Experiment No: 4 Title: Sinusoidal Oscillators Objective

Experiment No: 4

Title: SINUSOIDAL OSCILLATORS

OBJECTIVE
 To construct and demonstrate wein bridge oscillator and to understand about its working
 To construct and demonstrate the RC phase shift oscillator and understand about its working
EQUIPMENTS AND COMPONENTS REQUIRED

 PC with PROTEUS installed in it
THEORY
Oscillator is an electronic circuit that produces a periodic, oscillating electronic signal. The output wave

from the oscillator is generally a sine wave or a square wave. Oscillators convert DC signal from the power
supply to an AC signal. They are widely used in many electronic devices. They are used in the signal
broadcasting by the radio and television, clock signal to regulate the quartz clocks.
Feed back oscillators
It is a type of linear oscillator. Linear oscillator produces sinusoidal output. In the most common form of
linear oscillator, an electronic amplifier such as
a transistor or op amp is used which is connected in
a feedback loop with its output fed back into its input
through a frequency selective electronic filter to
provide positive feedback. When the power supply to the
amplifier is first switched on, electronic noise in the
circuit provides a non-zero signal to get oscillations
started. The noise travels around the loop and is
amplified and filtered until it very quickly converges on
a sine wave at a single frequency.
In oscillators the positive feedback is used where the portion of the output is combined in phase with the
input.
Feedback oscillator circuits can be classified according to the type of frequency selective filter they use in
the feedback loop. They are:
 RC oscillator circuit: In it the filter is a network of resistors and capacitors. RC oscillators are mostly

used to generate lower frequencies. Common types of RC oscillator circuits are the phase shift
oscillator and the Wien bridge oscillator. They are used in the audio range where less frequency is
required.
 LC oscillator circuit: In it the filter is a tuned circuit consisting of an inductor (L) and capacitor (C)

connected together. Charge flows back and forth between the capacitor's plates through the inductor, so
the tuned circuit can store electrical energy oscillating at its resonant frequency. There are small losses
in the tuned circuit, but the amplifier compensates for those losses and supplies the power for the output
signal. LC oscillators are used at radio frequencies, when a tunable frequency source is necessary like
in signal generators, tunable radio transmitters and the local oscillators in radio receivers. Some of the
examples of LC oscillator circuits are the Hartley, Colpitts and Clapp circuits.
 In a crystal oscillator circuit the filter is a piezoelectric crystal. Crystal oscillators have much better
frequency stability than LC or RC oscillators. Crystal oscillators are the most common type of linear
oscillator, used to stabilize the frequency of most radio transmitters, and to generate the clock signal in
computers and quartz clocks.
Sinusoidal oscillators
It plays an important role in electronic systems that use harmonic signals. Although in many instances they
are known as linear oscillators, it is necessary to use some non-linear feature to generate a sine wave output.
In fact, the sinusoidal oscillators are essentially non-linear which complicates the technical design and
analysis of such circuits. The design of oscillators is done in two phases: a linear method based in the
frequency domain using the analysis of feedbacked circuits, and a non-linear method, using nonlinear
mechanisms for the control of the amplitude.
An oscillator is basically an autonomous circuit. In other words, this circuit is capable of generating a
periodic sinusoidal signal with no need for any input. The name sinusoidal oscillator itself indicates the
meaning that this oscillator produces sine wave output.
Barkhausen criteria
Barkhausen stability criterion is a mathematical condition to determine when a linear electronic

circuit will oscillate.
The Barkhausen criterion says that the circuit will sustain steady-state oscillations only at frequencies for
which the loop gain is equal to unity in absolute magnitude and the phase shift around the loop is zero or an
integer multiple of 180 degrees.
In other words it states that if A is the gain of the amplifying element in the circuit and β(jω) is the transfer
function of the feedback path, so that βA is the loop gain around the feedback loop of the circuit then the
circuit will sustain steady-state oscillations only at frequencies for which:
1. The loop gain is equal to unity in absolute magnitude, that is

2. The phase shift around the loop is zero or an integer multiple of 2π:
Barkhausen's criterion is a necessary condition for oscillation but not a sufficient condition: some circuits
satisfy the criterion but do not oscillate.
Wein bridge oscillator

It is one of the simplest sine wave oscillators which uses a RC network in place of the conventional LC
tuned circuit to produce a sinusoidal output waveform.
It is called Wien Bridge Oscillator because the circuit is based on a frequency-selective form of the
Wheatstone bridge circuit. The Wien Bridge oscillator is a two-stage RC coupled amplifier circuit that has
good stability at its resonant frequency, low distortion and is very easy to tune. Due to these properties, it is
a popular circuit as an audio frequency oscillator.
It uses a feedback circuit consisting of a series RC circuit connected with a parallel RC of the same
component values producing a phase delay or phase advance circuit depending upon the frequency. At the
resonant frequency ƒr the phase shift is 0o. The main difference between the general oscillator and Wien
bridge oscillator is that in an oscillator, amplifier stage introduces 180 degrees phase shift and additional 180
degrees phase shift is introduced by feedback network so as to obtain the 360 degrees or zero phase shift
around the loop to satisfy the Barkhausen criteria.
Fig: Wien bridge oscillator and its output
RC phase shift oscillator
RC phase-shift oscillators uses resistor-capacitor (RC) network to provide the phase-shift required by the
feedback signal. They give a pure sine wave as its output for a wide range of loads. They have excellent
frequency stability.
In oscillators, these kind of RC phase-shift networks, each offering a definite phase-shift can be cascaded so
as to satisfy the phase-shift condition led by the Barkhausen Criterion.
The generalized expression for the frequency of oscillations produced by a RC phase-shift oscillator is given
by
Where, N is the number of RC stages formed by the resistors R and the capacitors C.
The RC phase-shift oscillators can also be designed using an OpAmp. Here, the required phase-shift of 360°
is offered collectively by the RC phase-shift networks and the OpAmp working in inverted configuration.
Fig: RC phase shift circuit using op amp

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND OBSERVATION TABLE
Fig: Practical circuit diagram for Wein bridge oscillator
Fig: Practical circuit diagram for RC phase shift oscillator

DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
In this experiment we constructed the wein bridge oscillator and RC phase shift oscillator. In both the case
positive feedback was given to the op amp through a frequency selective electronic filter. And the output
from the oscillator was the sinusoidal one which was periodic and oscillating. In this way the supplied DC
power was converted into the ac signal and we also varied the values of resistor R and capacitor C to
control the frequency of the generated waveform. And by doing this we can obtain the sinusoidal wave of
desired frequency. The frequency of generated waveform was found to vary with the calculated frequency.
In the wein bridge oscillator, it uses a feedback circuit consisting of a series RC circuit connected with a
parallel RC of the same component values producing a phase delay or phase advance circuit depending upon
the frequency.
In Rc phase shift oscillator, the phase shift required by Barkhausen criteria was given by the cascaded RC
phase shift network and the op amp working in inverting configuration.
CONCLUSION
We can convert the dc power into the periodic and oscillating electronic signal using the oscillators which
uses the phenomenon of positive feedback. Electronic noise in the circuit provides a non-zero signal to get
oscillations started. The noise travels around the loop and is amplified and filtered until it very quickly
converges on a sine wave at a single frequency.

Experiment No: 4 Title: Sinusoidal Oscillators Objective

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Experiment No: 4

Title: SINUSOIDAL OSCILLATORS

EQUIPMENTS AND COMPONENTS REQUIRED

 PC with PROTEUS installed in it

Oscillator is an electronic circuit that produces a periodic, oscillating electronic signal. The output wave

Feed back oscillators

 RC oscillator circuit: In it the filter is a network of resistors and capacitors. RC oscillators are mostly

 LC oscillator circuit: In it the filter is a tuned circuit consisting of an inductor (L) and capacitor (C)

Barkhausen stability criterion is a mathematical condition to determine when a linear electronic

1. The loop gain is equal to unity in absolute magnitude, that is

2. The phase shift around the loop is zero or an integer multiple of 2π:

Wein bridge oscillator

RC phase shift oscillator

Fig: RC phase shift circuit using op amp

Fig: Practical circuit diagram for Wein bridge oscillator

Fig: Practical circuit diagram for RC phase shift oscillator

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