sugar producing state is Maharashtra o Largest Areca Nut producing state in India is
o Largest Cotton producing state in India is Gujarat Karnataka
o Largest Jute producing state in India is West Bengal o Largest Cocoa producing state in India is Kerala
o Largest Horticulture Products producing state in o Largest Coconut producing state in India is Tamil
India is West Bengal Nadu
o Largest Vegetables producing state is West Bengal o Largest Cashew nut producing state in India is
o Largest Fruits producing state is Andhra Pradesh Maharashtra
o Largest Loose Flowers producing state is Tamil o Largest Citrus, Lemon, Mosambi producing state in
Nadu India is Andhra Pradesh
o Largest Cut Flowers producing state is West Bengal o Largest Orange producing state in India is Punjab
o Largest Total Spices producing state in India is o Largest Litchi producing state in India is Bihar
Andhra Pradesh o Largest Mango producing state in India is Uttar
o Largest Total Plantation Crops producing state in Pradesh & Andhra Pradesh
India is Tamil Nadu o Largest Pineapple producing state in India is West
o Largest Banana producing state in India is Tamil Bengal
Nadu o Largest Brinjal producing state in India is Odisha
Mesta Andhra Pradesh
Crops Name No 1 Producer Millets (small) Madhya Pradesh
Bajra Gujarat Paddy West Bengal
Barley Uttar Pradesh Potato Uttar Pradesh
Cardamom Karnataka Onion Gujarat
Castor seed (পরগড়র বীজ) Gujarat Pulses Madhya Pradesh
Chillies (dry) Tamil Nadu Ragi Karnataka
Coffee Karnataka Safflower Maharashtra
Coriander Rajasthan Sun hemp UP
Ginger (dry) Kerala Sesamum Uttar Pradesh
Gram ( লাই) Rajasthan Tapioca (সাগুজাতীয় শসয) Kerala
Groundnut (চীপনবাদা ) Gujarat Tea Assam
Jowar Maharashtra Tobacco Mahatrashtra
Linseed (বতলবীজ) Madhya Pradesh Tur Uttar Pradesh
14
Nick Name Place
Golden City Amritsar
Manchester of India Ahmedabad
City of seven islands Mumbai
Sorrow of Bengal Damoda river
Sorrow of Bihar Kosi River
Blue Mountains Nilgiri
Queen of Arabian Sear Kochi
Space City Bengaluru
Garden City of India Bengaluru
Silicon valley of India Bengaluru
Electronic City of India Bengaluru
Pink City Jaipur
Gateway of India Mumbai
Twin City Hyderabad-Sikandarabad
City of festivals Mudurai
Deccan Queen Pune
City of Buildings Kolkata
Dakshin Ganga Godavari
Old Ganga Godavari
Egg bowls of Asia Andhra Pradesh
Soya region Madhya Pradesh
Manchester of the South Coimbator
City of Nawabs Lucknow
Venice of the east Kochi
Queen of the Mountains Mussoorie (Uttarkhand)
Sacred river Ganga
Hollywood of India Mumbai
City of Castles Kolkata
State of five rivers Punjab
City of weavers Panipat
City of lakes Srinagar
Steel city of India Jamshedpur (called Tatanagar)
City of Temples Varanasi
Manchester of the north Kanpur
City of Rallies New Delhi
Heaven of India Jammu & Kashmir
Boston of India Ahmedabad
Garden of spices of India Kerala
Switzerland of India Kashmir
Abode of the God Prayag (Allahabad)
Pittsburg of India Jamshedpur
CAPITALS OF STATES & UNION TERRITORIES:

No. State or union territory Administrative capitals Year capital was The Former capital
15
established
1 Andaman and Nicobar Islands Port Blair 1955 Calcutta (1945–1956)
2 Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad (de jure to 2024) 1956 Kurnool (1953-1956)
Amaravati (de facto from 2017) 2017
3 Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar 1986
4 Assam Dispur 1975 Shillong(1874–1972)
5 Bihar Patna 1912
6 Chandigarh Chandigarh 1966 —
7 Chhattisgarh Naya Raipur 2000 —
8 Dadra and Nagar Haveli Silvassa 1945 Mumbai (1954–1961)
Panaji (1961–1987)
9 Daman and Diu Daman 1987 Ahmedabad (1961–1963)
Panaji (1963–1987)
10 National Capital Territory of Delhi New Delhi 1931 —
11 Goa Panaji 1961 Panaji (1961–1987)
12 Gujarat Gandhinagar 1960 Ahmedabad (1960–1970)
13 Haryana Chandigarh 1966 —
14 Himachal Pradesh Shimla 1971 Bilaspur (1950–1956)
Dharamshala (W/2nd) 2017
15 Jammu and Kashmir Srinagar (Summer) 1947 —
Jammu (Winter)
16 Jharkhand Ranchi 2000
17 Karnataka Bengaluru 1940 (Mysore)
18 Kerala Thiruvananthapuram 1956
19 Lakshadweep Kavaratti 1956
20 Madhya Pradesh Bhopal 1956 Nagpur[f](1861–1956)
21 Maharashtra Mumbai 1818 —
Nagpur (W/2nd) 1960
22 Manipur Imphal 1947 —
23 Meghalaya Shillong 1970 —
24 Mizoram Aizawl 1972 —
25 Nagaland Kohima 1963 —
26 Odisha Bhubaneswar 1948 Cuttack (1936–1948)
27 Puducherry Puducherry 1954 Madras (1948–1954)
28 Punjab Chandigarh 1966
29 Rajasthan Jaipur 1950 —
30 Sikkim Gangtok 1890 —
31 Tamil Nadu Chennai 1956
32 Telangana Hyderabad 2014 —
33 Tripura Agartala 1956 —
34 Uttar Pradesh Lucknow 1938 —
35 Uttarakhand Dehradun 2000 —
36 West Bengal Kolkata 1947
16
II. Physical Features:
o India has three distinct physical divisions. 15. The world’s highest mountain peak, Mount
o The northern boundaries of India are provided Everest (8848 metres) in Nepal, belongs to the Greater
by the lofty ranges of the Himalayas, which run almost Himalayas. Kanchenjunga (8598 metres), Nanga
in a wall-like shape from north-west to north-east. Parbat (8126 metres) and Nanda Devi (7817 metres)
o Then we have the Great Plains of northern are the highest peaks of the Greater Himalayas in
India formed by the basins of three mighty river India.
systems, the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra.
o Down below, we have the Deccan Plateau of Western Himalayas
the Peninsular India, which is geologically the oldest 1. Lie to the west of 80 degree East longitude
structure of the Indian subcontinent. between the Indus and Kali river in UP.
o It consists of huge rock blocks of very ancient 2. Average annual rainfall is less than 100 cms
times. 3. Vegetation consists mainly of alpine and
coniferous forests
The Great Mountain Wall of the north:
1. India’s northern frontiers are distinctly marked Eastern Himalayas
out by an arc shaped huge mountain wall stretching for 1. Lie to the east of 88 degree east longitude
about 3600 km comprising the snow-capped mountain between the Tista and the Brahmaputra River
ranges of the Karakoram and the Himalayas. 2. Rise abruptly from the plains of Bihar and
2. The width of this mountain belt varies between West Bengal
150 km and 400 km. 3. Average annual rainfall is more than 200 cms
3. The Karakoram mountain ranges rise from the 4. Large tracks are covered with dense evergreen
Pamir Knot in the north-west and stretch towards forests
southeast up to the Indus gorge in Jammu and
Kashmir. o South of the Himadri lies the Himachal range,
4. The world’s second highest mountain peak K2 which is also known as the Middle or the Lesser
(Godwin Austen), which has a height of 8611 meters, Himalayas,
belongs to this chain of mountains. o It has a height varying between 3700 and 4500
5. Famous Baltoro and Siachen Glacier also lie in metres above sea level.
the high valleys of Karakoram ranges o This range contains many of India’s important
6. To the south of the Karakoram Mountains is hill stations.
the Ladakh range and further below southwards is the o The beautiful Kashmir, Kulu and Kangra
Zaskar range of mountains, both of which lie in Jammu valleys of India and Kathmandu valley in Nepal, lie in
and Kashmir. this mountain range.
7. The Himalayas (meaning the abode of snow), o The popular hill stations of Shimla (Himachal
which form almost a 2500 km long continuous Pradesh), Mussoorie, Nainital (both in Uttrakhand) and
mountain Darjeeling (West Bengal) are also located on the
8. Wall on India’s North, extending from Indus Himachal ranges of the Himalayas.
in the west to Brahmaputra in the east, can be divided o The Shivalik range is the southernmost range
into Western, Central and eastern Himalayas. of Himalayas which is the lowest among the
9. The Western Himalayas encompass Jammu Himalayan ranges with a height of between 900 metres
and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh. to 1200 metres above the sea level.
10. The Central Himalayas are spread over o It lies on the northern border of the Ganga
Uttrakhand and Nepal. plain and extends towards east to merge with the main
11. The Eastern Himalayas cover northern parts of mountains.
the West Bengal and extend into Sikkim, Bhutan and o The important passes in the Himalayas are the
Arunanchal Pradesh. Jelep La, Shipki La, Nathu La, Bomdi La, etc.
12. The Himalayas broadly consist of three o On India’s north-eastern side are located the
parallel ranges of mountains, the Himadri, the Poorvanchal mountains, which consist of the Patkai
Himachal and the Shivaliks. Bum and the Naga Hills in the north; Mizo and Lushai
13. The Himadri range, also known as the Greater Hills in the south, and the Garo, Khasi and Jaintia Hills
Himalayas, comprises the northernmost range and lies in the centre.
on the edge of the Tibetan Plateau. Peak Height (in metres above Mean Sea Level)
14. It is the highest mountain range with an
average height of about 6000 metres above the sea 1. K2 (Godwin Austen) 8611 In Pak occupied territory
level. 2. Kanchenjunga 8598
3. Nanga Parbat 8126
17
4. Gasher Brum 8068 In Pal occupied territory 13. Skyang Kangri. 7544 In Pal occupied territory
5. Broad Peak 8047 -do- 14. Sia Kangri 7422 -do-
6. Disteghil Sar 7885 -do- 15. Chaukhamba (Badrinath Peak) 7138
7. Masher Brunm E 7821 16. Trisul West 7138
8. Nanda Devi 7817 17. Nunkun 7135
9. Masher Brum W 7806 In Pal occupied territory 18. Pauhunri 7128
10 Rakaposhi 7788 -do- 19. Kangto 7090
11. Kamet 7756 20. Dunagiri 7066
12. Saser Kangri 7672
while Ravi makes a small run through India before
The Great Plains of Northern India: entering Pakistan.
1. India has the world’s highest and the most o Only Sutlej, another trans-Himalayan river and
spectacular mountains a tributary of Indus flows for its major cause through
2. It is also fortunate in possessing one of the India,while Beas, a tributary of Sutlej, remains in India
world’s most extensive and fertile plains, throughout its journey in the plains.
approximately 2500 km from the Sutlej in the west to o Thus, only a small portion of the Indus river
the Brahmaputra in the east. basin, comprising Punjab and Haryana, lies in the
3. It is made up of alluvial soil brought down in northern plains of India.
the form of fine silt by the mighty rivers. o The Ganga-Brahmaputra river system forms
4. These Great Northern Plains consist of the the largest part of the Great Plains of north India. It
Indus basin, the Ganga-Brahmaputra basin and the covers almost one – fourth of the total land area of the
tributaries of these mighty river systems. county.
5. The bulk of the Indus basin falls within o The Ganga rises from the Gangotri glacier in
Pakistan but a part of it is shared by Punjab and the Himalayas and is joined by the Yamuna and Sone
Haryana. rivers on its right bank.
6. The Ganga Brahmaputra basin is larger of the o Rivers joining the Ganga on its left side are the
two and covers a large number of states in northern Gomti, the Ghaghra, the Gandak and the Kosi.
India. o The Yamuna rises from the Yamunotri glacier
7. The most salient characteristic feature of the in the Himalayas, but its important tributaries, the
Great Plains of northern India is the extreme Chambal, the Betwa and the Ken rise from the Malwa
horizontality or levelness. Plateau.
8. There is practically no difference in o Beyond Farakka, the main stream of the Ganga
geomorphologic features of the two parts, the Indus flows into Bangladesh and it known as the river
basin and the Ganga-Brahmaputra basin – except the Padma.
water divide which separates these two basins. o Some 80 km above, before falling into the Bay
9. This divide is made by a low narrow ridge of of Bengal, Padma is joined by the mighty
Aravalli range passing through Delhi and Ambala. Brahmaputra, a trans-Himalayan river which rises
10. The average height of the water divide is not from the Manasarovar Lake in Tibet.
more than 300 metres above the sea level, and this o And together they from the world’s largest and
gives the plain a touch of continuity between these two perhaps the most fertile delta in Indo - Bangladesh
drainage basins of the Indus and Ganga. region.
11. However, according to the terrain o The other stream of Ganga, bifurcated at
characteristics, this plain can be divided into two parts: Farakka, runs southwards into West Bengal and is
(i) The upland plain which lies above the flood level called river Hooghly.
and is made up of old alluvium. This plain is called the o It splits up into a number of channels.
Bangar Land; and o Before falling into the Bay of Benagal beyond
(ii) The lowland plain, whichis liable to inundation Kolkata. The Great Plains of the north, being
during floods and thus acquires fresh doses of new extremely fertile and most suited to agriculture, makes
Alluvium. This is called the Khadar Land. them the granary of India.
o Apart from the food scrops of rice, wheat and
The Drainage of the Great Plains: millets, this region also provides cash crops like
o The Indus and the Ganga-Brahmaputra river sugarcane, oilseeds, jute, etc.
systems together form the Great Plains of northern o This region has a dense population in its large
India. number of towns and villages and also accounts for a
o River Indus is a trans-Himalayan river. It number of industries.
originates beyond Himalayan river.
o It originates beyond Himalayas in Tibet and West Coastal Plain
flows throughout in Pakistan. o Located between the Western Ghats and the
o Among its tributaries, Jhelum and Chenab, Arbian Sea coast
which originate in India, also flow though Pakistan, o Narrow plain (average width 64 km)
18
o Drained by several short and swift streams Kerala, with a height of 2695 metres above the sea
which are unable to form deltas level, is the highest peak of the Peninsular India. In the
o There are several lagoons especially in the Nilgiris lies the Udagamandalam (Formerly Ooty), the
southern part of this plain best-known hill station of southern India.
o The western plain has indentated coast which o From the Western Ghats, the Decan Plateau
supports many ports gradually slopes away towards east to the Bay of
o It is a submerged coast and hence tilting has Bengal.
left no scope for depositional action of the o The eastern edge of the Decan Plateau is less
rivers marked as the Eastern Ghats have discontinuous low
hills called Mahendra Giri.
East Coastal Plain o All the major rivers of the Decan Plateau,
o Located between the Eastern Ghats and the Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Cauvery, flow from
Bay of Bengal coast west to east and piercing throught these low
o Comparatively broad (average width 80-100 discontinuous ranges of the Eastern Ghat hill merge
km) into the Bay of Bengal.
o Big rivers like the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the o Only Narmada and Tapti are the two major
Krishna and the Cauvery have formed large deltas rivers which flow from east to west and fall in the
o Lagoons are comparatively little in this plain Arabian Sea.
o The eastern plain has more or less a straight o The north-western part of the Great Plateau is
coast where god ports are lacking made up of lava flows or the igneous rocks called
o Mostly of emergent type, characterized by Basalt, also known as Decan Trap.
offshore bars, fine sea beaches, sand ridges o These several hundred metres thick rocks are
and lagoons spread over the whole of Maharashtra and parts of
Gujrat and Madhya Pradesh giving a thick dark sil in
The Great Plateau of Peninsular India: these regions.
o To the south of the Great Plains of northern o This soil, called Regur or Black soil, is
India lies the old landmass of the Peninsular India especially suited to cotton cultivation and makes this
which is made up of hard metamorphic rocks. region the most important cotton growing belt in India.
o This part of land adjoining northern plains, is o Many parts of the Great Plateau are rich in
known as the Great Plateau of Peninsular India. minerals and the famous gold fields of Kolar, the
o This Great Plateau has two distinct parts, the uranium deposits of Tamil Nadu and Jharkhand, the
Malwa Plateau and the Deccan Plateau. manganese, iron ore and copper deposits of the north-
o The Malwa Plateau, which comprises the east lie in the regions comprising this Great Plateau.
northern region of the Great Plateau of Peninsular
India, is bounded by the Aravalli hills in the north-west The Great Desert of Rajasthan:
and the Vindhyas in the south, both these low old o To the north-west of the Malwa Plateau lies
mountains forming the sharp edges of this plateau. the Thar Desert or the Great Desert of Rajashtan. The
o The third side of this triangular Malwa desert, which it made up sand, interrupted by rocky
Plateau, which extends from west to east, slopes hills and waterless valley, begins from the west of the
gradually towards the plain of Ganga and merges into Aravalli ranges and extends deep into Pakistan.
it. o The desert is the region of inland drainage
o The valley of the river Narmada forms the system, as the few rivers that flow in this area either
southern boundary of the Malwa Plateau, while its drain into the salt lakes or disappear into the sands.
extensions to the east form the Bundelkhand and o Only the river Luni drains off into the Rann of
Baghelkhand in southern Uttar Pradesh and Kutch.
Chotangpur in Jharkhand. o The desert climate, being arid and
o Most of the rivers of this plateau flow unfavourable for human settlement, makes the area
northward into the river Yamuna. The Malwa Plateau, sparsely populated.
particularly its northeastern part called Chotanagpur
plateau, is the richest mineral producing region of The Coastal Strips:
India. o The Deccan Plateau is flanked, on its west and
o The Deccan Plateau, which is roughly of a east, by narrow coastal plains along the Arabian Sea
triangular shape, extends from the Satpura hills in the and the Bay of Bengal.
north to Kanyakumari, the southernmost tip of India o The western Coastal Plain lies between the
ending in the Indian Ocean. Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea.
o On the western edge of the Plateau lie the o The southern part of the Western coastal Plain,
Sahyadri, the Nilgiri, the Annamalai and the called the Malabar Coast, is narrow, uneven
Cardamom Hills, the Annamalai and the Cadamom o and gradually dissected by a number of fast
Hills, commonly known as the Western Ghats. flowing streams and rivers.
o Which run along the Arabian Sea, goes on o It has a number of lagoons, backwaters and
increasing towards the south. Anaimudi peak in raised beaches.
19
o The northern part of the Western Coastal o It contains some of the most fertile and well-
Plains, called the Konkan Coast, gets wider as it watered deltas formed by Krishna, Cauvery, Godavari
movers further northwards and encompasses plains of and Mahanadi rivers.
Gujarat. o The southern part of the eastern Coastal Plains
o The eastern coastal plain, lying between the is known as Coromandel Coast and its northern part as
Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal, is wider and the Northern Sircars.
more leveled. o The soils of eastern coast are deep and fertile.
____________________________________________
____________________________________________ o Together they form the Union Territory of the
____ Andaman and Nicobar Islands, with Port Blair as the
Indian Islands: capital.
o Besides the manland, India has two groups of o The Lakshadweep comprises a group of 27
islands, the Andaman and Nicobar islands in the Bay coral islands scattered in the Arabian Sea, about 300
of Bengal and the Lakshadweep islands in the Arabian kilometres to the west of Kerala coast.
Sea. o None of these horse-shoe or ring shaped
o The Andaman and Nicobar islands are a group islands is more than a couple of kilometers in length
of islands many of which are too small and and breadth and about 17 of these islands are
uninhabited. uninhabited.
o The northern cluster of islands is called the o The Kavaratti island is the capital of the union
Andamans, a group of 204 small islands, while the Territory of Lakshadweep.
southern cluster is known as the Nicobar islands, a
group of 19 islands.
20
DIFFERENT SOIL TYPES IN INDIA:
The Indian council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) 2. Black (or Regur soil) (15%)
set up an All India Soil Survey Committee in 1953 3. Red and Yellow soils (18.5%)
which divided the Indian soils into eight major groups. 4. Laterite soils
For ease of understanding and comparative study, this 5. Arid and desert soils
post about the 8 soil types is prepared in tabular form, 6. Saline and alkaline soils
highlighting the key differences. 7. Peaty and marshy soils
1. Alluvial soils (43%)
Types of Soils States where found Rich in: Lacks in: Crops grown Remarks
Alluvial Mainly found in the Potash and Nitrogen and Large variety of New alluvium
plains of Lime Phosphorous rabi and kharif is termed as
Gujarat, Punjab, crops such as Khadar and old
Haryana, UP, Bihar, wheat, rice, alluvium is
Jharkhand etc. sugarcane, termed as
cotton, jute etc. Bhangar.
Black (Regur Deccan plateau- Lime, Iron, Phosphorous, Cotton,
soil) Maharashtra, Madhya Magnesia and Nitrogen and sugarcane, jowar,
Pradesh, Gujarat, Alumina, organic matter tobacco, wheat,
Andhra Potash rice etc.
Pradesh,Tamil Nadu,
Valleys of Krishna
and Godavari.
Red Eastern and southern Iron and Nitrogen, Wheat, rice,
part of the deccan Potash Phosphorous and cotton, sugarcane
plateau, Orissa, humus. and pulses
Chattisgarh and
southern parts of the
middle Ganga plain.
Laterite Karnataka, Kerala, Iron oxide and Organic matter, Cashewnuts, tea,
Tamilnadu, Madhya potash Nitrogen, coffee, rubber
Pradesh, Assam and Phosphate and
Orissa hills. Calcium
Arid and Desert Western Rajastan, Soluble salts, Humus, Nitrogen Only drought
north Gujarat and phosphate resistant and salt
southern Punjab tolerant crops
such as barley,
rape, cotton,
millets maize
and pulses
Saline and Western Gujarat, Sodium, Nitrogen and Unfit for
Alkaline deltas of eastern Potassium, Calcium agriculture
coast, Sunderban Magnesium
areas of West Bengal,
Punjab and Haryana
Areas of heavy A large Growth of Heavy soil with
Peaty / marshy rainfall and high quantity of vegetation is black colour.
soil: humidity. dead organic very less.
matter/humus
which makes
the soil
alkaline.
21
IRRIGATION IN INDIA State Total Groundwat Canal Total
1. The mainadvantage of Rain Water Harvesting crop er irrigati crop
(RWH) is: Reduce the loss of water area irrigation on area
2. ‘NagarjunaSagar Multipurpose Project’ is on (millio crop area crop actuall
which river: Krishna n (million area y
3. Multi-purpose river valley projects are the hectare hectares) (millio irrigate
“New temples of modern India”: Jawaharlal Nehru s) n d
4. Which irrigation canal is the most important in hectare (millio
terms of area coverage in Haryana: Bhakra canal s) n
5. Nagarjun Sagar Project is on the river: hectare
Krishana s)
6. On which river is Tikarpara and Jaraj dams Andhra 14.3 2.5 2.7 4.9
constructed under a multipurpose project: Mahanadi Pradesh
7. Mullaperiyar Dam is a disputed issure Arunachal 0.4 0.07 0.05
between: Kerala and Tamil Nadu Pradesh
8. Hirakud project is in: Orissa Assam 3.0 0.13 0.1 0.22
9. Tube well irrigation is predominant in Deccan Bihar 6.4 2.2 1.3 3.5
India is: U.P. Chhattisga 5.1 0.17 0.74 0.85
10. On which river is the nagarjunasagar Project rh
located: Krishna Goa 0.1 0.1 0.1
11. Bhakara dam is on the river: Sutlej Gujarat 9.9 3.1 0.5 3.2
12. Which state has the maximum area under Haryana 3.6 1.99 1.32 3.26
irrigation: U.P. Himachal 1.0 0.02 0.09 0.11
13. The Nagarjun Sagar project is on the river: Pradesh
Krishna Jammu & 0.9 0.02 0.38 0.37
14. The Rihand valley project is in : U.P. Kashmir
15. Rain water harvesting: it is a device of water Jharkhand 3.2 0.11 0.13 0.24
conservation, it helps raising water table and it helps Karnataka 12.2 1.43 1.33 2.38
meet rising water demand. Kerala 1.5 0.18 0.21 0.39
16. Upper Bari Doab canal was constructed in the Madhya 15.8 2.74 1.70 4.19
year: 1859 Pradesh
17. Bhakara canal was constructed in the Year: Maharasht 19.8 3.12 1.03 3.36
1964 ra
18. Eastern Yamuna canal was constructed in : Manipur 0.2 0.05 0.05
1831 Meghalay 0.3 0.06 0.06
19. The longest dam in India is : Hirakund Dam
a
20. Rajasthan canal project is : Under completion
Mizoram 0.1 0.01 0.01
21. Nagarjun Sagar project is in:A.P.
Nagaland 1.1 0.1 0.07
22. Which State is famous for step-wells: Gujarat
Odisha 4.9 0.17 1.07 1.24
23. Which was the first hydel power project in
India:Siva Samudram in Karnataka Punjab 4.0 3.06 0.94 3.96
24. Tank irrigation is popular in the : Deccan India Rajasthan 21.1 3.98 1.52 5.12
25. Minor irrigation scheme comprises several Sikkim 0.1 0.01 0.01
types of works with capacities to irrigate upto: 1000ha Tamil 6.5 1.61 1.43 2.66
26. The Kishenganga Power Project is in: Jammu Nadu
& Kashmir Tripura 0.3 0.02 0.05 0.07
27. Which dam of India is the highest: Bhakra Uttar 17.6 10.64 4.21 14.49
28. The Tehri Hydro Power Complex is located in Pradesh
the State of : Uttarakhand Uttarakha 0.8 0.22 0.14 0.35
29. Tehri dam is built on which of the following nd
rivers: Bhagirathi West 5.5 2.09 1.22 2.98
30. Which dam of India is the highest: Bhakra Bengal
31. only about 35% of total agricultural land in All India 159.6 39.43 22.48 58.13
India was reliably irrigated
32. Sikkim & Mizoram are least irrigated states
having only 0.01 million hectar area under irrigation.
22
INDUSTRY IN INDIA 29. Salem Steel Plant is located in : Tamil
1. The first short based integrated steel plant Nadu
in the country is: Bhilai 30. Tutiorin port is located in the State of :
2. Which is the leading state in India in “Ship Tamil Nadu
Breaking” industry: Gujarat 31. The earth station for satellite
3. The largest industry in India is: Textiles communication is located at : Arvi
industry 32. National remote sensing Agency is located
4. Which place is called as “Silicon Valley’ in : Hyderabad
of India: Bengaluru 33. The satellite tracking and ranging station is
5. Angora wool is extracted from which located in : Kavalur (Tamil Nadu)
animal: Sheep 34. Into how many PIN Code Zones is the
6. Rourkela is situated in Orissa country divided : 8
7. Bhilai is situated in Chhattisgarh. 35. The head quarters of western railway is
8. Bokaro is situated in Jharkhand. located at : Church Gate
9. Grey revolution is related to: Wool 36. The fast railway in India ran between:
10. Tamil Nadu has the largest number of Mumbai and Thane
small scale units of: Cotton textile 37. The National Highway 7 is the longest
11. The cotton textile industry is based on the highway in India. It connects: Varanasi and Kanya
raw material which is a: Weight constant industry Kumari
12. India’s 1st Hi-Speed Rural broadband 38. In terms of the railway system India’s
Network has been commissioned in a district of: position in the world is : Fourth
Kerala 39. Which State has the maximum length of
13. The largest steel plant of the country is : surfaced roads: Tamil Nadu
Bokaro 40. Indian Railways is divided into: 16 zones
14. Which industry is the maximum consumer 41. The world’s highest road connects: Leh
of water in India: Thermal Power and Manali
15. The ship building yard- Mazgaon Dock is 42. The number of international air port at
located at : Mumbai present is :5
16. Ships are built in : Vishakapatnam 43. The number of major parts in India is: 11
17. Telephone cables are manufactured at : 44. Which state stands to benefits most from
Asansol the Konkan railway: Goa, Karnataka,
18. The first Ship manufactured at : 1960 Maharashtra, Kerala
19. Ship are repaired mainly at : Mazgoon 45. Paradeep is situated in Orissa.
Dock a tMumbai 46. Kandala is in Gujrat
20. The first industrial policy declaration laid 47. Marmagao is in Goa.
stress on : Mixed economy 48. Frigates for Indian Navy are produced at :
21. What is ‘Talcher’ important for: Heavy Mazagaon Dock at Mumbai
water plant 49. Motorcycles are produced at : Faridabad
22. Antibiotics are produced in : Rishikesh 50. Automobiles are produced at : Kolkata
23. Which Indian port leads in imports: 51. Bangalore is famous for : Aircraft industry
Mumbai 52. The Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd. Is famous
24. When was the railway system established for : Aircraft Industry
in India: 1853 53. Major trunk routes have been electrified in
25. Bhilai is associated with: Iron and steel order to: Reduce the dependence on coal
industry 54. Punjab stands __________ in the
26. Chota Nagpur Plateau is the centre of production of diesel engines: First
industries because: It possesses coal 55. Steam locomotives are produced in :
27. Tata Iron and Steel company is located at : Chitatranjan and Janshedpur
Jamshedpur 56. Electric locomotives are manufactured at :
28. Which citiy called the Manchester of Varanasi
India: Mumbai 57. Which is the export leading from India in
the terms of value: gems and Jewellery
58. Antibiotics are produced in : Rishikesh
23
59. Heavy engineering industries are located 75. The first industrial policy declaration laid
in : Bangalore – Chennai strees on : Mixed economy
60. Which city is known for silk wearing 76. When was the industrial policy revised
industry: Kanchepuram after 1948: In 1956
61. The Uranium mines being developed by 77. Maximum number of sugar factories are
UCIl at lambapur and Domiasiat are located, located in : Uttar Pradesh
respectively, in which of the following states: 78. Which steel plant was started in 1965 in
Andhra Pradesh and Meghalaya India with West German collaboration: Rourkela
62. Cotton textile mills in India have become Steel Plant
sick in recent years mainly because: Machinery 79. Antibiotics are produced in : Rishikesh
has become obsolete 80. Heavy engineering industries are located
63. Spot the odd one from the following: in : Jamshedpur-Asansol
Trombay 81. “Manchester” of South India is :
64. Railway coaches are manufactured at : Coimbatore
Perambur 82. The first fertilizer plant in India was
65. The main exporters of superfine cloth are : established in : Sindri
Mumbai and Ahmedabad 83. In the context of India;s Five Year plan, a
66. The percentage of mill produced cloth to shift in the pattern of industrialization, with lower
be exported from India is : 10 percent emphasis on heavy industries and more on
67. How many jute mills India had during infrastructure begins in : Eighth Plan
1974:75 84. Which oil field of India is the oldest and
68. The iron and steel plant in Jharkhand is at : still producing oil : Digboi
Bokaro 85. The Visvesvaraya Iron & Steel Ltd. Is
69. In recent decades, there has been located at : Bhadravati
considerable increase in the export of : Mineral 86. It is basically a traditional centre for
raw materials cotton. The town accounts for the bulk of India’s
70. Railway coaches are produced at : cotton knitwear exports to all over the world The
Perambur Noyyal river runs all across the town, virutually
71. Ships are built in : Vishakhapatnam dividing it into two halves: Tirupur (Tamil Nadu)
72. The first hip manufactured in India was in 87. TISCO plant is located near : Tatanagar
: 1960 88. The state which has recently overtaken
73. Ships are repaired mainly at : Mazgaon Karnataka for the top rank in the production of
dock at Bombay bio-fertilisers is : Tamil Nadu
74. The first industrial policy was declared in :
1948
24
RIVER SYSTEM OF INDIA o Hooghli is a distributory of Ganga flowing
In India, the rivers can be divided into two main through Kolkata.
groups:
A. Himalayan Rivers 3. THE BRAHMAPUTRA SYSTEM
B. Peninsular Rivers It has a total length of 2900 km.
o It rises in Tibet (from Chemayungdung
HIMALAYAN RIVERS OF INDIA glacier), where it is called Tsangpo, and enters the
In this three major river systems are there: Indian territory (in Arunachal Pradesh) under the name
Dihang.
1. THE INDUS SYSTEM: o Important Tributaries: Subansiri, Kameng,
o Dhansiri, Manas, Teesta.
It has a total length of 2880 km (709 km in India). o In Bangladesh, Brahmaputra is known by the
o Rises in Tibet (China) near Mansarovar Lake. name of Jamuna while Ganga gets the name Padma.
o In Jammu and Kashmir, its Himalayan o Their combined stream is known as Padma
tributaries are: Zanskar, Dras, Gartang, Shyok, Shigar, only.
Nubra, Gilgit, etc. o Meghna is the most important distributory
o Its most important tributaries, which join Indus before it enters the Bay of Bengal.
at various places, are: Jhelum (725 km), Chenab (1800 o The combined stream of Ganga and
km), Ravi (720 km), Beas (470 km) & Sutlej (1050 Brahmaputra forms the biggest delta in the world, the
km). Sundarbans, covering an area of 58,752 sq. km.
o Sources: Jhelum from Verinag (SE Kashmir), o Its major part is in Bangladesh.
Chenab from Bara Lacha Pass (Lahaul-Spiti, H.R), o On Brahmaputra is the river island, Majuli in
Ravi from Kullu Hills near Rohtang Pass in H. R, Beas Assam, the biggest river island in the world.
from a place near Rohtang Pass in H.E and Satluj from o Brahmaputra, or the Red River, is navigable
Mansarovar – Rakas lakes in W. Tibet. for a distance of 1384 km up to Dibrugarh and serves
o In Nari Khorsan province of Tibet, Satluj has as an excellent inland water transport route.
created an extraordinary canyon, comparable to the
Grand Canyon of Colorado (US). PENINSULAR RIVERS OF INDIA
o According to the Indus Water Treaty signed o Different from the Himalayan rivers because
between India and Pakistan in 1960, India can utilize they are seasonable in their flow (while Himalayan
only 20% of the total discharge of Indus, Jhelum and rivers are perennial).
Chenab. o They can be divided into two groups:
A. East Flowing Rivers of India (or Delta forming
2. THE GANGA SYSTEM rivers)
o It is 2525 km long of which 1450 km is in
Uttarakhand and UP, 445 km in Bihar and 520 km in MAHANADI RIVER (858 KM):
West Bengal. o Rises in Raipur distt. in Chhatisgarh.
o The Ganga, the head stream is constituted of o Main tributaries: lb, Seonath, Hasdo, Mand,
two main rivers – Bhagirthi and Alaknanda, which Jonk, Tel, etc.
combine at Devprayag to form Ganga.
o Before Alaknanda meets Bhagirthi at GODAVARI RIVER (1465 KM):
Devprayag, Mandakini meets Alaknanda at o Also called Vriddha Ganga or Dakshina
Rudraprayag. Ganga.
o Sources: Bhagirthi from Gaumukh, Alaknanda o It is the longest peninsular river.
from Badrinath, Mandakini from Kedarnath (all from o Rises in Nasik.
Uttarakhand). Yamuna (1375 km) is its most important o Main tributaries: Manjra, Penganga, Wardha,
tributary (on right bank). It rises at the Yamunotri Indravati, Wainganga, Sabari, etc.
glacier in Uttarakhand. It runs parallel to Ganga for
800km and joins it at Allahabad. Important tributaries KRISHNA RIVER (1327 KM):
of Yamuna are Chambal (1050 km), Sind, Betwa (480 o Rises in Western Ghats near Mahabaleshwar.
km) and Ken (all from south). o Main tributaries: Koyna, Dudhganga,
o Apart from Yamuna, other tributaries of Panchganga, Malprabha, Ghatprabha, Bhima,
Ganga are Ghaghra (1080 km), Son (780 km), Gandak Tungabhadra, Musi, etc.
(425 km), Kosi (730 km), Gomti (805 km), Damodar
(541 km). Kosi is infamous as ‘Sorrow of Bihar’, CAUVERY RIVER (805 KM):
while Damodar gets the name ‘Sorrow of Bengal’ as o It is the largest peninsular river (maximum
these cause floods in these regions. amount of water).
25
o Infact, it is the only peninsular river which o Sharavati is a west flowing river of the
flows almost throughout the year. Sahyadris. It forms the famous Jog or Gersoppa or
o Known as the ‘Ganga of the South’. Mahatma Gandhi Falls (289 m), which is the highest
o It rises from the Brahmagir range of Western waterfall in India.
Ghats.
o Main tributaries: Hemavati, Lokpawni, INLAND DRAINAGE
Shimsa. o Some rivers of India are not able to reach the
o It is less seasonal than others as its upper sea and constitute inland drainage.
catchment area receives rainfall during summer by the o Ghaggar (494 km) is the most important of
S.W monsoon and the lower catchment area during such drainage.
winter season by the retreating N.E. monsoon. o It is a seasonal stream which rises on the lower
o Its 90% – 95% irrigation and power slopes of the Himalayas and gets lost in the dry sands
production potential is already being harnessed. of Rajasthan near Hanumangarh.
o It is considered the old Saraswati of the Vedic
SWARNAREKHA RIVER (395 KM) AND times.
BRAHMANI (705 KM):
o Rises from Ranchi Plateau. LAKES
o The largest man-made lake in India is Indira
Sagar Lake, which is the reservoir of Sardar Sarovar
B. WEST FLOWING RIVERS IN INDIA Project, Onkareshwar Project and Maheshwar Project
in Gujarat-MP.
NARMADA RIVER (1057 KM): o Chilka Lake (Orissa) is the largest brackish
o Has only l/10th part in Gujarat. water lake of India. [Brackish water (less commonly
o Rises in Amarkantak Plateau and flows into brack water) is salt water and fresh water mixed
Gulf of Khambat. together]Otherwise also, it is the largest lake of India.
o It forms the famous Dhuan Dhar Falls near o Wular Lake (J & K) is the largest fresh water
Jabalpur. lake of India.
o Main tributaries: Hiran, Burhner, Banjar, Shar, o Dul Lake is also there in J & K.
Shakkar, Tawa, etc. o From Sambhar and Didwana Lake (Rajasthan),
salt is produced.
TAPTI RIVER (724 KM): o Other important lakes are Vembanad in Kerala
o Rises from Betul distt in MR Also known as and Kolleru & Pulicat in AP.
twin or handmaid of Narmada.
o Main tributaries: Purna, Betul, Arunavati, GULF
Ganjal, etc. o The three important Gulfs in the Indian
Territory are: [a deep inlet of the sea almost
SABARMATI RIVER (416 KM): surrounded by land, with a narrow mouth.]
o Rises from Aravallis in Rajasthan. 1. Gulf of Kuchch (west of Gujarat): Region with
highest potential of tidal energy generation
MAHI RIVER (560 KM): 2. Gulf of Cambay or Gulf of Khambat
o Rises from Vindhyas in MR (Gujarat): Narmada, Tapti, Mahi and Sabarmati drain
into it.
LUNI RIVER (450 KM): 3. Gulf of Mannar (south east of Tamil
o Rises from Aravallis. Also called Salt River. Nadu): Asia’s first marine biosphere reserve.
o It is finally lost in the marshy grounds at the
head of the Rann of Kuchchh.
26
plant
10. Indirasagar Hydro Narmada Madhya
HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS IN INDIA: Electric Power Pradesh
Hydropower is one of the oldest and widely used renewable plant
sources of energy. India is the 7th largest producer of 11. Sharavathi Hydro Sharavathi Karnataka
hydroelectric power in the world and also ranks 3rd Electric Power
worldwide by its total number of dams. plant
Selecting the proper site will help to carry out construction 12. Dehar Hydro Beas Himachal
of the hydro -electric power plants and it will also help to Electric Power Pradesh
reduce risks due to natural disasters like earth quake. plant
Good topographical location along the path of river. 13. Kalinadi Hydro Kalinadi Karnataka
The flow of water where dam is constructed should be Electric Power
sufficient to fill the dam. There is a large amount of loss of plant
water from dam due to evaporation. The flow of river water 14. Teesta Hydro Teesta Sikkim
should be able to accommodate this loss of water without Electric Power
affecting the production of electricity from the hydroelectric plant
power plant. 15. Baira-Siul Hydro Baira Himachal
Here is the list of Hydro Electric Power plants in India: Electric Power Pradesh
S.No. Name of Plant River State plant
1. Koyna Hydro Koyna Maharashtra 16. Salal Hydro Chenab Jammu and
Electric Power Electric Power Kashmir
plant plant
2. Hirakund Hydro Mahanadi Odisha 17. Machkund Hydro Machkund Andhra
Electric Power Electric Power Pradesh,
plant plant Orissa
3. Idukki Hydro Periyar Kerala
Electric Power
plant 18. Balimela Hydro Sileru Odisha
4. Nagarjuna Hydro Krishna Andhra Electric Power
Electric Power Pradesh plant
plant 19. Subarnarekha Subarnarekha Jharkhand
5. Tehri Hydro Bhagirathi Uttarakhand Hydro Electric
Electric Power Power plant
plant 20. Shivanasamudra Kaveri Karnataka
6. Bhakra Nangal Sutlej Himachal Hydro Electric
Hydro Electric Pradesh Power plant
Power plant 21. Loktak Hydro Leimtak Manipur
7. Sardar Sarovar Narmada Gujarat Electric Power
Hydro Electric plant
Power plant 22. Rihand Hydro Rihand Madhya
8. Nathpa Sutlej Himachal Electric Power Pradesh,
Jhakri Hydro Pradesh plant Uttar Pradesh
Electric Power 23. Rangit Hydro Rangit Sikkim
plant Electric Power
9. Srisailam Hydro Krishna Andhra plant
Electric Power Pradesh 24. Bansagar Hydro Sone Madhya
27
Electric Power Pradesh Power plant
plant 12. Tiroda Thermal Power Maharashtra
25. Uri Hydro Electric Jhelum Jammu and plant
Power plant Kashmir 13. Anpara Thermal Power Uttar Pradesh
plant
THERMAL POWER PLANTS IN INDIA: 14. Barauni Thermal Power Bihar
plant
Thermal power is the largest source of power in India. There 15. Bellary Thermal Power Karnataka
are different types of Thermal power plants based on the fuel plant
used to generate the steam such as coal, gas, and Diesel. 16. Durgapur Thermal West Bengal
About 65% of electricity consumed in India are generated by Power plant
thermal power plants. 17. Sikka Thermal Power Gujarat
Thermal power plants mainly require large amount of water plant
as coolant, so usually all power plants are situated near the 18. Satpura Thermal Power Madhya Pradesh
rivers. plant
Thermal Power in India is mainly generated through coal, 19. Wanakbori Thermal Gujarat
gas and oil. Power plant
The main factors which are responsible for location of 20. Obra Thermal Power Uttar Pradesh
thermal power stations are proximity to water supply for plant
coolants, proximity to raw materials, major cities for 21. Udupi Thermal Power Karnataka
efficient power transmissions and better connectivity plant
depending upon power consumption. 22. Simhadri Thermal Power Andhra Pradesh
Here we are detailing about Thermal Power Plants in India. plant
23. Chhabra Thermal Power Rajasthan
S.No. Name of Plant State plant
1. Singrauli Thermal Power Madhya Pradesh 24. Bokaro Thermal Power Jharkhand
plant plant
2. Ramagundam Thermal Andhra Pradesh 25. Sanjay Gandhi Thermal Madhya Pradesh
Power plant Power plant
3. Dadri Thermal Power Uttar Pradesh 26. Chandrapur Thermal Maharashtra
plant Power plant
4. Talcher Thermal Power Odisha 27. Bhilai Thermal Power Chhattisgarh
plant plant
5. Korba Thermal Power Chhattisgarh 28. Mettur Thermal Power Tamil Nadu
plant plant
6. Vindyachal Thermal Madhya Pradesh 29. Patratu Thermal Power Jharkhand
Power plant plant
7. Farakka Thermal Power West Bengal 30. Rosa Thermal Power Uttar Pradesh
plant plant
8. Mudra Thermal Power Gujarat 31. Sant Singaji Thermal Madhya Pradesh
plant Power plant
9. Sipat Thermal Power Chhattisgarh 32. Ukai Thermal Power Gujarat
plant plant
10. Rihand Thermal Power Uttar Pradesh 33. Khaperkheda Thermal Maharashtra
plant Power plant
11. Jharsuguda Thermal Odisha 34. Gandhinagar Thermal Gujarat
28
Power plant 6. Kalpakkam Nuclear Tamil Nadu
35. Amarkantak Thermal Madhya Pradesh Power plant
Power plant 7. Tarapur Nuclear Power Maharashtra
36. Amravati Thermal Maharashtra plant
Power plant
37. Ennore Thermal Power Tamil Nadu
plant
Feroz Gandhi Unchahar Uttar Pradesh Some Nuclear Power plants are under construction. Here is
38.
Thermal Power plant the list:
39. National Capital Uttar Pradesh
Thermal Power plant S.N Name of State Scheduled Expected
Hirakund Captive Odisha o. Plant Date of Date of
40.
Thermal Power plant Commerci Commerci
Kota Thermal Power Kota, Rajasthan al al
41.
plant Operation Operation
Kalisindh Thermal Jhalawar, Rajasthan 1. Rajasthan Rajastha Unit 7: Under
42.
Power plant Unit 7 and 8 n June Review
2016Unit
Nuclear Power Plants in India: 8:
Nuclear Power is the fourth largest sources of energy after December
thermal, hydroelectric and renewable sources of energy. As 2016
of 2016, India has 21 nuclear reactors in 7 Nuclear Power 2. Kakrapar Gujarat Unit 3: Under
plants. Some Nuclear Power plants are under construction Unit 3 and 4 Late 2016/ Review
and some are planned projects which will be implemented in early
future. 2017Unit
Nuclear Power Plants requires relatively small area and 4: 2017
produce a large amount of electricity in a relatively small 3. Madras Tamil __ March
space. (Kalpakkam Nadu 2017
They contribute to national energy security and ensure )
stable electricity supply nationwide. 4. Kundankulla Tamil December Feb-2017
Nuclear power plants are designed to operate continuously m Nadu 2008
for long period of time. They can run about 540 days before
they are shut down for refueling. Some Planned Projects of Nuclear Power plants are:
Here is the list of Nuclear Power plants in India:
S.No. Name of Plant State
S.No. Name of Plant State 1. Jaitapur Nuclear Power plant Maharashtra
2. Gorakhpur Nuclear Power plant Haryana
1. Narora Nuclear Power Uttar Pradesh
3. Madras Nuclear Power plant Tamil Nadu
plant
4. Kovvada Nuclear Power plant Andhra Pradesh
2. Rawatbhatta Nuclear Rajasthan
Power plant 5. Mithi Virdi (Viradi) Nuclear Power Andhra Pradesh
plant
3. Kakarpar Nuclear Power Gujarat
6. Haripur Nuclear Power plant Andhra Pradesh
plant
7. Bhimpur Nuclear Power plant Madhya
4. Kaiga Nuclear Power Karnataka
Pradesh
plant
8. Mahi Banswara Nuclear Power plant Rajasthan
5. Kundankullam Nuclear Tamil Nadu
9. Chutka Nuclear Power plant Madhya
Power plant Pradesh
29
o Mica is also found in large quantities in Andhra
Pradesh & Rajasthan.
MINERALS IN INDIA o A large quantity of mica is exported to other
countries.
1. IRON :
o India has huge deposits of iron-ore in Bihar, Orissa,
6. ALUMINIUM :
Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka & Maharashtra.
o It is a light but hard metal. The ore from which
o Iron-ore is found in the mines at Singhbhum in
aluminum is produced is known as bauxite.
Bihar & Mayurbhanj in Orissa.
o Huge deposits of bauxite are found in Bihar, Orissa,
o Big steel plants at Jamshedpur, Bhilai, Bokaro,
Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka,
Durgapur, Rourkela & Bhadravati.
Tamil Nadu & Maharashtra.
2.COAL :
7. COPPER :
o It is known as ‘Black diamond‘.
o It is a good conductor of electricity.
o Products like nylon, chemicals, dyes, drugs &
o It alloys with zinc to form brass & with tin to form
perfumes are obtained from the distillation of coal.
bronze.
o Coal is found in Bihar, West Bengal, Damodar
o It occurs in small quantities in India.
Valley, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh & Madhya Pradesh.
o It is found at Khetri in Rajasthan.
o Jharia in Jharkhand & Raniganj in West Bengal are
o Some copper has been found in Andhra Pradesh,
the largest coal mines in India.
Uttar Pradesh & Tamil Nadu.
o Other coal mines are located at Suhagpur (Madhya
Pradesh) Dhanbad (Jharkhand) Neyveli (Tamil
8. GOLD :
Nadu) & Singarani (Andhra Pradesh).
o Gold is produced from the mines at Kolar & Hutti
in Karnataka & Anantopuram in Andhra Pradesh.
3. PETROLEUM :
o Petroleum is known as ‘Black gold’.
9. DIAMOND :
o Petroleum is found at Digboi in Assam, Ankleshwar
o Diamonds are found in the mines at Panna in
& Kalol in Gujarat & Bombay High off the shore of
Madhya Pradesh.
Bombay.
4. MANGANESE : MAJOR OIL FIELDS IN INDIA

o Manganese is used in the manufacture of steel.
o India is one of the largest producers of manganese The following major oil-fields in India are yielding oil:
in the world.
o It is found in Orissa, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh & The oldest (1882) and one of the largest (65 sq.km) oil-field
Maharashtra. in India at Digboi in Lakhimpur district of Assam, is still in
production. Bappapung and Hunsapung are sister fields of
5. MICA : Digboi.
o India is the largest producer of mica in the world.
o Jharkhand has richest mica belt and accounts for In the Surma valley Badarpur, Masimpur and Patharia yield
60% of India’s production in terms of value. poor quality oil.
o Koderma is a well-known place for mica production
in Jharkhand which produces more than 50% of the In upper Assam Naharkatiya (also Naharkatia), Rudrasagar,
total mica production in India. Moran, Hugrijan, Lakoa and Galeki have been developed by
o Its huge deposits are found in Gaya, Monghyr & Oil India Ltd.
Hazaribagh districts of Bihar.
30
On the occasion of 50th anniversary of Oil India Limited, the The oil field regions of India are:
oil fields at Naharkatiya was given a heritage tag by the
Eastern Assam,
Chief Minister of Assam.Refineries for Assam crude are at
Digboi, Guwahati (Nunmati) and Bongaigaon, connected by Arunachal Pradesh,Nagaland,Tripura,Southern West
a pipeline which also carry crude to Barauni refinery in Bengal,Himachal Pradesh,PunjabUttar PradeshBihar-Tarai
Bihar. regionGujarat,Bombay HighGoa andKerala,Kaveri,
Godavari and Mahanadi deltas andAndaman and Nicobar
The pipeline is 1,150 km long. Barauni is also linked by
Islands.
pipelines with Haldia and Kanpur.
These regions were all under shallow seas, some 70 million
Gujarat’s oil wells are at Amkleswar (largest), Cambay,
years ago, i.e., just before the birth of the Himalayas. Oil and
Kalol, Kosamba, Mehsana, Nowgam, Dholka, Lunej,
gas may have seeped out of some of these areas. Hence oil
Sananda, Wavel Bakal and Kathana.
prospecting is being carried on to find out the actual, oil
The Gujarat crude is refined at Kayali (Koyali) pools.
refinery (now second largest refinery in India) which is
Notes:
linked by pipes to its several tributary fields. Mathura, will
receive imported crude from Salaya, a new port in the Gulf In 1959, Oil India Limited was formed as a joint undertaking
of Kutch. of Burmah Oil Company and the Government of India
(GOI). Later on, in 1981, it became a subsidiary of GOI. At
The Bombay High out in the Arabian sea, 152 km north-west
of Bombay city, has rich deposits of oil and gas, which are present, Oil India is a listed company and the GOI share-
being sent by submarine pipelines to Uran of the mainland. holding stands at 67.64%.
31
INDUSTRIES OF INDIA:
IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY manufacturing value-added and one third of total
export earnings.
o First steel industry at Kulti, Near Jharia, West o The first Indian modernised cotton cloth mill was
Bengal – Bengal iron works company in 1870 established in 1818 at Fort Gloaster near Calcutta
o First large scale steal plant TISCO at Jamshedpur in but this mill was not successful. The second mill
1907 followed by IISCO at Burnpur in 1919. Both named “Mumbai’s spinning and weaving Co.” Was
belonged to private sector established in 1854 at Bombay by KGN Daber
o The first public sector unit was “Vishveshvaraya
Iron and Steel works” at Bhadrawati, Karnataka. SUGAR INDUSTRY
o India is 3rd largest producer of Raw steel. o Sugar industry is the second largest industry after
cotton textile industry among agriculture-based
LOCATION ASSISTANCE industries in India.
1. Rourkela(Orrisa) Germany o India is now the largest producer and consumer of
2. Bhilai(MP) Russian government sugar in the world. Maharashtra contributes over
3. Durgapur(WB) British government one third of the total sugar output, followed closely
4. Bokaro(Jharkhand) Russian government by Uttar Pradesh.
5. Burnpur(WB) Acquired from private
sector in 1976 FERTILISER INDUSTRY
6. Vishakhapattnam(AP) Russian government o India is the third largest producer of nitrogenous
fertilisers in the world.
o All these are managed by SAIL(at present all
important steel plants except TISCO, are under PAPER INDUSTRY
public sector) o The first mechanised paper mill was set up in 1812
o Steel Authority of India Ltd(SAIL) was established at Serampur in West Bengal.
in 1974 and was made responsible for the o The paper industry in India is ranked among the 15
development of the steel industry. top global paper industries.
o Presently India is the eighth largest steel producing
country in the world. SILK INDUSTRY
o India is the second-largest (first being China)
JUTE INDUSTRY country in the world in producing natural silk. At
o Jute industry is an important industry for a country present, India produces about 16% silk of the world.
like India, because not only it earns foreign o India and joys that distinction of being the only
exchange but also provides substantial employment country producing all the five known commercial
opportunities in agriculture and industrial sectors. varieties of silk viz Mulberry, Tropical Tussar, Oak
o Its first modernised industrial unit was established at Tussar, Eri and Muga.
Rishra in West Bengal in 1855.
o The jute industry in the country is traditionally PETROLEUM & NATURAL GAS
export oriented. India ranks number one in the raw o First successful Oilwell was dug in India in 1889 at
jute and juite goods production and number two in Digboi, Assam.
export of jute goods in the world. o At present a number of regions having oil reserves
have been identified and oil is being extracted in
COTTON & TEXTILE INDUSTRY these regions
o Oldest industry of India, and employees largest o For exploration purpose , Oil and Natural Gas
number of workers. Commission (ONGC) was established in 1956 at
o It is the largest organised and broad-based industry Dehradun, Uttarakhand
which accounts for 4% of GDP, 20% of
32
INDIAN TOWN AND CITIES ASSOCIATED
WITH INDUSTRIES
1. Agra (U.P.)—Marble, leather, carpets, 32. Khetri (Rajasthan)—Copper.
stoneware. 33. Ludhiana (Punjab)—Hosiery.
2. Ahmedabad (Gujarat)—Cotton Textiles. 34. Moradabad (U.P.)—Utensils, Calico-printing.
3. Aligarh (U.P.)—Locks, cutlery and dairy 35. Mysore (Karnataka)—Silk.
industry. 36. Narora (U.P.)—Atomic Power Unit.
4. Ambernath (Maharashtra)—Machine Tools 37. Nangal (Punjab)—Fertilizers.
Prototype Factory. 38. Nepanagar (M.P.)—Newsprint.
5. Ankleshwar (Gujarat)—Oil fields. 39. Neyveli—Lignite.
6. Bangaluru (Karnataka)—Cotton textiles, toys, 40. Nunamati—Oil-refining.
carpets, motors, Hindustan Aircraft, Telephone 41. Perambur (Tamil Nadu)—Integral Coach
and Machine tools. Factory.
7. Bareilly (U.P.)—Resin industry, Bamboo 42. Pimpri (Maharashtra)—Penicillin Factory.
wood work, Match Factory. 43. Pinjore (Haryana)—Hindustan Machine Tools.
8. Batanagar—Shoes 44. Rana Pratap Sagar (Rajasthan)—Hydro Power
9. Bhilai (Chhattisgarh)—Steel. Plant.
10. Bokaro (Jharkhand)—Steel plant. 45. Rawatbhata (Raj.)—Atomic Power Plant near
11. Mumbai—Cotton textiles, cinema, woollen Kota.
goods etc. 46. Raniganj (West Bengal)—Coal mines.
12. Kolkata (West Bengal)—Jute, Electric bulbs 47. Renukoote (U.P.)—Hindustan Aluminium
and lamps. works.
13. Chitranjan (West Bengal)—Locomotive. 48. Rourkela (Odisha)—Steel, Fertilizers.
14. Chhindwara (M. P.)—Coal, Lime-stone. 49. Rupnarainpur (West Bengal)—Cables.
15. Churk (U.P.)—Cement. 50. Saharanpur (U.P.)—Mangoes, Cigarette
16. Cochin (Kerala)—Ship-building, coffee, factory, paper mill.
coconut, oil, coirmat rubber. 51. Sindri (Jharkhand)—Fertilizers.
17. Cyberabad (Andhra Pradesh)—Electronics 52. Singareni (Andhra Pradesh)—Coal.
Computer etc. Information Technology. 53. Singhbhum (Jharkhand)—Copper.
18. Dalmianagar (Jharkhand)—Cement. 54. Srinagar (Kashmir)—Woollen Shawls, silks,
19. Delhi—D.D.T., Textiles and Housing. wood work embroidery.
20. Dhariwal (Punjab)—Woollen goods. 55. Surajpur (Haryana)—Cement factory.
21. Digboi (Assam)—Petroleum. 56. Surat (Gujarat)—Textiles.
22. Durgapur (West Bengal)—Steel. 57. Sholapur (Maharashtra)—Cotton textiles.
23. Firozabad (U.P.)—Glass. 58. Tarapur (Maharashtra)—Atomic Power Plant.
24. Guntur (A.P.)—Cotton manufacture. 59. Tiruchirapalli (Tamil Nadu)—Cigar.
25. Gwalior (M.P.)—Pottery. 60. Titagarh (West Bengal)—Paper and Jute.
26. Jaipur (Raj.)—Embroidery, pottery, brassware. 61. Trombay (Maharashtra)—Atomic Reactors,
27. Jalahalli (Karnataka)—Machine Tools Factory Fertilizers, oil refineries, Uranium Thorium
and Electronics. Factory.
28. Jamshedpur (Jharkhand)—Iron and Steel 62. Vijaypur (M.P.)—Fertilizers.
goods. 63. Vishakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh)—Ship
29. Jharia (Jharkhand)—Coal. building, Iron and Steel and Oil refinery.
30. Katni (M.P.)—Cement. 64. Zainkot (Jammu and Kashmir)—Hindustan
31. Kalamassery (Kerala)—Hindustan Machine Machine Tools (Watches).
Tools.
33
TRANSPORT & COMMUNICATION: expressways
NHDP-VII Ring Roads, Bypasses, 700 km
The transport system in India includes: Road, Rail, Grade Separators,
Inland waterways, Coastal shipping and Airways Service Roads etc.
ROAD
India has a road network of about 46 lakh kilometres. MAJOR NATIONAL HIGHWAYS
India has the second largest road network in the world. NH Route Distance
No. in km
INDIAN ROAD NETWORK NH-1 New Delhi – Ambala – Jalandhar 456
– Amritsar
Types of Roads in India Length (km) NH-2 Delhi – Mathura – Agra – 1465
Expressways 1,208 Kanpur – Allahabad – Varanasi –
National Highways 92,851 Kolkata
State Highways 1,63,898 NH-3 Agra – Gwalior – Nasik – 1161
Major and other district roads 17,05,706 Mumbai
Rural & other roads 27,49,805 NH-4 Mumbai – Pune – Bangalore – 1235
Chennai
NH-5 Jharpokharia – Bhubaneshwar – 1533
NATIONAL HIGHWAYS AUTHORITY OF Vijaywada – Chennai
INDIA (NHAI) NH-6 Hajira – Kolkata 1949
NH-7 Varanasi – Nagpur – Hyderabad 2369
The National Highways Authority of India was – Bangalore – Kanyakumari
constituted by an act of Parliament, the National NH-8 Delhi – Jaipur – Ahmedabad – 1428
Highways Authority of India Act, 1988. It is Mumbai
responsible for the development, maintenance and NH-9 Pune – Hyderabad – Vijaywada 841
management of National Highways entrusted to it and NH- Delhi – Fazilka 403
for matters connected or incidental thereto. The 10
Authority was operationalised in Feb, 1995. NH- Agra – Jaipur – Bikaner 582
11
NH- Jabalpur – Bhopal – Jaipur 890
NATIONAL HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT 12
PROGRAMME (NHDP) NH- Pathankot – Bikaner – 1526
o The National Highways Development Project 15 Samakhiali
is a project to upgrade, rehabilitate and widen major NH- Panvel – Mangalore – Edapally 1269
highways in India to a higher standard. The project 17
was implemented in 1998 under the leadership of Atal NH- Barhi – Guwahati 1125
Bihari Vajpayee. 31
o Golden Quadrilateral connects Four NH- Pindwara – Allahabad 1007
Metropolitan Cities (i.e. Delhi-Mumbai-Chennai- 76
Kolkata-Delhi). NH- Kanpur – Dewas 674
o NS (North-South) Corridor Connects Srinagar 86
to Kanniakumari and EW (East-West) Corridor NH- Raipur – Chandikhole 740
Connects Porbandar to Silchar. 200
NH- Raipur – Gopalpur 508
THE PROJECT-WISE DETAILS NHDP ALL 217
PHASES AS BELOW.
NHDP Particulars Length
Phase
NHDP-I & Balance work of GQ 13,000 km
II and EW-NS corridors
NHDP-III 4-laning 10,000 km
NHDP-IV 2-laning 20,000 km
NHDP-V 6-laning of selected 5,000 km
stretches
NHDP-VI Development of 1,000 km
34
RAILWAYS successive stations is 3 kilometers
o The railway station of Navapur is built in two
o Rail operations in India are handled by Indian states; half in Maharashtra and the rest is in Gujarat.
Railways, a state-owned organization of the Ministry o Indian Railways has a mascot – Bholu, the
of Railways. Guard Elephant.
o It is one of the world’s largest railway o The Maharajas’ Express is a luxury train
networks comprising 115,000 km of track over a route owned and operated by Indian Railway Catering and
of 65,808 km and 7,112 stations. Tourism Corporation. The Maharajas’ Express was
voted “The World’s Leading Luxury Train” thrice, in a
row at The World Travel Awards, 2012, 2013 and
FAST FACTS OF INDIAN RAILWAYS
2014.
o · Diamond Quadrilateral is a project of
First Passenger 16th April 1853 (between Bombay the Indian railways to establish high speed rail network
Train Ran On to Thane) in India. It will connect the four metro cities in India,
First Railway Dapoorie Viaduct on the Mumbai- i.e. Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata.
Bridge Thane route
First Rail Tunnel Parsik Tunnel (1865) near Thaane
First Ghats Thal and Bhore Ghats RAILWAY ZONES IN INDIA
Covered by the
Rail lines There are 16 zones and the 68 divisions in Indian
First Calcutta METRO Railways.
Underground Name Length Date Headquarters
Railway Railway : in km Established
First New Delhi (1986) Abbreviation
Computerized Central : CR 3905 05-11-1951 Mumbai
Reservation East Central : 3628 01-10-2002 Hajipur
System started in ECR
First Electric 3rd Feb’ 1925 (between Bombay East Coast : 2572 01-04-2003 Bhubaneswar
Train ran on VT and Kurla) ECoR
Toilets on Trains 1891 (1st Class) & 1907 (lower Eastern : ER 2414 14-04-1952 Kolkata
were introduced classes) North Central 3151 01-04-2003 Allahabad
in : NCR
Shortest Station Ib (Odisha) North Eastern 3667 14-04-1952 Gorakhpur
Name : NER
Longest Station Venkatanarasimharajuvariapeta North 5459 01-10-2002 Jaipur
Name (Tamil Nadu) Western :
Longest Railway Gorakhpur Junction railway NWR
Platform in the station (1.35 km lenght) Northeast 3907 15-01-1958 Guwahati
World Frontier :
Longest Railway Vembanad Rail Bridge (4,620 m NFR
Bridge lenght) Northern : NR 6968 14-04-1952 Delhi
Longest Tunnel Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel (11,215 South Central 5803 02-10-1966 Secunderabad
m lenght) : SCR
Oldest Preserved Fairy Queen (1855), still in South East 2447 05-04-2003 Bilaspur
Locomotive working order Central :
Indian Railway’s Bhopal-Shatabdi (runs at a speed SECR
Fastest Train up to 195 km/h) South Eastern 2631 01-08-1955 Kolkata
Train with Howrah-Amritsar Express (115 : SER
Maximum halts) South 3177 01-04-2003 Hubli
Number of Halts Western :
o The manufacture of steam locomotives in the SWR
country was stopped in 1972. Southern : SR 5098 14-04-1951 Chennai
o The Rail Museum in Delhi is the largest in West Central : 2965 01-04-2003 Jabalpur
Asia. WCR
o The longest running train covers a distance of
Western : WR 6182 05-11-1951 Mumbai
4273 km between Dibrugarh and Kanyakumari: It’s
called the Vivek Express.
o The shortest distance covered between two
35
WATER TRANSPORT PORTS
The Central Water Transport Corporation (CIWTC) o Indian coastline is about 7516.6 kilometers
formed in 1967, headquartered in Kolkata, is mainly and it is one of the biggest peninsulas in the world.
involved in transportation of goods, and the Inland o India has 12 Major ports that handle large
Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) formed on volume of traffic and 200 minor ports in India.
October 27, 1986 for the development and regulation o The Major Ports are administered by the
of inland waterways for shipping and navigation. central government’s shipping ministry.
o The Minor and Intermediate ports are
Number Stretch Estd. In Distance administered by the relevant departments or ministries
covered in the nine coastal states.
NW 1 Allahabad – Haldia October 1620 km o The Coastal States in India are Andhra
stretch of the 1986 Pradesh, Odisha, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Kerala,
Ganges – Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra and
Bhagirathi –
Hooghly river MAJOR PORTS IN INDIA
system Name and State Sea Facts
NW 2 Sadiya – Dhubri September 891 km Coast
stretch of 1988 Chennai – EC Tamil Bay of Second
Brahmaputra river Nadu Bengal largest port
NW 3 Kottapuram – February 205 km Cochin – WC Kerala Arabia Natural
Kollam stretch of 1993 n Sea Harbour
the West Coast Ennore – EC Tamil Bay of Most
Canal, Champakara Nadu Bengal modern-in
Canal and private
Udyogmandal hands
Canal Jawaharlal Maharashtr Arabia Largest
NW 4 Kakinada – November 1095 km Nehru – WC a n Sea container
Pondicherry stretch 2008 port
of canals and the Kandla – WC Gujarat Arabia First special
Kaluvelly Tank, n Sea economic
Bhadrachalam – zone
Rajahmundry Kolkata – EC West Bay of Oldest
stretch of River Bengal Bengal operating
Godavari and port
Wazirabad – Maormugoa – Goa Arabia Goa’s main
Vijayawada stretch WC n Sea port
of River Krishna Mumbai – WC Maharashtr Arabia Busiest and
NW 5 Talcher – Dhamra November 623 km a n Sea biggest port
stretch of the 2008 New Karnataka Arabia Exports
Brahmani River, Mangalore – n Sea Kudremukh
the Geonkhali – WC iron-ore
Charbatia stretch of Paradip – EC Odisha Bay of Exports raw
the East Coast Bengal iron to Japan
Canal, the Tuticorin – EC Tamil Bay of Southernmo
Charbatia – Nadu Bengal st
Dhamra stretch of Vishakhapatna Andhra Bay of Deepest Port
Matai river and the m – EC Pradesh Bengal
Mangalgadi – * WC : Western Coast & EC : Eastern Coast
Paradip stretch of
the Mahanadi River
Delta
NW 6 Lakhipur to Bhanga 2013 121 km
of river Barak
* NW = National Waterway
36
AIR TRANSPORT International
Airport
o India has bilateral Air Service Agreement with Cochin Kochi Kerala
103 countries. International
o There are 450 airports in the country in various Airport
stages of development. Calicut Kozhikode Kerala
o Airports Authority of India (AAI), constituted International
in April 1995, manages a total of 125 Airports, which Airport
include 14 International Airports, 08 Customs Trivandrum Thiruvananthapuram Kerala
Airports, 81 Domestic Airports and 25 Civil Enclaves International
at Defence Airfields. Airport
o Ahmedabad, Amritsar, Bengaluru, Chennai, Chhatrapati Mumbai Maharashtra
Delhi, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Kochi, Kolkata, Shivaji
Mumbai, Panaji, Srinagar, and Thiruvananthapuram International
are international airports. Airport
o The Government of India has introduced Dr. Babasaheb Nagpur Maharashtra
‘Open Air Policy’ for cargo in 1992. Ambedkar
o The Air India was established in 1947 deals International
mainly with international air service. Indian Airlines Airport
set up in 1953, is a major domestic air career of the Tulihal Airport Imphal Manipur
country. Biju Patnaik Bhubaneswar Odisha
International
INTERNATIONAL AIRPORTS IN INDIA Airport
Sri Guru Ram Amritsar Punjab
Dass Jee
International
Airport City State/Union
Airport
Territory
Jaipur Jaipur Rajasthan
Veer Savarkar Port Blair Andaman
International
International and
Airport
Airport Nicobar
Islands Chennai Chennai Tamil Nadu
International
Visakhapatnam Visakhapatnam Andhra
Airport
Airport Pradesh
Coimbatore Coimbatore Tamil Nadu
Rajiv Gandhi Hyderabad Andhra
International
International Pradesh
Airport
Airport
Tiruchirapalli Tiruchirapalli Tamil Nadu
Lokpriya Guwahati Assam
International
Gopinath
Airport
Bordoloi
International Chaudhary Lucknow Uttar
Airport Charan Singh Pradesh
Airport
Indira Gandhi New Delhi Delhi
International Lal Bahadur Varanasi Uttar
Airport Shastri Airport Pradesh
Goa whole state Goa Netaji Subhash Kolkata West
International Chandra Bose Bengal
Airport International
Airport
Sardar Ahmedabad Gujarat
Vallabhbhai
Patel
International
Airport
Bengaluru Bengaluru Karnataka
International
Airport
Mangalore Mangalore Karnataka
37
MINERALS IN INDIA o It alloys with zinc to form brass & with tin to form
bronze.
IRON : o It occurs in small quantities in India.
o India has huge deposits of iron-ore in Bihar, Orissa, o It is found at Khetri in Rajasthan.
Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka & Maharashtra. o Some copper has been found in Andhra Pradesh,
o Iron-ore is found in the mines at Singhbhum in Uttar Pradesh & Tamil Nadu.
Bihar & Mayurbhanj in Orissa.
o Big steel plants at Jamshedpur, Bhilai, Bokaro, GOLD :
Durgapur, Rourkela & Bhadravati. o Gold is produced from the mines at Kolar & Hutti
in Karnataka & Anantopuram in Andhra Pradesh.
COAL :
o It is known as ‘Black diamond‘. DIAMOND :
o Products like nylon, chemicals, dyes, drugs & o Diamonds are found in the mines at Panna in
perfumes are obtained from the distillation of coal. Madhya Pradesh.
o Coal is found in Bihar, West Bengal, Damodar
Valley, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh & Madhya Pradesh. MAJOR OIL FIELDS IN INDIA
o Jharia in Jharkhand & Raniganj in West Bengal are The following major oil-fields in India are yielding oil:
the largest coal mines in India. • The oldest (1882) and one of the largest (65 sq.km)
o Other coal mines are located at Suhagpur (Madhya oil-field in India at Digboi in Lakhimpur district of
Pradesh) Dhanbad (Jharkhand) Neyveli (Tamil Assam, is still in production. Bappapung and
Nadu) & Singarani (Andhra Pradesh). Hunsapung are sister fields of Digboi.
• In the Surma valley Badarpur, Masimpur and
PETROLEUM : Patharia yield poor quality oil.
o Petroleum is known as ‘Black gold’. • In upper Assam Naharkatiya (also Naharkatia),
o Petroleum is found at Digboi in Assam, Rudrasagar, Moran, Hugrijan, Lakoa and Galeki
Ankleshwar & Kalol in Gujarat & Bombay High have been developed by Oil India Ltd.
off the shore of Bombay. • On the occasion of 50th anniversary of Oil India
Limited, the oil fields at Naharkatiya was given a
MANGANESE : heritage tag by the Chief Minister of
o Manganese is used in the manufacture of steel. Assam.Refineries for Assam crude are at Digboi,
o India is one of the largest producers of manganese Guwahati (Nunmati) and Bongaigaon, connected
in the world. by a pipeline which also carry crude to Barauni
o It is found in Orissa, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh & refinery in Bihar.
Maharashtra. • The pipeline is 1,150 km long. Barauni is also
linked by pipelines with Haldia and Kanpur.
MICA :
• Gujarat’s oil wells are at Amkleswar (largest),
o India is the largest producer of mica in the world.
Cambay, Kalol, Kosamba, Mehsana, Nowgam,
o Jharkhand has richest mica belt and accounts for
Dholka, Lunej, Sananda, Wavel Bakal and
60% of India’s production in terms of value. Kathana.
o Koderma is a well-known place for mica
• The Gujarat crude is refined at Kayali (Koyali)
production in Jharkhand which produces more than
refinery (now second largest refinery in India)
50% of the total mica production in India.
which is linked by pipes to its several tributary
o Its huge deposits are found in Gaya, Monghyr &
fields. Mathura, will receive imported crude from
Hazaribagh districts of Bihar.
Salaya, a new port in the Gulf of Kutch.
o Mica is also found in large quantities in Andhra
• The Bombay High out in the Arabian sea, 152 km
Pradesh & Rajasthan.
north-west of Bombay city, has rich deposits of oil
o A large quantity of mica is exported to other
and gas, which are being sent by submarine
countries.
pipelines to Uran of the mainland.
ALUMINIUM :
Notes:
o It is a light but hard metal. The ore from which
aluminum is produced is known as bauxite. In 1959, Oil India Limited was formed as a joint
o Huge deposits of bauxite are found in Bihar, Orissa, undertaking of Burmah Oil Company and the
Government of India (GOI). Later on, in 1981, it
Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka,
Tamil Nadu & Maharashtra. became a subsidiary of GOI. At present, Oil India is a
listed company and the GOI share-holding stands at
COPPER : 67.64%.
o It is a good conductor of electricity.
38
The Islands Of India • The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are part of
the submarine tertiary fold mountains which
• India has 615 islands/islets. Majority of them, are protruding out of the sea.
around 572 islands/islets are located in the Bay • These mountains form a link with Arakan
of Bengal and remaining 43 islands/islets are Yoma and Sumatra.
located in the Arabian Sea. Apart from these, • The highest peak of the Andaman and Nicobar
there are some coral islands in the Gulf of Islands is Saddle Peak, located in the North
Mannar and Khambat regions and there are Andaman.
some offshore islands along the mouth of • The Andaman and Nicobar Island has a
Ganga river. tropical marine climate influenced by the
• The Indian Island groups are generally grouped seasonal flow of monsoon winds.
into two: • The region is under dense tropical rain forests.
• The Andaman and Nicobar Islands located in • The coastal regions have mangrove forest.
the Bay of Bengal • Coconut fruit is the staple food of the people.
• The Lakshadweep and Minicoy Islands located • Fisheries, piggery are also followed.
in the Arabian Sea (adjacent to Kerala coast) • The Islands are also famous for the largest and
rarest species of crab, the Giant Robber Crab.
The Andaman & Nicobar Islands:
• It can climb the coconut trees and break the
• Andaman and Nicobar Islands situated in the hard shell of the fruit.
Bay of Bengal, run like a narrow chain in the
• Many islands are uninhabited.
north-south direction extending between 6°39
• The inhabited islands are also sparsely
N and 14°34 N.
populated.
• The main islands under the Andaman and
• The entire region is vulnerable to earthquakes
Nicobar Islands group are:
as it is in the major earthquake zone.
✓ North Andaman
✓ Middle Andaman • The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are also
✓ South Andaman known as the Emerald Islands.
✓ Little Andaman • The Barren Island, located in the east of
✓ Car Nicobar Middle Andaman is India’s only active
✓ Little Nicobar volcano.
✓ Great Nicobar • The Narcondam Island, located in the north-
• These islands are separated from one another east of North Andaman is also a volcanic
by very narrow straits. island.
• Andamans are separated from Nicobar by 10-
degree channel (10-degree latitude). Lakshadweep Islands:
• South Andaman and Little Andaman are • Lakshadweep Islands situated in the Arabian
separated by Duncan Passage. Sea is a group of 36 islands having an area of
32 square kilometres and extending between
• The Grand Channel is between Great Nicobar
8°N and 12°N latitude.
islands and Sumatra islands of Indonesia.
• The main islands under the Lakshadweep
• The Coco Strait is between North Andaman
Islands group are:
islands and Coco Islands of Myanmar.
✓ Kavaratti
• Andaman and Nicobar Islands group is a Union
✓ Agatti
Territory administered by the President through
✓ Minicoy
a Lt. Governor.
✓ Amini
• Port Blair, located in South Andaman is the
• These islands were earlier known as Laccadive,
administrative capital of the Andaman and
Minicoy and Amindivi Islands.
Nicobar Islands.
• The name “Lakshadweep” was adopted on 1
• The southernmost point of India is The Indira
November 1973
Point, (formerly known as Pygmalion Point
and Parsons Point) which is the southern point • These islands are separated from one another
by very narrow straits.
of Great Nicobar Islands.
39
• The Lakshadweep Islands group is a Union testing site. The island was earlier named after
Territory administered by the President through an English commandant Lieutenant Wheeler.
a Lt. Governor. • Pamban Island- It is located between India and
• It is the smallest Union Territory of India. Sri Lanka in the Gulf of Mannar and in the
• Kavaratti is the administrative capital of the Ramanathapuram district of the state of Tamil
Lakshadweep Islands. Nadu. It is also known as Rameswaram Island.
• It is also the principal town of the Union Most of Pamban Island is covered with white
Territory. sand and hence is not suitable for
• It is a uni-district Union Territory and is • Majuli Island- It is located in the state of
comprised of 12 atolls, three reefs, five Assam. It is a large river island in the
submerged banks and ten inhabited islands. Brahmaputra river. It is the world’s largest
• The name Lakshadweep in Malayalam and river island. The livelihoods of people in the
Sanskrit means ‘a hundred thousand islands‘. island are dependent on agriculture. The island
• The Lakshadweep Islands are located at is under severe ecological threat due to the
distance of 280 km to 480 km off the Kerala extensive soil erosion on its banks.
coast. • Diu Island-It is located off the south coast of
• These islands are a part of Reunion Hotspot Kathiawar. Diu island is famous for the
volcanism. historical Diu fort and beautiful beaches.
• The entire Lakshadweep islands group is made • Sagar Island-It is located in the Ganga delta in
up of coral deposits. the Bay of Bengal. It is a large island. It is also
• Fishing is the main occupation on which an important place of Hindu pilgrimage.
livelihoods of many people depend. • Halliday Island-It is located in the state of West
• The Lakshadweep islands have storm beaches Bengal and is part of the Sunderbans region. It
consisting of unconsolidated pebbles, shingles, is located in the river Malta. It is also
cobbles and boulders. designated as a wildlife sanctuary.
• Minicoy Island, located to the south of nine- • Phumdis/Floating Islands-They are located in
degree channel is the largest island among the the state of Manipur. It is part of the Keibul
Lakshadweep group. Lamjao National Park. It is famous for the
Eld’s deer/ Sangai.
• 8 Degree Channel ( 8 degrees north latitude)
separates islands of Minicoy and Maldives.
• 9 Degree Channel ( 9 degrees north latitude)
separates the island of Minicoy from the main
Lakshadweep archipelago.
• In Lakshadweep region, there is an absence of
forests.
• Pitti Island is an important breeding place for
sea turtles and for a number of pelagic birds
such as the brown noddy, lesser crested tern
and greater crested tern.
• The Pitti island has been declared a bird
sanctuary.
Other important islands of India:

• Sriharikota Island- It is located between Pulicat
Lake and the Bay of Bengal in the Nellore
district of the state of Andhra Pradesh.
Sriharikota is one of the satellite launching
stations of Indian Space Research
Organisation.
• Abdul Kalam Island/ Wheeler Island- The
Abdul Kalam Island is located off the Odisha
coast. It is India’s most advanced missile
40
Natural Vegetation in India • Common animals found in these forests are
elephants, monkey, lemur and deer.
What is natural vegetation? • The one horned rhinoceros are found in the
jungles of Assam and West Bengal.
• It refers to a plant community which has grown
naturally without human aid and has been left Tropical Deciduous Forests:
undisturbed by humans for a long time (also • They are the most widespread forests of India.
called as virgin vegetation). • Also called the monsoon forests and spread
• Cultivated crops and fruits, orchards form part over the region receiving rainfall between 200
of vegetation but not natural vegetation. cm and 70 cm.
• The virgin vegetation, which are purely Indian • Trees of this forest type shed their leaves for
are known as endemic or indigenous about six to eight weeks in dry summer.
species but those which have come from • On the basis of the availability of water, these
outside India are termed as exotic plants. forests are further divided into moist and dry
• The term flora is used to denote plants of a deciduous.
particular region or period.
• The species of animals are referred to as fauna.
Moist deciduous forests:
Types of Natural Vegetation
✓ It found in areas receiving rainfall between 200
The following are the principal types of natural and 100 cm.
vegetation in India: ✓ Exist mostly in the eastern part of the country –
1. Tropical Evergreen Rain Forests, northeastern states, along the foothills of the
2. Deciduous or Monsoon Type of Forests, Himalayas, Jharkhand, West Orissa and
3. Dry Deciduous Forests and Scrubs, Chhattisgarh, and on the eastern slopes of the
4. Semi Desert and Desert Vegetation, Western Ghats.
5. Tidal or Mangrove Forests and ✓ Teak is the most dominant species of this
forest.
Tropical Evergreen Forests ✓ Bamboos, sal, shisham, sandalwood, khair ,
kusum, arjun, mulberry are other commercially
• The tropical evergreen forests usually occur in important species.
areas receiving more than 200 cm of
rainfall and having a temperature of 15 to 30
degrees Celsius. Dry Deciduous Forests:
• They occupy about seven per cent of the
earth’s land surface and harbours more than ✓ The dry deciduous forests are found in areas
half of the world’s plants and animals. having rainfall between 100 cm and 70cm.
✓ These forests are found in the rainier parts of
• They are found mostly near the equator.
the peninsular plateau and the plains of Bihar
• Region is warm and wet throughout the year.
and Uttar Pradesh.
• Trees reach great heights up to 60 metres or ✓ There are open stretches in which Teak, Sal,
even above.
Peepal, and Neem grow.
• It has a luxuriant vegetation of all kinds – trees, ✓ A large part of this region has been cleared for
shrubs, and creepers giving it a multilayered cultivation and some parts are used for grazing.
structure. ✓ Common animals found are lion, tiger , pig,
• In India, evergreen forests are found in the deer and elephant. Variety of birds, lizards,
western slopes of the Western Ghats in States snakes, and tortoises are also found here.
such as Kerala and Karnataka.
• They are also found in hills of Jaintia and
Khasi.
• Some of the trees found in Indian Tropical
Forests are rosewood, mahogany and ebony.
Bamboos and reeds are also common.
41
The Thorn Forests and Scrubs: leopard, squirrels, Shaggy horn wild ibex, bear
and rare red panda, sheep and goats with thick
• In regions with less than 70 cm of rainfall, the hair.
natural vegetation consists of thorny trees and
bushes.
• Found in the northwestern part of the country 5. Mangrove Forests:
including semiarid areas of Gujarat, Rajasthan, • Found in the areas of coasts influenced by
Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh tides.
and Haryana. • Mud and silt get accumulated on such coasts.
• Acacias, palms, euphorbias and cacti are the • Dense mangroves are the common varieties
main plant species. with roots of the plants submerged under water.
• Trees are scattered and have long roots • The deltas of the Ganga, the Mahanadi, the
penetrating deep into the soil in order to get Krishana, the Godavari and the Kaveri are
moisture. covered by such vegetation.
• The stems are succulent to conserve water. • In the Ganga Brahmaputra delta, sundari trees
• Leaves are mostly thick and small to minimize are found, which provide durable hard timber.
evaporation • Palm, coconut, keora, agar, also grow in some
parts of the delta.
Mountain Forests: • Royal Bengal Tiger is the famous animal in
these forests.
• In mountainous areas, the decrease in • Turtles, crocodiles, gharials and snakes are also
temperature with increasing altitude leads to found in these forests.
the corresponding change in natural vegetation.
• As such, there is a succession of natural
vegetation belts in the same order as we see
from the tropical to the tundra region.
• The wet temperate type of forests are found
between a height of1000 and 2000 metres.
• Evergreen broadleaf trees such as oaks and
chestnuts predominate.Between 1500 and 3000
metres, temperate forests containing coniferous
trees like pine, deodar, silver fir, spruce and
cedar, are found and they cover mostly the
southern slopes of the Himalayas, places
having high altitude in southern and northeast
India.
• At higher elevations, temperate grasslands are
common.
• At high altitudes, generally more than 3,600
metres above sea level, temperate forests and
grasslands give way to the Alpine vegetation.
• Silver fir, junipers, pines and birches are the
common trees of these forests.
• They get progressively stunted as they
approach the snowline and are used extensively
for grazing by nomadic tribes like the Gujjars
and the Bakarwals.
• At higher altitudes, mosses and lichens form
part of tundra vegetation.
• Common animals found in these forests are
Kashmir stag, spotted dear , wild sheep, jack
rabbit, Tibetan antelope, yak, snow
42
SOILS IN INDIA LATERITE SOIL
ALLUVIAL SOIL • Laterite has been derived from the Latin word
‘later’ which means brick.
• The entire northern plains are made of alluvial • The laterite soil develops in areas with high
soil. temperature and heavy rainfall.
• Alluvial soils are found in the Plains of Punjab, • This is the result of intenseleaching due to
Haryana, Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, heavy rain.
Jharkhand and West Bengal as well as in the • Humus content of the soil is low because the
plains of Assam and the coastal strips of South decomposers, like bacteria, get destroyed due
India, along the river beds. to high temperature.
• These have been deposited by three important • These soils are mainly found in Karnataka,
Himalayan river systems– the Indus, the Ganga Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, and the
and the Brahmaputra. hilly areas of Odisha and Assam.
• According to their age alluvial soils can be • This soil is very useful for growing tea and
classified as old alluvial(Bangar) and new coffee.
alluvial (Khadar). • Red laterite soils in Tamil Nadu, Andhra
• The Bangar soil has the higher concentration of Pradesh, and Kerala are more suitable for crops
kanker nodules than the Khadar. It has more like cashew nut.
fine particles and is more fertile than the • The major application of laterite soil is for
Khadar. cutting bricks.
• Alluvial soils as a whole are very fertile. They
contain an adequate proportion of potash,
phosphoric acid, and lime which are ideal for ARID SOIL (DESERT SOIL)
the growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat and
other cereal and pulse crops. • They are generally sandy in texture and saline
• Alluvial soils contain calcareous concretions in nature.
(kankars) which have been traditionally used • The soil lacks humus and moisture.
for white washing. It forms a good source of • They are generally used in the cultivation of
raw material for the cement plants. coarse grains like Jowar, Bajra, Ragi and
oilseeds.
BLACK SOIL
RED AND YELLOW SOIL
• These soils are black in colour and are also
known as Regur soils. • Red soils are also found in parts of Odisha,
• This type of soil is typical of the Deccan trap Chhattisgarh, southern parts of the middle
(Basalt) region spread over northwest Deccan Ganga plain and along the piedmont zone of
plateau and is made up of lava flows. the Western Ghats.
• They are found in Maharashtra, Gujarat, west • Red soil develops on crystalline igneous rocks
Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh in areas of low rainfall in the eastern and
and Tamil Nadu. southern parts of the Deccan plateau.
• The black soils are made up of extremely fine • These soils develop a reddish colour due to
i.e. clayey material. They are well-known for diffusion of iron in crystalline and
their capacity to hold moisture. They are rich in metamorphic rocks. It looks yellow when it
calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash, and occurs in a hydrated form.
lime but poor in phosphoric contents.
• These soils are sticky when wet. They develop
deep cracks during hot weather, which helps in
the proper aeration of the soil. Thus, there
occurs a kind of ‘self-ploughing’.
• Black soil is suitable for growingcotton.
43
s# ddCity River
(India)
1. Delhi Yamuna
2. Agra Yamuna
3. Patna Ganga
4. Haridwar Ganga
5. Allahabad confluence of Ganga and
Yamuna
6. Varanasi Ganga
7. Guwahati Brahmaputra
8. Kanpur Ganga
9. Jabalpur Narmada
10. Bharuch Narmada
11. Lucknow Gomti
12. Hyderabad Musi
13. Nasik Godavari
14. Srinagar Jhelum
15. Vijayawada Krishna
16. Kolkata Hooghly
17. Ahmedabad Sabarmati
18. Surat Tapti
19. Thiruchirapalli Cauveri
20. Cuttack Mahanadi
21. Ayodhya Saryu
22. Ludhiana Sutlej
23. Kullu Beas
24. Ujjain Kshipra
25. Hampi Tungabhadra
26. Pune Mutha
27. Vadodara Vishwamitri
28. Madurai Vaigai
29. Coimbatore Noyyal
30. Gorakhpur Rapti
31. Nellore Penna
32. Kurnool Tungabhadra
33. Durgapur Damodar
34. Jammu Tawi
44

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IoCS Indian Geography:: Prelims:: 2020 Mob: 8250388630

Political Geography • “This Union Territory possesses a coastal stretchof

CAPITALS OF STATES & UNION TERRITORIES:

4. MANGANESE : MAJOR OIL FIELDS IN INDIA

Other important islands of India:

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