ST.

VINCENT COLLEGE OF CABUYAO

MAMATID, CABUYAO LAGUNA
COLLEGE DEPARTMENT
Activity in
Science, technology and Society

Answer the following question and send the document on my email.

Nicolaus Copernicus

1. What is the contribution of Copernicus in the philosophy of science?

2. Do you think thought experiment is still useful in science in the present time?
3. Do you think that church should intervene in scientific activities?

Charles Darwin

1. What is Darwin’s contribution to modern science?

2. How can Darwin’s evolutionary theory influence the following fields in modern times:
 Economy
 Agriculture
 Political Science
 Religion

Sigmund Freud

1. By looking for other sources and literatures, what are the controversies or questions on
Freud’s ideas?
2. How can you describe Freudian ideas as a scientist?
3. If Freud is still alive, what do you think are the major changes would make to his theory?

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Answers:

Nicolaus Copernicus

1. The contribution of Nicolaus Copernicus is he formulated a heliocentric model of the

universe which placed the Sun rather than the Earth.
2. Yes, thought experiment is useful until now because humans are curious about something
and they want to find an answer to those things that is questionable in that case we’ve
come up to thought experiments that allow us to explore possibilities, ideas, and gather
some information that might help in order to us to find something new.
3. No, we all know that Science and religious belief has different perspective. Science is just
focusing an experiment or a theory that scientist discovered and Science is a broad
subject and have a different branch while the church is just focusing in their beliefs
through biblical creation, they believe that God is the creator and created all things in this
world. So, church may not intervene to science activities because of their different
perspective and beliefs.

Charles Darwin

1. The contribution of Charles Darwin is he published the origin of species and the theory
of evolution by Natural selection.
2.
 Darwin’s work was published more than 150 years ago and there have been many
advances since then, the discovery of DNA being one of the biggest. It is
therefore probably inappropriate to refer to the current understanding of evolution
as ‘Darwin’s theory’. In relation to the question and referring only to ‘Darwin’s
theory’, the major relevance to economics would be as an example of the trade in
old books with a niche market.
 Already has. Even before Darwin formulated the theory, farmers and herders
were using artificial selection (natural selection conducted by humans) to make
new breeds of plants and animals. He believes some of those resources should be
directed towards areas such as agricultural ecology, plant breeding and soil
microbiology.

 The theory of evolution has everything to do with biology and almost nothing to
do with politics. Political positions that have tried to make a false analogy
between “survival of the fittest”, etc. and political actions usually result in falsely
supporting someone’s political prejudice. In other words, such false analogies are
destructive. They have been used prominently to support racial superiority. The
most that can be said is that our political behavior must have something to do with
our biology. But the specific connection between biology and human behavior is
controversial and open to many interpretations. Do not be surprised if the
particular interpretation that one espouses simply reinforces that person’s pre-
existing prejudices.
 I think it’s effect on religion is that it is yet another thing that forces the more
reasonable end of religion to retreat further into the “god of the gaps”.I.e.
religions used to provide answers to all sorts of natural phenomena: diseases,
earthquakes and so on, including the answer to how we see the amazing
abundance of flora and fauna. As science has progressed, religion has had to
concede that there are naturalistic and materialistic explanations for these things
that provide useful, testable, coherent and superior answers. Evolution is another
example and religion have to reign back it’s pretense at having answers to such
things and stay on safe ground - on matters that science cannot answer, which is
generally limited to hypothetical and untestable claims. It means that reasonable,
non-fundamentalist believers, can no longer take “god created everything all at
once” seriously and have had to start saying “oh Genesis is just a metaphor”. Of
course, hardline fundamentalist, creationist Christians have to double-down and
deny more and more science in order to prop up their obviously incorrect beliefs.


Sigmund Freud

1. The controversies or question that Freud Ideas are;

 Too much emphasis on sex as a primary force in human behavior;

 Too much emphasis on unconscious forces in behavior;
 Belief that the model could be applied to all people in all cultures—no recognition
that development and pathology may be different in other cultures
 Too much theorizing on the basis of too little actual data;
 The theory of development sees development as ending in early adolescence—
and no recognition of later change and potential for change;
 Thinking on the causes of pathology do not fit the facts in most cases;
 Thinking that toilet training, breast feeding, and early experience was ALL in
determining later human behavior;

2. Freud’s ideas were theories, or hypotheses. They truly revolutionized how people
thought about the mind and consciousness, and had large impacts far outside the area
of mental health. Freud believed that events in our childhood have a great influence
on our adult lives, shaping our personality. For example, anxiety originating from
traumatic experiences in a person's past is hidden from consciousness, and may cause
problems during adulthood (in the form of neuroses). Thus, when we explain our
behavior to ourselves or others (conscious mental activity), we rarely give a true
account of our motivation. This is not because we are deliberately lying. While
human beings are great deceivers of others; they are even more adept at self-
deception. Freud also developed what he thought of as the three agencies of the
human personality, called the id, ego and superego. The id is the primitive instincts,
such as sex and aggression. The ego is the "self" part of the personality that interacts
with the world in which the person lives. The superego is the part of the personality
that is ethical and creates the moral standards for the ego.
3. If Sigmund Freud is alive he will be obliged to change a lot of details with regards to
his psychoanalytic theory of human development that centralize its concept to that a
human's personality develops in a series of changes. In his theory, he forgot to
mention and took details on the different variables that can change a person’s
personality development. And maybe, if he has another chance in life, he may take
advantage of it to improve his theory by noticing the environmental factor, social
factor, life status factor and health factor.

Ancero, Shella Mae Du

BSA/2A