MIGRATION and URBANIZATION

Home AssignmentAssignment done by:

Submitted to:
Sagar Sunuwar
Yubraj Tripathi 1
Table of Contents:
Table of contents

Questions Page no.

1.What would be the scenario of internal migration in 3

Nepal after COVID 19?

2. Imagine about the International Labor Migration after 7

COVID-19.

3. Relate the Ravenstein’s Laws of migration at current 18

situation.

4. State the strengths (good aspects) and weaknesses 27

(poor aspects) of Pokhara city.

5. If you become Mayor of Pokhara how will you make 52

plan for sustainable development.

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1.What would be the scenario of internal migration in Nepal after COVID
19? (20)
Internal Migration before COVID-19
a. Inter-District Migrants
Year Inter District migrants (as Percentage)
1961 4.7%
1971 -
1981 8.6%
1991 9.6%
2001 13.2%
2011 14.8%
b. Migration by Ecological Region
Net- Ecological Districts Number Percentage
Migratio Region of
n Status Districts
Net-Out Hill Bhojpur, Khotang, Terhathum, 33 44
Migratio Okhaldhunga, Syangja,Parbat,
n Ramechhap, Panchthar, Gulmi,
Gorkha, Lamjung,Nuwakot,
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Baglung, Kavrepalanchowk,
Palpa, Arghakhanchi,
Dhankuta, Achham, Dhading,
Baitadi, Doti, Myagdi,Dailekh,
Salyan, Pyuthan, Sindhuli, Rolpa,
Dadeldhura,Rukum, Jajarkot,
Tanahu, Ilam, Makwanpur

Mountain Taplejung, Sankhuwasabha, 16 21.3

Dolakha,
Solukhumbu,Sindhupalchok,
Manang, Mustang,Darchula,
Rasuwa,Bajhang, Jumla, Kalikot,
Bajura, Mugu, Humla, Dolpa
Terai Saptari, Dhanusa, Siraha, 7 9.4
Rautahat, Mahottari, Parsa,
Sarlahi
Net-in Terai Bara, Dang, Kapilbastu, Bardiya, 13 17.3
Migratio Morang, Sunsari,Nawalparasi,
n Jhapa, Banke, Rupandehi,
Kailali, Chitawan,Kanchanpur
Hill Surkhet, Udayapur, Kaski, 6 8
Bhaktapur, Lalitpur, Kathmandu

c. Migration by Place of Residence:

Place of Residence Percentage of Migrants
Rural-Urban 33.5%
Urban-Urban 4.5%
Rural-Rural 59.2%
Urban-Rural 2.9%
d. Reason of Migration in Nepal
Reasons Percentage
Agriculture 14.9%
Business 5.9%
Service 10.9%
Study 13.4%
Marriage 23.6%
Dependent 20.4%
Conflict 0.6%
Others 4.7%
Reasons not Stated 5.8%

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Condition of Internal Migrants during COVID-19
Out of 2.6 million internal migrants in Nepal, more than 700,000 migrate for
work, among which 94,000 i.e. 13 per cent were women. There are an estimated
1.7 million daily wages workers and another million workers on temporary
contract and other informal sector workers who have been significantly
impacted by COVID 19 which has brought most part of the economic to a halt.
In the absence of sustainable wages, job guarantee, insurance and inclusion in
other social security and protection mechanisms, daily wages labourers and
informal sector workers have been rendered most vulnerable to the socio-
economic impact of the lockdown. Every migrant wants to return their home but
due to the lockdown they can’t go back.
Challenges of In-Migrants
1.Health.
Although external migrants have more COVID-19 cases than in-migrants, in-
migrants are also vulnerable to the risk. In-migrants who are living and working
in the bad and poor working condition with less preventive measures are also on
the risk.
2. Job
With the economic slowdown, many businesses in different places of Nepal are
struggling to continue operations with manufacturing and service sector being
the most impacted. As a result, Nepali workers are suffering from reduced work
hours, non-payments of wages or made to work in exchange of food, have been
forced to take unpaid leave with inadequate access to basic necessities such as
health care and food and in some cases have experienced job-loss. It is
estimated that 1 out of every 3 migrant workers are going to loss their job.
3. Discrimination
In addition to economic and impact on health, migrant workers are also
subjected to discriminatory behaviour both at place of origin and place of
destination. Many internal migrants are facing discrimination and prejudice
while having health facilities.
4. Mental health
Concerns about ones well-being, job security, lack of information and future has
lead to high level of anxiety amongst migrants. Majority of these cases are
related to having to go to work despite fears of infection in order to secure their
jobs. For those who are not working, uncertainty about the future and avenues
available to them back in Nepal has been the key source of anxiety.

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5. Relief
Lack of an organized relief distribution was identified as a key gap for
supporting migrants in the key countries of destination. Lack of a clearly
defined identification mechanism and insufficient resource have been identified
as some of the key challenges.
What will happen to Internal Migration after COVID-19????
In Nepal, about 15%, 6% and 11% migrate for agriculture, business and
service. Due to the lockdown imposed by Government, these all sectors have
been hit badly and many people have lost their job and business. Migrants want
to go back their home as they don’t have money to have food and pay the rent
of their house. After COVID-19, these people surely want to come back for
their job and business. There have been made so many guess like migrant
workers won’t come , they will stay to their native home and settle with
agriculture or occupation they used to do before. …..But I have a very
dissatisfaction towards these predictions. Being a Migration student, I have read
about many migration related theories. One of the theories which have hit me so
hard and personally I believe these theories are correct. These theories are:
Todaro Rural-Urban Migration and World System Theory
I am going to predict the migration situation after COVID-19 using
Todaro and World System Theory of Migration:

a. Todaro Rural-Urban Migration pattern.

Todaro has proposed that the individual’s decision to migrate depends
upon the following principles:
1. The real income differences between the urban and rural area.
2. The probability of obtaining an urban job
As we know, in Nepal about 34% of the migrants are from rural
areas. Although, COVID-19 pandemic has striked the nation’s
economy, things are not going to change that in the rural areas there
are no job which helps to earn money and the income differences
between the rural and urban job. In the rural areas, the primary
activity is agriculture. “Nepal is the country of agriculture”this
statement is only limited in the paper and student’s essay. In reality,
Nepal’s policy does not support agriculture. In Nepal, agriculture is
the most unsecure occupation. Farmers are suffering from loans, bad
seeds, low harvesting, low rainfall, recently this Sallah kira . COVID-
19 has hit the economy. It has not improved the condition in the rural
areas. It has not created the regional balance. Therefore, from Todaro
Migration Model I have concluded that people from rural are will
migrate to urban area for job.
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b. World System Theory
World System theory was developed by Immanuel Wallerstein and in
this theory he has raised the issue that due to the capitalist expansion
in the periphery countries, people of periphery countries have
migrated to the core countries. In our case, let us assume core nations
as Urban areas and Periphery nation as rural areas. According to the
world system theory: the capitalist expansion has consequences for
migration issues not only due to the capitalist mode of production but
also the culture and strong transportation, communication and
military links that penetrate peripheries. Land, raw material and labor
within peripheral regions come under the influence and control of
market as a result it has created a socially uprooted population which
have less attachments to their land and are more interested in
migration. In the rural areas, the expansion of capitalism has hit so
hard that the traditional land tenure system, labor system, occupation
like agriculture could not survive. This attack by capitalism is far
more fatal than attack by COVID-19 to the economy. Farmers and
local producers cannot compete with the global market, destruction of
traditional labor system like Parma has caused lack of labor in
agriculture farming as a result people of rural area are migrating to
the urban areas.
Conclusion: Internal migration will be affected by COVID-19 for
sometimes but it won’t stop. People will come back to their work. If
their job or business has gone, then they will start new but thinking
that they will stay at their place of origin and do agriculture or other
occupations is a joke. But yet, we can see some changes:
a. Health concerns will become important in the workplace.
b. Migrants will have a back up safety plan as they have seen the
sufferings.
c. Women migrants will probably get less work.
d. Migrant worker will have to suffer to get job.
e. Discrimination towards migrant workers is likely to increase.

3. Imagine about the International Labor Migration after COVID-19.

Some General Information about International Labor Migration before Covid-
19
1. Migrant and Migrant Workers

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According to ILO report 2017, there were 258 million migrants in which 164
millions (around 65%) were migrant workers and rest of them were non-migrant
workers.
2. Gender of the Migrant Workers
ILO Report 2018, has highlighted that 58% of the migrant workers were
male whereas 42% of the migrant workers are female.

3. Global Labor Force Participation of Migrant Workers

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Migrant Workers contribute 70% labor force in the world whereas non-
migrant contribute 61.60% of the labor force in the world.
4. Countries with Migrant Workers

High Income Countries had 67.90% of the migrant workers. Upper

Middle Income countries has 18.6% of the migrant workers.
5. Labor Force Participation Rates of Migrant and Non-Migrant

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Migrant workers are more engaged in labor force participation than non-
migrant workers.
6. Top Remittance Recipents Country

7. Top Countries with highest contribution of Remittances in GDP

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After seeing these all data, we can conclude the following things:
a. The whole Global Economy is dependent on the International
Labor Migration as there are more migrant workers and more
contribution of their labor force in the economy.
b. Countries which send migrant workers are dependent on the
remittances and also their GDP is dependent on the Remittances
Events Happening during Covid-19
1. Workplace Closure
The world of work has been impacted severely by the imposition of lockdown
measures, which include various forms of workplace closures. In April, 81% of
the labor were experiencing workplace closure ( which basically means their
place of employment has been closed), in May 94% of the labor were
experiencing workplace closure and in June 93% of the labor experience
workplace closure.
2. Loss in Work Hour
1st Quarter=January, February and March
2nd Quarter= April, May and June

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Prior to the 1st Quarter, 2nd Quarter of the year is having great
working hour losses due to the lockdown imposed by
different countries
What do I really want to show from the data of workplace
closure and working hour losses???
In the first section, I told that migrant workers have higher labor
force participation in the global economy. After the
implementation of lockdown, all the workplace has been closed
(workplace closure) and the working hour losses are increasing.
These all data reveals that migrant workers have lost their
employment.
Condition of Remittance:
Whenever the topic of International Labor Migration is raised,
Remittance has always been discussed. The World Bank has
projected that Covid-19 will cause 20% decrease in the
remittance. For the low and middle income countries,
remittance plays a very vital role. It helps to eradicated poverty
and raise the living standard of the migrated workers family.
Remittance has also great contribution in the low and middle
income country like Nepal, Haiti, etc. As Covid-19 will cause
20% deduction in the remittance, low and middle income
countries who largely depend upon remittances will suffer.
Families of migrant workers are likely to suffer from poverty.
But in 2021, the World Bank has estimated that the remittances
of the low and middle income countries will slightly increase
from 445 billion(in 2020) to 475 billion.
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Condition of the Growth Rate of the Countries

In the 2020 AD, the growth rate of the World will be -19.90%
whereas the growth rate of the low and middle income countries
will be -19.70%. But in 2021 AD, the Growth Rate of the world
will be 5.20% and Low and Middle Income Countries will be
5.60%.

Challenges faced by Migrant Workers in Covid-19

1.Economic challenges

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The shutdown of production, trade enterprises and construction sites has led to
the loss of income of a large part of the migrants employed in these fields. In
India, millions of people who lost their jobs in cities because plants and
factories were closed went to their villages with their families in order to
survive. Tens of thousands of migrant workers from Cambodia, Myanmar and
other countries were trapped in Thailand, where they worked in garment
factories and in tourism. The enterprises closed because the supply of raw
materials from China stopped, the tourist flow stopped, and migrants were left
without work. At the same time, returning home was impossible due to the
termination of transport links between the countries (Aljazeera 2020). In the
Gulf countries, millions of migrant workers from India, Bangladesh, Nepal,
Pakistan are in forced lockdown, without wages and under threat of deportation
— this new reality calls into question the existence of migrant families
remaining in their homelands. In some cases, employers, for example in Saudi
Arabia, by releasing local workers for paid quarantine, insist that foreign
workers continue to work (CAN 2020). There is no doubt that the pandemic
will be followed by a deep and global economic crisis, which means a decline in
people’s living standards, reduced employment opportunities, social instability
and... an increase in migration flows. Because people who are unable to find
jobs in the crisis-affected economies of their countries will desperately seek to
find employment in other, more prosperous countries. Not everyone will be able
to do this legally. There is a risk of an increase in illegal, irregular migration in
the world.
2.Health and Medical Challenges
Migrants, especially migrant workers, have less access to health care than local
residents. In addition, their living conditions are often overcrowded and in poor
sanitary conditions. The COVID-19 pandemic has given new impetus to the
“Migration and health” topic. Migrant workers are living in overcrowding and
low sanitary and hygienic standards which show that their response to
pandemic measures is simply unrealistic. The limited access of migrant workers
to medical and sanitary prevention measures and care makes the spread of the
pandemic virtually uncontrollable.
3.Social and psychological challenges
Migration is itself a destabilizing factor that can affect the mental health of the
people involved (Davies et al. 2009). Uncertainty about the prospects of stay
and work, separation from family, lifestyle changes, a new, not always friendly,
social environment are “usual” stress factors for the labour migrant. In the
period of the COVID-19 pandemic, fear of becoming ill and being left without
medical care is added, together with general panic, fear of deportation, or vice

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versa, inability to return home because of closed borders. Loss of work means
inability to send money home, which means that anxiety and responsibility for
the family increases. In this situation, migrants are able to take desperate steps,
while the possibility of social and psychological support from migrant
associations and human rights organizations is limited by the conditions of
forced distancing of people.
4.Political challenges
The surge of politicization of the migration topic is characteristic of all large-
scale crises: migrant workers are often declared “scapegoats” and responsibility
for other people’s sins is in fact imposed on them. The coronavirus crisis is no
exception: migrant workers were accused of spreading the disease in a number
of countries. Migrant workers from China were subject to stigmatization and
xenophobia already at the very beginning of the pandemic. The ban on the
movement of people, of course, will be lifted once the pandemic is overcome.
However, there is a high probability that migration rules will be tightened. It is
possible that the COVID-2019 pandemic will be the starting point that will
fundamentally change the migration policy of most countries. The positions of
right-wing parties, which are characterized by anti-immigration rhetoric, are
strengthening. The idea of global, concerted action on migration management
focused in the Global Compact on Safe, Orderly and Legal Migration (United
Nations 2018), signed by 152 countries only a year ago, could be buried by the
coronavirus pandemic, which forced countries to close from one another with
conditional “fences”. Governments are already responding rather differently to
the need to address the situation of foreign nationals present in their territory
during the pandemic. Generally speaking, the current crisis, which required
urgent action, was a test of Governments for adaptability to extraordinary
situations. The most positive example appears to be Portugal, which granted the
status of “temporary citizenship” to all foreign nationals present in its territory
who have previously applied for citizenship, residence permit or temporary
asylum (CNN 2020). The aim is to ensure that foreign citizens have full access
to the national health system during the coronavirus pandemic, thereby ensuring
the health security of the Portuguese themselves. In Italy, all permissive
documents held by migrants (residence permit, work permit, family
reunification permit, study visa, etc.) which expire during the quarantine period,
were automatically extended to 15 June, implying that by then the
epidemiological situation would be normalized and administrative services
would be operational as usual. On the other hand, some countries have not taken
steps to return even their own nationals stranded in other countries, and some
have explicitly urged their migrants not to return home.

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Ways
1. Migrant labor likely to stop moving.

Migrant workers currently overseas may not be able to get home, and
families already dealing with complicated immigration and visa regimes
may experience prolonged separation for an entirely new reason. It is
conceivable that, in response to current and future quarantines or “stay at
home” orders, businesses will also accelerate development of automation
capabilities, thereby removing some jobs often filled by migrants more
quickly. In most industries, inevitable COVID-19-related layoffs will
undoubtedly target migrant workers, many of whom are on temporary
visas. For example, New Zealand has around 190,000 people living on
temporary visas, many of whom will face impossible choices upon being
laid off: try to find another job suitable under their visa in a tanking
economy before being deported, try to get a different type of visa, or try
to get on one of the very restricted flights back to a home country that is
likely dealing with even greater economic hardship. And when jobs do
become available, the governments of New Zealand, the United States,
and many other countries will undoubtedly encourage businesses to hire
citizens over migrants. Such decisions will have lasting effects on
migrant workers, their families, and their communities.

2. Global inequality increases. Global inequality was already at its highest

levels in history when COVID-19 hit. As of January 2020,2153 people hold
more wealth than the world’s poorest 4.6 billion people. The world’s 22 richest
men have more wealth than all the women in Africa. While stock market losses
will undoubtedly impact the near-term prospects of some wealthy
individuals, recent history suggests that they will be just fine. In fact, global
inequality is likely to increase in the medium-to-long term, in part because of
the pandemic’s lasting impact on migration. Countries such as the Philippines,
Bangladesh, Ghana, and Honduras rely heavily on remittances from citizens
abroad. In 2018, the developing world as a whole received $529 billion in
remittances, 75% of the Foreign Direct Investment inflows received in the same
year. If migrant labor abroad is significantly disrupted by the economic shocks
detailed above, those sources of income for families across the developing
world will be impacted, creating ripple effects throughout their economies and,
in turn, further widening the gap between the richer and poorer countries.
Governments do have options, and the way they respond will matter, especially
since the full economic impacts of COVID-19 have not been felt in much of the
developing world.

Some of the people are fortunate enough to work from home during this time,
benefiting from not only the requisite physical and digital infrastructure but also
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the types of jobs that can be taken online. Many labor migrants—especially of
the low-skilled variety—do not have the option to work from home. Like
many lower income people, they must physically go to work, putting them at
greater risk of contracting and spreading COVID-19 and putting them in further
jeopardy because many do not have access to appropriate, financially-accessible
health care. According to the United Nations, “migrant workers and their
families are often part of marginalized and vulnerable groups that are already
experiencing economic hardship as a result of containment measures.” In an
extreme case, that could become more the norm as the pandemic worsens. For
example, Iranian hospitals are refusing to treat Afghan migrant workers,
resulting in many returning home to a country with a health infrastructure all
but destroyed after decades of conflict.

3.Faucets turn off more easily than they turn on.

With few anecdotes to the contrary, politicians with skeptical or outright

hostile views of migration have experienced electoral success around the
world in recent years. COVID-19 has ushered in a new era of travel
restrictions and required medical testing of migrants. While most of these
regulations are designed to be temporary, it is not hard to imagine
President Victor Orbán, or others, manufacturing crisis after crisis to keep
Hungary’s borders de facto permanently closed to migrants. A fear of a
second or third wave of COVID-19. Though many migration pathways
will reopen after the threat of COVID-19 disappears, some political
leaders such as Orbán will see current migration restrictions as an
opportunity to reinforce broader, longer-term agendas built around
xenophobia and the “othering” of migrants. As deaths inevitably increase
in the days and weeks ahead, these leaders will have increasing public
support for tighter short-term migration restrictions. What the public does
not realize is that it may not be as easy to turn the flow of migration back
on after it has been turned off.

Changes We can see After Covid-19:

1. Economic Changes:
a. Migrant workers and their families are likely to face poverty as the
World Bank has estimated in 2021 AD, COVID-19 could generate
176 million additional poor at $3.20 and 177 million additional poor at
$5.50
b. There will be decrease in the remittances as the World Bank has
already stated that 20% of the Remittance will decrease in 2020 AD.
c. There is an estimation that 1 out of 3 migrant workers will lose their
job.

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d. Skilled Migrant workers might secure their jobs but due to the long
time of the workplace closure, they will experience deterioration in
their skills.
2. Health Changes
a. There is chance that there will be the insurance of workers including
migrant workers.
b. The migrant workers have to face high health checkup before
immigration.
c. There will be more health concerns in the workplace.
3. Social Changes
a. There will be increasement in Xenophobia. For example: In some
places, Chinese migrant workers are facing harassment.
b. Migrant women worker have to work hard in order to have job as the
COVID-19 has hit women sector more than men sector.
4. Political Changes
a. Leaders of some countries will get the chance to limit the
opportunities of migrant workers.
b. Some leaders will try to close their country for migrant workers.
Conclusion:
What will happen to Migration after COVID-19?? No one knows the
future.We can only assume and predict based on the datas and history
facts. But one thing will happen sure…there will be a great change
and the situation won’t be normal like as usual as it used to happen
before COVID-19. International Labor Migration won’t be easy
because the recipent countries would want to give opportunities to
their residents before migrant workers. Countries who send the
migrant workers have a golden opportunities to utilize their people in
their own country.
3.Relate the Ravenstein’s Laws of migration at current situation.(20)

Ravenstein Laws of Migration:

Introduction:
Ernst George Ravenstein was a British statistician who wrote two articles and
published a paper entitled “The Laws of Migration” in 1885 which is based on
the data related to migration between England and Wales in the 1880s decade.
He argued that migration was not random but governed by general laws and this
law was effected by variables such as distance, transportation, motive, etc. In
his first thesis, he put forward the general laws of migration which concentrate
to the internal migration, whereas second is based on the international
migration.
Laws of Migration:

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Law 1: Most of the migrants are from short-distance.
There is inverse relationship between the distance and the number of
migrants(volume of migration). If there is short distance between the place of
origin and destination, the volume of migration will be high compare to the
longer distance. So, the majority of migrants go only short distance.
For Example: In Pokhara, people from Syangja, Tanahun, Parbat and Myagdi
mostly migrate because Pokhara is near to these districts.
For Example: In Nepal, most of the people prefer India than other countries
since India is closer to Nepal than other nations.

Law 2: Migration proceeds step by step.

Inhabitants of remote area tend to migrate towards the small town then
after the larger city. Most of the people are not able to migrate directly
towards the big cities from the rural areas.
Example:
1. Scholars have identified that Chinese immigrants use New Zealand
as step destination towards their preferred destination of Australia.
2. In the European Union, migrant workers from Ukraine migrate to
Poland, then UK in order to reach Germany.
3. Many illegal immigrants use Mexico as step destination to reach
USA.
4. In Nepal, people of Durlung uses Kushma as step destination in
order to reach Pokhara.
5. Phillipines people use Hong Kong and Singapore to gain migrant
capital in order to migrate to the West Countries.
Law 3: Each migration current produces a compensating counter-current.
The volume of migration stream is larger than the counter-stream.

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For Example: In the below figure, the out-migrants is greater than in-migrants.
Out-migrants represent the flow of migration to other places whereas the in-
migrants represent the compensating counter current. Hence, each migration
current produces compensating counter-current.

But: Countries or Places which are already developed and are decorated with
many facilities don’t experience this law. In this case, the out-migrants are
higher than in-mgrants. Here is less migration flow but high compensating
current.

Law 4: Most of the migrants are rural born

Urban born people are less migratory than the people in rural areas. Most of the
people migrate for the betterment of their living and to acquire amenities. The

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urban natives are already utilizing the urban facilities ,so there is not necessary
to migrate. But rural natives are deprived from facilities such as education
,health , transportation , communication and employment , so people migrate
from remote area to urban area.
For Example:
1. In Nepal, the percentage of Rural to Urban migrants are 33.5% which is
greater than the percentage of Urban to Rural Migrants (2.9%)

Law 5: Females are more migratory than males in short distance.

The volume of female migration is higher than the male in short distance as
well as internal migration only. This is due to the marriage causes. Whereas,
male are more common in international migration and cover long distance
compared to the female.
For Example: In Nepal, female dominates in internal migration. The
percentage of female internal migrants is about 63%% whereas the percentage
of the male internal migrants is about 38%. The main reason of Internal
migration is marriage (40.40% for female).

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In Nepal, men are more engaged in international migration than female.

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Law 6: Migration increases with the improvement in technology.

The advancement of technology creates job opportunities as well as facilities

for better livelihood .So, the size of migration increases with the
development.
The development of the technology cannot be shown in the single data or
with single indicator. I have used the research and development expenditure
and number of people per million having secured internet connection data to
demonstrate the development of technology. The principle I have used in this
case is simple, technology develop more when more expenditure is done.

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In the above figure, the research expenditure and internet connection per
million has increased more which means the development of technology is
happening.

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In the above figure, the percentage of the migrants are increasing. As the year
passes by technology has developed along with the technology migration has
also increased.

As I have already said that development of research can’t be shown in one

data. I am trying to show the development of research and technology
through the access of secured internet to the people in Nepal. As the people
are getting more secured internet, the percentage of total migrants has also
increased in Nepal.

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Law 7: There is always a motive behind migration especially economic
motive
There is motive behind migration where as economic motive have primacy
among the various factors governing magnitude of migration. Motive refer
to the employment , education and better earning.

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The above figure shows the number of migrant workers in the world. In the
world, out of 258 million migrants, there are 164 million migrant workers. The
main aim of migrant workers is to earn money which is the economic reason to
migrate. Hence, Ravenstein law which says migrant workers migrate due to
economic reason is also proved.
Let us also see Nepal’s case:

In Nepal, the maximum reason of international migration is private job (71%)

which is followed by Institutional job (10%). Job is also an economic reason to
migrate. Hence, Ravenstein law is also proved from Nepal’s point of view.
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Conclusion:
Ravenstein law of migration is the corner stone of all the theories of migration.
He is the pioneer of migration theories. Although he stated his theories about
150 years ago; his theory is still relevant in today’s age. The datas I have shown
in this answer prove that Ravenstein theory is still relevant.
4.State the strengths (good aspects) and weaknesses (poor aspects) of Pokhara
city. (20)
Pokhara is a metropolitan city of Nepal. It is the capital of Gandaki Pradesh. It
is the country's largest metropolitan city in terms of area and second largest in
terms of populations. Goodness of Pokhara:
Natural Beauties of Pokhara:
1. Mt. Machhapuhhre and Annapurna: One can view Fish-Tail and Annapurna
Mountains to the north-west from different spots of Pokhara. Annapurna
Mountain (Himalaya) range stretches west-east and is divided into Annapurna
(1) 8091, (2) 7937 (3) 7575 (4) 7535 meters. Machhapuchhre (Fish Tail
Mountain) is in the middle of the range with the elevation 6998 meters from sea
level (NTNC 2012). Machhapuchhre is a glorious natural heritage of Pokhara.
Its local name is Machhapuchhre because its forked summit looks like the tail of
a fish. One can view this fish-tail shape from Sarangkot, peace stupa and other
points too. It is still a virgin Mountain.
2. Fewa Lake:
Fewa Lake is the biggest lake in Pokhara. The picturesque image of
Machhapuchchre Himal and Annapurna range can be seen reflected in the Fewa
Lake, which is very unique. The surface area of the lake is about 4.43 ㎢. The
maximum depth is 12.30m and the average depth 11.71m (Lamichhane and
Upadhyay 2006). The lake has about 51.9 million cubic meters of water in
volume (Lamichhane 1998 as in Lamichhane and Upadhyay 2006, p 49). The
shape of the lake is elongated northwest to southeast with irregular widths at
different points. There is a tiny island in the middle of the lake where Barahi
(the Hindu Goddess) temple is located. On the southern side, there is a
luxurious green forest where one can reach by boat. Boats are available at the
bank of Barahi Baidam. Similarly, on the northeastern side of the lake, there is
Baidam Bazar, now called the Lakeside. It is a tourist market where tourists
from different countries can buy souvenirs, including antiques.
3. Begnas Lake:
This is the second largest lake in the Pokhara Valley. It is about 30 ㎞ east of
Fewa Lake and about 15 ㎞ from Mahendrapool Bazaar. Unlike Fewa Lake, its
shape is almost round. It is surrounded by hillocks and greenery, except for the

28
south which is the entrance to the lake. Its area is 3.73 ㎢ (Lamichhane et al.
2009). There are lodges, hotels and restaurants for the visitors and small local
bazaar for local souvenirs and necessities. The spot is an idyllic place of peace
and tranquility.
4. Rupa Lake:
There is a long hillock ridge called Rupakot extending from south to northeast.
On the northern side of the ridge, there is Begnas Lake and on the southern side
of it, Rupa Lake. Standing on the ridge from a few spots, one can see both lakes
at the same time. Rupa is extended from east to west with narrow width. Its total
area is 1.15 ㎢. It has a shape of a serpent. It is said that this lake looks like a
lizard changing its color from red, blue and green to different colors. People say
that there are many medicinal plants in the vicinity (Shakya 2012)
5. Seti River Gorge and K.I. Singh Bridge:
Seti River is fed by snow of Muchhapuchhre and Annapurna Himal. Seti means
white. The river is elusively strange. Somewhere it flows through unseen
channels, somewhere open and somewhere creating very deep gorges. It gives
exciting feeling to anyone when he/she looks down to the gorge from the top of
the cliff. There are many deep gorges made by Seti River, such as the one below
K.I. Singh Bridge, another below Mahendrapool, another below Chinese
Bridge, still another below Chor Sangu near the airport. Among them, the one
below K.I. Singh Bridge looks exciting and adventurous to watch. One can look
down the turbulent river flowing very clearly while watching from the bridge
about 300 feet below. On the left side, while crossing the new bridge towards
Gurkha Memorial Museum, there is the old K. I. Singh Bridge made of cement
concrete. It is the first concrete bridge constructed in Pokhara.
6. Bhim Dhunga:
There is a huge black granite ignious rock like a big globe about eight meters
high and with a circumference of 26 meters. The stone lies in P.N. Campus
Complex in Pokhara. This rounded rock is called locally Bhim Dhunga. This is
the biggest rock in Pokhara valley. Bhim is one of the brothers of Panchapandav
mentioned in a Hindu legend dating about 1500 B.C. The local people narrate a
myth that the rock was thrown by physically mightiest Bhim. So it has its name
as Bhim Dhunga. Dhunga in Local people have established a deity called 'Kali'
on the spot. So it is also called 'Bhim Kali'. Actually, the geographical legacy is
that this huge rock had been carried down from the Vicinity Mountains during
the glacial period by a moving glacier. Such igneous stones are also found in
other places, such as Chiple Dhunga, lying on the road side of Mahendrapool
Bazaar and other places, too. Mr. Krishna Prasad Poudel, a geographer,
observes that the very Bhim Dhunga with rounded shape, near the P.N. Campus

29
office at Pokhara also might have been rolled down by catastrophic outbursts
(Paudel 1988).
7. Mahendra Cave:
Before the visit of late King Mahendra in the year 1960 AD, this cave was just a
bats' cave because the bats used to flutter around the cave. But after the visit of
the king, local people named it as Mahendra Cave, thinking that the king would
donate more money to develop the place. But it didn't turn into reality. This
place is located in the north of Pokhara metropolitan city which comes under
the ward no 16. It is 6 km north of Mahendrapool Bazaar and can be accessed
by the city bus service as well as a bicycle along the black-topped road. It is
exciting to view the nature's creation. Apart from, Gupteswor Cave, there are
many other small caves in several other places of Pokhara where some of the
tourists visit. The caves are generally found in the limestone region, like
Mahendra Cave. Before this cave was physically disturbed, one could enjoy the
different shapes of limestone, some projecting downward from the ceilings and
some upward from the ground. It gives a strange and exciting feeling while you
watch it. But nowadays, it has been disturbed by people. After entering through
the big mouth-like opening of the cave, then walking ahead about 50 feet to the
left, a little hole appears from where the light can be seen just entering through
it, which remains more exciting. Through the hole one can scroll out slowly. On
the right, the tunnel of the cave continues ahead about 100 meters. Actually, the
trip gives adventurous experience and enjoyment.
8. Bat’s Cave:
With its name as Chamero Gupha in Nepali, Bats’ Cave is the popular name in
English. This cave is in Batulechaur which is about a half kilometer walk from
Mahendra Cave. It is still a popular and adventurous cave to get into. The
natural phenomenon of this cave has attracted thousands of bats as they feel no
disturbances inside. People with the sense of adventure usually enter inside with
torchlight. The visitors must be cautious, since the cave is not yet equipped with
electricity, and that path is also full of sharp stones. The water dripping from the
ceiling makes the path damp and slippery. When one is very near to the mouth
of the cave, he/she can hear haunted sound inside the cave. The area of the Bat’s
Cave is 10 meters deep and once inside the cave, it’s about six meters high with
a length of 135 meters. There is a small stream flowing deep under the rock. At
the far end of the cave there is a small narrow hole. However, the cave at its
center is amazingly spacious. There are large boulders cut out of a solid rock.
Standing on the boulder you can look round the cave. In the middle of it you
can see hundreds of bats hanging from the ceiling. Walking through the
darkness, lighting a torch light and finding the exit is indeed toughest but
adventurous. If one is not courageous enough, they had better not enter the cave
(Thapa 2010).

30
9. Devi’s Fall: It is a nature-made hole in Chhorepatan, about 2 km away from
the Fewa Lake and Lakeside area. Actually, the overflowed or excess water of
Fewa Lake is drained out through this hole and water runs underground to a
distance of about one km from Chhorepatan. Eventually, it mingles with the
small rivulet called Phusrekola somewhere below. The hole is about 20 feet in
diameter and 50 feet deep. A big flow of water speedily flowing down into the
mouth of the cave exposes lovely rainbows flickering unsteady into the water
vapor. Then the big mass of water flows invisibly and vanishes below the hole
which provides extremely exciting and pleasant feelings. Its local name is
Patale Chhango. The very name Patale Chhango in Nepali has become popular
among the tourists and tour operators as Davis fall. The word "Patale" certainly
derived from the Nepali word 'Patalo' means shallow or it might have been
named after the religious word "Patal" meaning beneath the world. "Chango" is
the Nepali word for a water fall. But after the miserable death of a tourist by
slipping into the water fall, it has become popular as 'Devi’s Fall'. The story of
her death goes as follows: In 1961, a Swiss couple were having a bath just to the
side above the waterfall with their dog. Around 2 pm, when the water gates of
the Fewa Dam were opened as usual, the overflow of the rushing lake water
approached them. It is believed that their dog saw the rushing flood from the
distance and barked loudly. However, the couple couldn't pay any attention to
the mere sound of the dog. In the twinkling of eyes the rushing water
approached them and swept away the lady down into the hole. However, her
husband survived (Shakya 2012).
10. Sarangkot: About the name of Saranagkot, there are two historical sources.
"Sarang" is a traditional dance related to fighting and war. Men dance with
swords in their hand by beating a drum. In Sarangkot (Sarangkot – fort),
military guards lived during the period of Shaha Kings who had their palace in
Kaskikot (Niraula 1986). Those militaries who stayed in Kaskikot used to visit
Sarangkot everyday dancing 'Sarang' and returned to Kaskikot every morning
(Subedi 2004). Thus the hilltop's name is Sarangkot. Another historical source
of the name 'Sarang' means high station, according to the Kirat (Rai- Limbu)
language. Kirats are the indigenous people of Nepal and speak Tibeto-Burman
language till this date. Thus the place became Sarangkot (Bista 1983, pp 12-14).
Sarangkot is a very interesting and beautiful spot. It's very windy place which
provides cool and exciting experience. From the hilltop at Sarangkot, one can
watch the panoramic view of Machhapuhhre, Annapurna, Dhaulagiri and
Ganesh Himals along with other tourist spots like Panchase, Swargadwari and
even the historical palace called Shreenagar of Palpa. Since the hilltop lies on
the northwest direction of Fewa Lake, from where the lake starts, one can have
the full view of the whole lake and almost all the valley of Pokhara. From
Sarangkot one can make a trekking trip to Kaskikot and then to Naudanda and
back to Pokhara by bus. It is a lovely place to watch sunrise and enjoy the early

31
sun shine on Himal turning into a golden color. Nowadays, it has become very
popular as a paragliding center with the 5000 feet elevation. It has been an
international para-port. Below mentioned data shows the number of tourist
came to paragliding:

11. Kaskikot:
There are many hilltops from where enchanting and romantic views of Pokhara
valley, green forest, gorgeous and skyscraper snow clad mountains and
beautiful lakes can be seen. The Kaskikot hilltop is one of them. Kaski is the
name of the place and 'kot' means 'fort' in the Nepali language. About the
derivation of the name 'Kaski' there are two versions. According to one version,
'Kaski' is the name of a costume which is worn by Tamu (Gurung) indigenous
people, from the waist to the knee, now known as 'kacchad' by distortion. It is
associated with a petty king or chieftain who belonged to Tamu aborigine at the
start of the settlement in Kaski. This gives the historical fact or source of the
name Kaski. Another version is from a Hindu legend or fiction. According to
the fiction, a sage called Kashyap had meditated in that place. So the name
Kaski is given to this hilltop (Subedi 2004, p 27). There is a saying 'Ghale Mari
Shahi Rajaya' still in the tongue of the local people, which means killing Ghale
(We) chose Shahi (Shaha). This is the political and historical information about
the Kaskikot hilltop (ibid). By the name of Kaskikot, the whole place is named
with the word Kaski (Niraula 1986). Kaski is the ancestral state of the Shaha
kings of Nepal whose capital was Kaskikot about 1650 years ago. There is a
black-topped road up to Sarankot and fair weather road from Sarankot to Kaski
hilltop (Kaskikot). On the other side, via Hyanja to Naudanda, there is another
pitch-road and then fair-weather road to reach Kaski hilltop. From Bindavasini
Archal Bot via Sarankot, it is a good trekking to reach Kaski hilltop. It can be

32
done in one day. There are hotels and restaurants to rest at the Kaskikot hilltop.
From the Kaski hilltop, the visitors can enjoy the panoramic views of
Machhapuchhre, Annapurna and Dhawalagiri Himals as well as Pokhara
Valley, far and wide. It is most beautiful to watch especially in a clear full moon
night. At the time of the rising sun in the morning the entire Himalayan range
looks bright in the golden color. The visitors realize the direct existence of
divinity while watching the beauty of nature.
12 Kahunkot:
It is not a fort (kot) for military purpose or station. It was a fort for animal
sacrifice in festivals like Chaite Dashain and Bada Dashain. A sacrifice of male
animals like buffalo, sheep, goat and also the birds like pigeon, duck, rooster, to
goddess Durga Bhagwati is supposed to be a way to make her pleased. From the
tourism perspective, Kahunkot is a joyful spot to have a panoramic view of the
snow-capped mountains, hills and evergreen natural forests. One can see the
forked summit of Machhapuchhre and other Himals from the peak. It is very
near to Mahendrapool Bazaar. From Kahunkot most part of southwestern valley
and almost all part of northern valley of Pokhara can be seen. From the peak,
Mahendrapool Bazaar area and its vicinity look very close. In Kahunkot there is
a tower constructed to have a good view of the surrounding areas. It is also a
spot for short trekking.
Cultural Heritage in Pokhara:
a. Tal-Barahi Temple: ‘Tal' means lake and 'Barahi' is one of the names of
an imaginary goddess name which is named after the Hindu god 'Baraha'.
It is located on the tiny island of about 1.5 ropanis (763km2) in the
middle of the Fewa Lake. It is 3 km from the Mahendrapool city and lies
to the southern end of Pokhara Valley. There is a fantastic story about the
origin of the lake and Barahi goddess. One evening, an old woman came
to the settlement to pass the night. She went on begging for shelter, but
nobody gave her shelter, instead the wicked people of the settlement let
their dogs chase the woman away. At last she came to the end of the
settlement, where a poor and old couple lived in a thatched hut. The
couple gave her a shelter to pass the night and also offered half of their
millet bread (a kind of pancake) which was cooked for their evening
meal. Early in the morning just before daybreak, the guest woke up the
couple and asked to go away from the settlement, saying that the
settlement will change into a big lake. She gave them a parcel which
looked like a bundle and also asked them to leave their hut immediately.
Following her advice, the couple walked away to the hill to the south of
the settlement. When they reached the top of the hill, it was quite a bright
day. From the top, as the couple looked to their settlement, it was already
changed into a big lake and there was only their hut remaining on the

33
lake. There is a similar type of fantastic story, but told in a little different
way. Shakya (1995, p 73) has said that goddess Barahi in an old woman's
form visited the village begging alms from door to door. People who
gave her alms were told by her that a few days later, a flood would sweep
away the village and that the place would turn into a huge lake. People
who took her prediction seriously, moved to another place for safety.
Certainly, the situation turned into as she had said. It rained heavily for
over a week and the village was swept away by the flood. At the same
time a part of a hill, where at present the FishTail Lodge is located,
slipped down and blocked the river. Thus the Lake Fewa came into being.
Whatever may be the fantastic story, the geographical reality was that
there was a very big and deep depression on the ground which was filled
gradually by rain, flood, and spring water and in the course of time this
changed into a lake especially around Barahi Temple and its north side
where the rivulets like Harpan Khola (river) and Andheri Khola (river) in
the north deposited water in the lake. These two rivulets drained all the
water in Fewa Lake which was brought by seasonal streams like Beran
Khola during rainy season. Later, Pokhara started to be an attractive place
for tourists from abroad and other parts of Nepal because of the
development of fast-growing means of transportation and
communication. People of Pokhara constructed pagoda style temple on
the spot of old Barahi Shrine. As a cultural heritage, Tal-Barahi is very
auspicious and important shrine for Hindus and unique for foreigners too,
especially in observing the people who gather and worship the goddess.
Unique for the tourists is the sacrifice of animals and birds in the shrine
of the goddess. People make lots of sacrifices during the festivals like
Chaitya Dasain and Bada Dasain. On other days also people come to
worship and sacrifice animals and birds to please the goddess. They
believe that the deity fulfills their wishes. There occurs a great fair in the
full moon day just after the Bada Dasain festival.
b. World Peace Stupa:
Peace Stupa is situated on the plain land of 21.5 ropanies, on the apex of
the Anadu hilltop, just above Fewa Lake on the southern side of it. Its
height is 1100 m from the sea level. Before the construction of Peace
Stupa, the land was covered with the forest and greenery. The history of
Peace Stupa starts from Japan, the country that suffered the atom-bomb
blast during the Second World War. The preacher of Buddhism and
peace, Nichidatsu Fuji, the chairman of Nipponazam Myhaji of Japan,
began constructing World Peace Stupa in the year 2030 B.S. (1973 A.D.)
But the government authorities of Kaski District demolished it using the
military in 2031 B.S. (1975 A.D.). However, after the successful people’s
revolution in the year 2046 B.S. (1989 A.D.), which was against the
despotic Panchayat (party less) system, the reconstruction of the stupa
34
was considered. The new government of multi-party system gave
permission to rebuild it in the year 2046 B.S. (1990 A.D.). Accordingly,
Peace Stupa was erected having a height of 115 feet and a circumference
of 344 feet. Hidico Moriyaka Sony of Nipponzan Myohoji has
contributed from the beginning till the completion of the stupa. The stupa
is painted white to symbolize peace and tranquility. The existence of this
symbolic peace on this beautiful place of Pokhara spreads fragrance of
perpetual peace, pronounced by Gautam Buddha. This is the first ever
Vishwa Shanti stupa (World Peace Stupa) made in Nepal of such kind.
The prayer hall is named after Nipponzan Myohoji. According to the
brochure published by The World Peace Pagoda Committee in Pokhara,
there is a two storied guesthouse and vihar to provide rest to the
Bhikshhus and pilgrims. This is a holy and pious place for Buddhists as
well as all peace loving people. Four majestic statues of Buddha are
placed at four directions. The eastern and front side of the stupa is
occupied by majestic, splendid statue of Buddha's, wheel of Dhamma
from Japan. In the western side the meditative statue of Buddha is erected
from Sri-Lanka; the northern side has 6 feet tall grand statue made of
metal from Thailand, and in the southern side has the metal statue
reflecting the birth of Siddhartha Gautam Buddha. There is a golden
pinnacle of 20 feet high with 13 segments and at the apex a crystal stone
from Sri Lanka is placed. Sitting at the lap of the World Peace Stupa and
viewing scenes of mindblowing mountains, Dhaualagiri,
Machhapuchchre, Annapurna, etc, seem so close as if the mountains are
personally whispering some words to us. At the same time, thinking of
the images of Buddha, one can realize peace and tranquility in his mind.
On Buddha’s birthday, many people come to the stupa to worship
Buddha and enjoy the scenic mountains, forest, and Fewa Lake. So Peace
Stupa has presented itself as both natural and cultural Heritage of
Pokhara.
c. Gupteswar Mahadev Shrine:
Gupteswar Mahadev Shrine lies just below and underneath the Patale
Chhango (Devi’s Fall) in Chorepatan. Actually it is a huge, round shaped
cave, perhaps made by the waterfall. The water vanishes in the cave,
perhaps made by the waterfall, Devi’s Fall. The water vanishes in the
cave through a natural tunnel and merges in a rivulet called Phushre
Khola about a kilometer away from the site. The huge cave inside is
made of enormous blocks of rocks only. The visitors can see the awe-
inspiring Devi’s Fall falling down into the cave with a roaring sound. The
cave is dark even in the day time and slippery too. So the Managing
Committee of Gupteshwar Mahadev has managed to have installed
railings, flights of stairs and light for the convenience and safety of the
visitors. During monsoon from July to September, because of heavy
35
rainfall, the cave or Gupteswar Shrine is unsafe to visit. In the year 2049
B.S. (1952 A.D.), some courageous local young people dared to enter
into the cave and uprooted the wild bushes of its entrance. While going
into the virgin cave, they found rocks shaped like Shivaling, a symbol of
God Shiva. Later they placed Shiva's statues in the cave. Since then the
name Gupteswar Mahadev or Shiva became very popular. In the very
festivals like Shiva Ratri, Ganesh pooja, Balachaturdasi, people rush to
the cave to worship the deity.
d. Bindyabasini Temple:
This temple is in Moharia Tol, the Old Bazaar side of Pokhara. Perhaps,
it is the most popular temple in Pokhara after Barahi Temple of Fewa
Lake. It is situated on a flat ground of about 5 ropani areas on top of the
mound. There is a grove of big trees which provides quite sacred
environment of spiritual feeling while having rest over there. This temple
has a Shikhar-style architecture which is traditionally and locally popular
in Pokhara. Bindhyabasini goddess has eight arms holding different
weapons in each hand. She is regarded as Hindu goddess Bhagawati.
Every year in Chaite Dashain and Bada Dashain there is a crowd of
people who come to worship by sacrificing innocent animals and birds on
the name of a holy work. Besides Dashain, on other occasions also people
come to worship for sacrificing animals and birds. The devotees put Tika
(red mark) of blood of the sacrificed animals on their forehead and pray
to fulfill their inner wishes. They believe that the goddess fulfills their
wishes. Besides, people also come to celebrate wedding, especially in
wedding seasons. So visitors can enjoy the scenes of wedding ceremony
and worshipping rituals. Nobody knows when the goddess was
established on the top of the mound and by whom. People think that there
lived some type of indigenous people. In their social development stage,
they believed in some supernatural power and worshipped it which
continued. Later Kulamandan Shaha (Jagati Khan) ruled in Kaski as a
state, defeating the aborigine Ghale (Gurung) Chieftain. "Ghale Mari
Shaha Rajayo" ("killing Ghale Shaha reigned"), a local saying, gives the
sources (Subedi 2004, pp 25-77). Since then the Shaha Kings ruled in
Pokhara Valley till the Last King of Kaski state Siddhinarayan Shaha, the
9th generation of Kulamandan Shaha was conquered by the politically
and geographically unified Nepal during the regencies of Rajendra Laxmi
(the Regent) of her child King, Rana Bahadur Shaha, the 13 generation of
Kulmandan Shaha (see Annex 2.1) in 1842 B.S. (1786 A.D.). However,
the story of Bindhyabasini Statue of today is related to the last king of
Kaski Siddhinarayan Shaha. The story goes as follows: According to the
legend, King Siddhinarayan dreamt that a female deity of Bindhyachal
Parbat (mountain) in India, asked him to take her and place it on a fine,
raised rock somewhere in his state, from where a snow-capped mountain
36
could be seen. Believing his dream, he went with his attendants to fetch
the deity. So he brought the present statue made of fine rock. The
attendants and porters who carried the statue had a rest on the place
where Bindhyabasini temple lies now. After the short rest, they tried to
carry the image, but they could not lift it even an inch. According to
another source, King Siddhinarayan asked some masons to make the
statue (Subedi 2004, p 30). Thus, the statue was made over there and
worshipped by many religious people, especially Hindus coming from
India as well. It is locally said that the statue was brought from
Bindhyachal Parbat (Mountain), because of which the name is
Bindhyabasini. Besides Bindhyabasini, there are other images of Hindu
deities which give a complete religious environment.
e. Bhadrakali Temple:
This temple is situated on the top of a very small hillock. This hillock
was also formed by a natural power at the same age when Tal-Barahi
Island and Bidhyabasini hillock were formed. The temple is constructed
at the height of about 250 feet. There are flights of stairs to reach the
temple. It's a fine visit through a thick forest. Bhadrakali is also the
goddess Bhagawati. So people sacrifice animals and birds to please the
goddess Bhadrakali and expect that the goddess will fulfill their wishes.
There is Ganesh Temple as well. So these two deities are worshipped by
the Hindus. Many people come to this place for a wedding ceremony as
well. They believe that the blessings of Ganesh and Bhadrakali bring
happy and long conjugal life.
f. Bhairav Temple:
The shrine where the 12 masks of twelve deities are kept and worshipped
is in the Bhairav Tol (locality), a part of Old Bazaar of Pokhara
Submetropolitan city. It is called temple, but does not look like a temple;
rather it is a house. The identity of this temple is that twelve male persons
wear different traditional dresses and put 12 different kinds of mask on
their faces and dance with beating of Mridanga (a traditional musical
instrument which looks like giant Madal). In the Newari language, it is
called 'Khin'. The shrine and deities have historical value. It is related to
the indigenous people, Newars of Kathmandu Valley, especially
Bhaktapur District. Some Newars from Bhaktapur came to Pokhara more
than 200 years ago as traders. They settled in Pokhara permanently and
continued to worship the 12 deities regularly as their ancestral deities
from Bhaktapur. They perform the dance, popularly known as Bhairav
Dance. The dance is performed with Newari ritual songs played by
Mridanga. The dancers do not feel tense or exhausted, even if they dance
for a long time. The Bhairav Dance used to be publicly performed once in
every twelve years. Now, it is performed every six years. This dance is
publicly performed at the beginning of the winter season usually in the
37
month of December or January and continues for four months. The
specialty of the performance is that it commences in the evening, lasts
whole night and ends next morning. People enjoy watching and
worshipping the deities dancing, item by item and moving in a procession
along the road while going to the inviting house and back from the house
to its own shrine in Bhairav Tol. It is a very pleasant moment to watch
the dance and procession, as it is the heritage of the Newari Culture.
g. Dharmsheela Buddha Vihar: This Vihar lies in the center of Pokhara
Subetropolitan city. The vihar is the first Buddhist institution ever
established in Pokhara. Actually, the vihar and its ritual and cultural
environment are simple, based on real life with humanitarian philosophy.
Actually, Mahayana and Bajrayana Buddhist sects are familiar over here
than Theravada Buddhism which is based on reality and humanity. The
vihar's name is after the name of Anagarika Dharma Sheela who
struggled for the freedom and equality against the totalitarian rule of
former Hindu governments who ruled this nation according to the caste
system and cultural discrimination. It seems that the vihar was
established around 1996 B.S. (1939 A.D.) in an area of about 1.5 ropanis.
The vihar is enriched with very fine metallic images and also terracotta
images of Gautam Buddha. There is a gorgeous statue of Buddha given
by Thailand, which is really appealing. Now the vihar is attracting many
visitors and tourists day by day and earning popularity among the
populace of Pokhara.
h. Karmadubgyu Chokhorling Monastery:
It is situated on a hillock called Jaykot Danda (hill) in Kahunkot Village
Development Committee, east of Mahendrapool Bazaar. It is five
kilometers far from the city. Visitors can drive to the monastery or walk
from the bottom of the hillock through the winding and fair-weather road
to the monastery or reach by climbing the stairs passing through the green
trees. The construction was started from 1954 and completed in 1961.
The area is about 10 ropanis. The walls of the monastery are painted with
Buddha’s symbols in the Tibetan art. A huge statue of Buddha in a
meditating posture flanked by Guru (teacher) Rimpoche and Karmapa is
really an awesome sight. About a hundred students and Lama Guru reside
there for learning and teaching Lamaism, the Mahayana Buddhism
(Subedi 2004).
i. Jame Mosque ‘A’ (maszid) ya:
According to a gentleman, Abdul Kuran of MiyanPatan, who claims to
have studied Kuran and heard about Muslims in Nepal and the settlement
of Muslims in Pokhara, this Mosque is the oldest in Pokhara. But he does
not know the date of establishment of the mosque. He says, what he
heard from his forefathers and elderly people is there was a thatched
house at first representing a mosque at the place where a two-storied
38
pakka building (Mosque) has been constructed now. Muslims of Miyan-
Patan used to pray (recite) Namaj in the thatched house. Later, they built
stone and mud house as mosque in place of the thatched house. Now, in
the modern time, they erected the tine, colorful two-storied Mosque.
Nowadays, there are two other prominent mosques in Chipledhunga and
Nayan Bazaar, which are very near, about ½ km from Mahendrapool
Bazaar. The biggest and holiest performance in Mohammadaism is
reciting Namaj (pray) which is held every day, five times, between 12.30
– 1.30 P.M. On Friday it is done with more participants. This Jame
Mosque reflects the Muslim life and culture. An Imam is the highest
authority of the Mosque. No Muslim can do anything without the
permission of Imam. Muslims of Miyan- Patan used to play Hidas (a
performance) in a procession of gathering, holding swords and Lathis
(long and thick stick and other weapons) from the Jame Mosque which
ends in Ramghat. This no longer exists in practice for some decades. So
far I studied in history of Gorkhali King, Prithvi Narayan Shaha, at the
start of his campaign for unifying Nepal politically and geographically
into one state, he had brought 3 Muslims from Banaras to manufacture
weapons and to train the soldiers. The 3 Muslims were Shokha Jabar,
Bekha Sing and Mohammad Taqui (KC 1992). “My logic is that the
Muslims of Miyan- Patan are from the generation of those 3 Muslims
brought by Prithivi Narayan Shaha. The base of this logic is the Muslims
of Miyan-Patan are called "Churauta" derived from the Nepali word
"Chura" which means wrist bangle. From my very childhood I had seen
both male and female Muslims selling and putting Chura on women's
wrists as their traditional profession. The name chureta didn’t apply to
other Muslims whose ancestors were the Kasmiri Muslims who entered
Nepal for the first time for trade in 13th century. Hence the Churauta is
the particular name in western Nepal given to the Muslims of Miyan-
Patan. Another base of the logic is that Gorkha was much nearer from
Pokhara than Kathmandu on foot. Pokhara's climate is not as cold as
Kathmandu. It is rather more pleasing than Kathmandu. So the Muslims
of Gorkha were more attracted to Pokhara than Kathmandu. According to
Mr. Abdul Karim, their forefathers had got land as Birta (land given by
the government as Contribution) in Kundahar and Ramghat. The Birta
was called Karbala in Muslim language. All these bases logically show
that the Muslims of Miyan- Patan have their ancestor in Gorkhali
Muslims.” (KC 1992)
j. Nepal Christian Church:
The seed of Christianity was sown in Pokhara in 1952 with the opening
of the Missionary Hospital in a vast open ground, called Miruwa (Bagar)
Tundikhel. Now it lies in Pokhara Metropolitan city, ward no. 1. This
hospital was locally popular as 'Shining Hospital'. Nepal Christian
39
Church at Ramghat is the oldest church established in 1969 B.S. (1913
A.D.) very near Western Regional Hospital of Pokhara. It has already
celebrated its Diamond Jubilee. There are two other main Churches. They
are Nayan Gaun Nadipur Church and Lamachaur Church. In addition to
these, several Churches have come into existence in almost all wards of
the Metropolitan city and other places of Pokhara. After the popular
movement of 2062-63 B.S. (2006-2007 A.D.), Nepal has been declared a
secular country. Since then Nepal has not been a Hindu Kingdom or
Hindu Nation. Because of the declaration of Hindu Nation in the 2047
B.S. (1991 A.D.) constitution or before the popular people's movement
the Hindu religion had suppressed other religions. Even the Buddhist
religion which had already spread before the introduction of Hindu
religion in Nepal and is believed to be in religious tolerance with
Hinduism was dominated and discouraged by the Hindu conservative
society and the government. So we can guess what might have happened
to Mohammadaism and Christianity. But after the declaration of
secularism, all the religions in Nepal got emancipation from the rule of
suppression and oppression of Hindu religion. Thus, Christians also
enjoyed freedom of religion as the other religions. One encouraging
example for Christianity is that, even the Nepal government has accepted
to give equal rights and even donation to all Christians in Nepal. The
point number 4 of the historical agreement signed between the Federation
of National Christian, Nepal and Nepal Government on 2068/1/18 (May
1, 2011) specifies a similar status to be given to the Christians as other
religious communities (Parajuli 2012). So the number or population of
Nepali Christians is growing in leaps and bounds. The attraction of
Christian religion is that it does not believe in social discrimination such
as the caste system, untouchability and gender inequality, which are the
fundamentals of the Hindu religion. Praying in front of the God's son,
Jesus Christ is the most important culture of Christianity.
k. Annapurna Natural History Museum:
This Museum is the first ever established museum in Pokhara. It was
established by a lady, an American Peace Corp volunteer named late
Dorothy Mierow in 1965 A.D. It is in Prithivi Narayan Campus Complex.
Mierow's long stay in Pokhara helped this Museum grow continuously.
She had an interest in promoting wildlife like insects, plants, birds and
butterflies found in Nepal to provide learning opportunity to the visitors.
She was also encouraged by the collection of large varieties of butterflies
collected and presented by a British Entomologist named Colin Smith. A
collection of almost all of Nepal's 640 species of butterflies is
demonstrated in the Nepal collection. Besides butterflies, there are
collections of interesting dragonflies and varieties of plants, birds,
animals and information of culture of the people of the western region,
40
especially hill and mountain region. A total of about 70 plants and 150
birds of the regions are stuck on plywood strips and charts on the wall.
According to the Annapurna Natural History Museum, there are the skins
of 56 birds for the students of ornithology to study, which were donated
by Dr. Bab Fleming, Sr. Some of the rarest birds like vulture, Kande
Bhyakur (Indigenous bird of Nepal), etc. are kept here. Butterflies as well
as moths which are found around the Annapurna ranges are collected.
However, the collection of butterflies of different kinds such as banded
afol, sesabita, Medobya, etc. are dominating in the exhibition. So, the
Museum is also named by the visitors as Butterfly Museum. About 90
animals' life-sized pictures on plywood and cement reliefs are depicted.
Since 1988 A.D. (Thapa 2010) Annapurna Conservation Area Project
(ACAP) has handled and monitored the Museum. There is very good
Western Regional Library next door to it. There is a room allocated to
ACAP in which the tectonic block theory of moving continent and rising
mountains like Mahabharat including Himals and formation of valleys
like Pokhara are explained to the visitors. In this room, there are many
samples of different rocks and fossils like 'Saligram,' a kind of igneous
rock, and many other minerals. Some of these are donated by the
Geology Department of Colorado College. The museum is worthwhile to
visit and learn about Nature's creation. This Museum lies in the locality
'Bagar, in Prithvi Narayan Campus compound, 3 km from the
Mahendrapool. There are 10 eye-catching, beautiful painted pillars which
represent men and women from the mountain or Himalayan regions,
Tarai region, and Newar farmers from Kathmandu Valley (Hill region),
Brahmins of hills and Tibetans at the entrance of the Museum building.
Such images welcome you with their fashionable cultural costumes, when
you step up to the entrance of the Museum building.
L. Gurkha Memorial Museum:
Gurkha Memorial Museum represents glimpses in detail in different
medium to the satisfaction of the visitors. Its short history starts from
Lainchaur, in Kathmandu. Gurkha Memorial Trust decided to establish
Gurkha Memorial Museum. So, the Working Committee decided to
manage the Museum in 1996 A.D. in Lainchaur under the Chairmanship
of Capt. Eknarayan Gurung. Latter in the year 2001 A.D., the Museum
was shifted to Pardi, Pokhara, in the complex of the Hotel Nature Land
hiring a house there. The motive to move the Museum to Pokhara must
be that the largest numbers of Gurkhas belong to Pokhara and its vicinity.
On 9th July 2005, this Museum again moved to its own building in Deep,
Pokhara Metropolitan City ward no. 16, in the north of K.I. Singh bridge,
in the complex of British Camp. The Museum lies in one hour's walking
distance from Mahendrapool city center and about 10 km from the
Lakeside. There is a regular city bus service from the Lakeside to Gurkha
41
Memorial Museum. From its vicinity one can enjoy watching the deep
gorge of turbulent Seti River about 300 feet below the new bridge. There
is old K.I. Singh Bridge on the left when you are crossing the new bridge
towards the Museum. The Museum's doors are open for 7 days from 8 am
to 4:30 pm. The aim of the Museum is to maintain the everlasting history
and memories of Gurkha with their bravery medals such as Victoria
Cross (VC), the highest award for exceptional bravery in the battle field.
Thirteen Gurkhas have received this glorious medal. International
Mountain Museum:
The International Mountain Museum (IMM) is the largest and most
sophisticated modern type of Museum. It is unique of its type in the
world. It was initiated in 1996 A.D. by Nepal Mountaineering
Association (NMA) (Khatiwada and Kshetry 2004). The beautiful
architecture in the huge complex exhibits the perfect landscape. There is
a grand Museum Hall. The total area of the IMM is six hectors. Actually,
the idea to establish IMM in Pokhara was the inspiration of all those
mountains of Pokhara that attract the people of the world. These are the
motivations to open the IMM where the visitors can get information
about all these objects and know how to visit those spots, where to visit
and when to visit the areas in Pokhara. From the Museum premises one
can view the panoramic mountain peaks of Dhaulagiri, Manaslu and
Annapurna. Thus the aim of International Mountain Museum is to
provide enjoyment along with the knowledge of wonderful natural
heritage and cradle of cultural heritage of Nepal, especially the Western
Region. There are exhibitions of mountaineering history and its methods
as well as entertainment and knowledge of mountain geography, ecology
and culture of people living in the regions. They are displayed in splendid
photos, pictures and charts. The management committee has also
managed a documentary show for the visitors. So the IMM in Pokhara is
a special tribute to mountains and people living in mountain and hilly
regions. It also provides knowledge to the visitors who wish to go for
adventurous trekking in those areas, who want to study and explore
something about mountains (ibid 2004).
Demography of Pokhara
Total Population of Pokhara: 402995
Male Population: 192977
Female Population: 210018

42
Literacy Rate of Pokhara:

Percentage of People who are Literate

46%

54%

Male Female

Ethnic Communities of Pokhara

At first, Pokhara was inhabited by Mongol aborigines like Gurung (Tamu),
Magar, etc who spoke Tibeto-Burman languages. They settled in hills like
Kaskikot, Sarangkot, Pangdurkot, Arghaunkot, etc. around the vicinity of
Pokhara Valley. They had their own culture and tradition, and language and
history. But they were either lost or modified because of Hinduisation during
the Hindu rule of 22 and 24 petty state rulers in western Nepal. The Chhetri
Kings and their followers (Brahmins), who were Hindus, had come to Nepal
43
seeking shelter during the Mugal rule in India. There are proofs of the existence
of the aborigines, Ghale (Gurung) Chieftains, as they were dignified in their
social development. These aborigines followed Buddhism together with their
nature worshipping religion since Buddhism was the first religion to enter
throughout the country. The history says Gautam Buddha with his disciples had
come to Nepal to introduce Buddhism. After the political and geographical
unification of Nepal by the then Shah Kings of Hindu origin of Gorkha state,
Newars from Kathmandu valley came to Pokhara to trade and settle down
especially in the plain area of the bazaar of Pokhara valley. Since then, Newari
culture and traditions mingled with those of Hindus and spread in Pokhara. By
that time, the Muslims whose ancestors were brought from Banaras (India) by
the King Prithvi Narayan Shaha had also settled in Pokhara, especially in a
small area known as Miyan- Patan. Since then, Muslim culture and tradition
also came into existence in Pokhara simultaneously. In 1952 a hospital was run
by Christian Missionary in old Tundikhel, now Pokhara Sub- Metropolitan city,
ward No.1. Consequently, Christians also started to settle in Pokhara. So,
Pokhara has been a cradle of the four religious people and their culture at
present. Parajuli (2004, p27) authenticates the mixture of the ethnic groups in
Pokhara as ‘the population of Pokhara is made up of numerous ethnic and caste
groups, a number of classes and creeds as well as linguistic heterogeneity.’ Yet
the important and remarkable point is that there was no confrontation in the
name of religion so far. General people of Pokhara, irrespective of their
religions, are more social in their social life. Although their culture, such as
festivals, ceremonies and rituals are different, they willingly take part in each
other's ceremonies and functions, except by those who are very conservative.
Such conservatives are very few in number. People think their social life is very
important and more valuable than their religious traditions.
1. Gurung(Tamu): Gurungs migrated from surrounding hills into Pokhara
valley in earlier period. Now there are a lot of Gurung settlements in
Pokhara bazaar. By birth they are Buddhists. They have their own
Pachchu (Lama priest) (who is a Buddhist. But because of both pressure
and attraction of Hinduism, many of them follow Hindu religious
festivals and traditions like Dashain, Teej and married women use
vermilion powder on forehead. They also celebrate Buddhist rituals as
well as their own festivals like Lhosar (New Year) and T'hoten. Gurungs
are popular as brave soldiers by the name of 'Gurkhas' in British and
Indian armies. Many of them still join Gurkha army in the foreign
countries.
2. Brahmin and Chhetry: Brahmins and Chhetris are originally Aryan and
Hindus who entered Nepal from India. They left India because of the
Muslim Mugal's invasion in India. Pokhara is inhabited by large number
of Brahmins and Chhetris who have their own cultural festivals.

44
3. Magars: Gurungs, Magars, Sherpas, Rai-Limbu, Newars, etc are
indigenous ethnic groups originated from Mangolian ancestors who speak
Tibeto- Burman language in one or other way. Magars, although
originally Buddhist, follow Hindu tradition after coming in contact with
Hindus. Along with Buddhist and Hindu tradition, they have their own
culture and tradition, developed in course of their social shaping.
4. Newars: Newars migrated to Pokhara valley from Kathmandu valley as
traders after the political and geographical unification of Nepal. Some of
them are Hindus and some Buddhists. Accordingly, they follow the
culture of Hinduism and Buddhism. By profession, they are traders.
Earlier Pokhara city was mostly populated by Newars. In other words,
Newars established the Pokhara city. They also established their own
ethnic culture and tradition, which were brought from Kathmandu valley
with them. Among various cultural ceremonies, Tayamacha dance,
Bhairav dance Gaijatra, Bagjatra, etc. are colorful and enchanting when
performed.
5. Thakalis: Thakalis came down to Pokhara from Thakkhola, the northern
mountain region, especially from Kaligandaki River base. At first they
were seasonal traders, because of which some of them settled down in
Pokhara bazaar. Now there are lots of Thakalis who have good houses
and buildings in Pokhara bazaar. Their profession is mostly trading. They
are Buddhist by birth and follow Buddhist tradition and rituals with their
own tradition like Toronlho, Festival of archery, etc.
6. Rai-Limbus(Khambus): Although in history, there is mention of Rai-
Limbus in Pokhara in earliest period, dating back to political and
geographical unification of Nepal, they were not pre-known in Pokhara
as settlers. But now, after the construction of the Highways, Rai- Limbus
also came to Pokhara in search of jobs. Some of them have settled
permanently in Pokhara valley. Although they follow their Mundhum
religion and traditions, they are very close to Buddhism. Now days,
Pokhara valley has become a melting pot of other ethnic groups and
people from Tarai region, and even from India who have come to do jobs.
7. Gaine (Gayak) Community: Gaine means one who sings in Nepali
terminology. Now days, they like to be called as Gayak. Either Gaines or
Gayaks are the traditional professional singers. Their native locality is in
Pokhara 16, Batulechaur, next to the Maternity Child Community
Friendship Polyclinic (Pokhara-Komegane), on the way to Mahendra
cave. They entertain the travelers, singing songs about the history, social
events and incidents which reveal the story of joys and sorrows of the
people. They play music on the local musical instrument called Sarangi
which produces heart moving melodious music. Very often, the visitors
can encounter them with smile and singing songs along with the Sarangi

45
in tourists' places like Lakeside, Sarangkot hill top, Airport, and
Mahendrapool Bazaar.
Pokhara Regional International Airport
It is an under-construction airport in Pokhara, Gandaki Pradesh of Nepal.
The construction of the airport started in April, 2016 and is expected to
be completed after five years in 2021 with a cost of around US$305
million. It is located at Chinnedanda.
When it goes into operation, Pokhara’s airport will have a 2,500m
runway with parallel taxiway that can accommodate medium range jets
like Airbus 320s and Boeing 737/757s. The airport will have concrete
runway and jet bridges. The parking bays will be able to handle up to
five narrow-body aircraft. Two terminals, one domestic and one
international, will be able to handle one million passengers annually. The
airport will have a 10,000 square-metre international terminal building
and a 4,000 square-metre domestic terminal building

Importance of Tourism in Pokhara

Pokhara is a touristic hub where both the international and domestic tourist
enjoys the natural beauties and climate. Pokhara has more potential to develop
the tourism industry using all the available resources. Tourism is not only
important in Pokhara but also in the whole country. The tourism industry is one
of the important factors which helps to increase national income and promote
Nepal all over the world. Pokhara’s motive is not only to attract thousands of
tourists with its physiographic uniqueness rather it explores opportunities for
policy makers and planners to take necessary precautions and preventive
measures from the possible natural disaster analyzing related risks and their
effect. (Upreti & Upadhyaya& Sapkota 2013.)
Economic Impact of tourism in Pokhara, Nepal
About a decade ago, tourism was used as a means of relaxation only but
nowadays it has become a source of earning foreign exchange and it also
generates employment opportunities which are helpful for the economic growth
of the country. Everything has its pros and cons, so the tourism industry has
also some pros and cons, but it depends on how the industry runs. It needs
enough capital and enough resources to get a proper and positive outcome.
Pokhara is the place where visitors can experience the thrill via paragliding,
mountain climbing, skydiving, Bungee Jumping and Rafting in a Seti river.
Pokhara city is one of the best adventurous places to experience the thrill and
enjoy the panoramic view of Himalayas, lakes, falls, cave and many more.
Pokhara city has the potential to contribute to the country's GDP via hotel
business, trekking, travel agencies, providing employment, unique culture,
varieties of natural resources, and many tourism activities.

46
It creates employment opportunities inside the country so that people should not
go abroad to earn for their living. Tourism is a tool to develop the living quality
life because it has focused on the positive impact such as employment, tax,
revenue, technological improvements and economic development.
GDP has been used as a tool to measure the economic effects of tourism in the
country. Tourism in Nepal has developed since the 1950s and now it has risen
as one of the major funders to the country's economy. Ministry of Culture,
Tourism & Civil Aviation has figured out that the number of visitors is
increased from 602, 855 in 2010-2011 to 803,092 in 2011-2012. (Ministry of
Culture, Tourism & Civil Aviation Planning & Evaluation Division 2014.)
Tourism Statistic of Pokhara
Pokhara embraces the strategic position because it is located in the central part
of the map of Nepal. Pokhara is a place with specific infrastructure facilities, for
instance, road network, airport, restaurant, hotels, motels, drainage system,
power supply and so on which helps Pokhara to grasp the strategic
position. Pokhara is a transit point for various natural and tourist attraction such
as national parks, wildlife reserves, hunting reserves in Nepal’s western, mid-
western, and far western development region. There are three triangles;
Pokhara-Kathmandu–Chitwan (Golden Triangle), Pokhara- Chitwan- Lumbini
(silver triangle) and Pokhara-Manag- Mustang (Adventure triangle). For these
triangles, from tourism prospects, Pokhara has been kept as a bridge. Pokhara is
an entry and exit point for trekking, mountaineering, paragliding, skydiving,
rock climbing, river rafting, and many more adventurous activities. Tourists
can experience numerous activities and enjoy events in Pokhara based on
nature, culture, heritage, sports, adventure, tradition and so on. Pokhara offers
numerous activities for thousands of visitors. (Upreti & Upadhyaya & Sapkota
2013.)
Most of the people who travels from Kathmandu to Pokhara use the bus or air
transport as the main means of transportation. Lakeside, a touristic hub is a
heart of Pokhara and the bus station and airport are nearby the lakeside. Most of
the visitors and local people incline to use the bus, minibus, microvans,cars, and
so on as the road of transport which is a reasonable and easy mode of transport.
People can use tourist buses too, but it is a bit expensive and the ticket should
be pre-booked. Tourist bus leaves earlier in the morning than the other local
transport. Price and time vary in local transport and people can purchase their
ticket during the journey too. (Lonely Planet 2016 a.)

47
Pokhara In News
Pokhara has been in the highlight of news for very long time. Some of the
news highlight are:

 Province 4’s New Capital: Early July 2018  Pokhara was declared as

Province 4 capital after two-third majority assembly members voted
Pokhara over Gorkha and other regions contesting for Province 4 capital.

 Ideal Site for International Airport: It’s no doubt that Pokhara is

one of the ‘hot’ tourist destinations in Nepal and thus, it was essential that
Pokhara has an international airport. The construction of the Pokhara
International Airport is underway and is expected to be completed by 2021.

 No Horn Policy: After Kathmandu turned off vehicle horns, Pokhara

took its turn next to introduce a ‘horn-ban policy’. The new rule received
positive response and has been under successful implementation from the
very beginning. So, this move put an end to the noisy aspect of traffic
congestion woes in the city.

 European Film Festival 2018: The month of July brought with it a

lot of positive developments for Pokhara. The European Film Festival  held
between July 7-8, 2018 brought a bunch of its best stories to woo Nepali
audience. Films like Tiger Theory, Defenders of Riga and Berlin Babylon
took Pokharelis to a different land altogether.

 Pokhara Premier League: The city is all set to host its own T20
franchise tournament, Pokhara Premier League , which is much awaited as it
promises to be the biggest of-its-kind sports event in the country.
 Fully Immunized Status: Pokhara has been in news as the ‘fully
immunized metropolis’, which came after a successful immunization
campaign held across the metropolis.

 Women Entrepreneur Program: Pokhara is serious about its

development initiatives and the Women Entrepreneurship Program held on
June 13, 2018 only strengthens this stance. The four-day event was initiated
to empower the women in the city and encourage them in establishing their
own businesses for a better living.

 Run for Health, Run for Pokhara: The City of Lakes recently held
the Safal Pokhara International Marathon 2018 which had over 3000
participants. Bhumiraj Rai from the Nepal Police Club emerged ‘winner’ in
the marathon. The City of Lakes is making major strides in almost every

48
sector making it a friendly city not only for its inhabitants, but also its
visitors.

Weakness of Pokhara City:

a. Increasing Population
From the above mentioned data, we can see that Pokhara is
suffering from increasing population. The data shows that
population of Pokhara goes on increasing in coming year. The
increase in population could be migration as so many people from
Syangja, Mustang, Myagdi, Baglung and Parbat are migrating to
Pokhara for job, education, income and other facilities.

b. Infrastructure is destroying Natural beauties

Pokhara is known for its natural beauties. But people are building
unnecessary and illegal buildings and other infrastructure which is
destroying the natural beauties of Pokhara. For eg: People are
building hotels and other lodge facilities near Fewa Lake without
obeying government rules as a result Fewa Lake is shrinking day
by day.
c. Land Use (A Serious Threat)

49
Pokhara has seen urbanization due to its tourism prospects. This
rapid urbanization and process of making high building has
changed the land use of Pokhara. In the above mentioned data, we
can see that the open space land has decreased which means open
space are now being used for making buildings. Grass land has also
decreased. Built up area is increasing. This all things are bad to the
natural beauties of Pokhara. It can hamper the natural ecosystem of
Pokhara.
d. Increasing Traffic
Pokhara is facing serious traffic problem especially during office
hours. Major traffic problem is seen in highways and places like
Pritihivi Chowk. Due to the traffic problem, many people are being
late in their offices, students being late in schools, etc.

e. Lacking Physical Infrastructure

Although Pokhara is one of the metropolitan city of Nepal and
decorated with physical infrastructure, it lacks infrastructure in
many places like Bharat Pokhari. Pokhara has other natural
beauties like Gunday Lake, Dipang Lake and also cultural beauties
like museum of Nepal’s Kabi Shiromani Lekhnath Poudel but due
to the lack of physical infrastructure like road, these places are not
appreciated with Tourism industry. Roads which were previous
built and need maintenance are also neglected. Roads are
degrading but still no one has become serious about maintaining
roads.
f. Mismanagement in Waste Disposal

50
A survey done in Pokhara revealed that 52% of the people don’t
use authorized spot for the waste disposal.

People are throwing wastes in the river, lake or any other natural
environment. A recent survey of the lake city of Pokhara revealed
that the city council has been disposing 58 tons of garbage
everyday-by tossing it over the Seti river bridge in the city centre
due to lack of a proper dump site. This mismanagement in waste
disposal is causing pollution and degrading the natural
environment of Pokhara.
g. Shrinking Fewa Lake ( Serious and Neglected Problem of
Pokhara)The name Pokhara is derived from the Nepali word for
‘pond’.However, with tourism-driven urbanisation, Pokhara is
losing its water bodies. The smaller lakes have been overtaken by
farmlands or settlements. Sedimentation is shrinking Phewa and
the other bigger lakes, and pollution has affected aquatic and bird
life. In addition, haphazard building and road construction on the
slopes above the lake have increased sedimentation, and affected
the groundwater table causing many springs and streams to go
dry. While there has been a visible decline in the number of bird
species, numerous other insects, including butterflies and
dragonflies, which depend on clean water sources, have also
started disappearing. Despite a ban on construction of physical
infrastructure within 65 metres from the edge of the water body, as
many as 204 houses and huts have been erected around it recently,
according to the Fewa Lake Conservation and Management Office
(FLCMO).The lake in 1957 covered around 10 square kilometres

51
of area. But according to a study in 2007, the lake area has
decreased to 4 square kilometres, due to unabated
encroachment. According to report presented by the Fewa Lake
Land Investigation Committee, the lake shrunk to 5.5 square
kilometres in 1976 and to 4.4 square kilometres in 1998. The
average depth of the lake has also decreased to 8.6 metres. Around
50 rivulets, including Harpan and Aadherikhola, feed waters to the
lake, and floods triggered by heavy rainfall during monsoon
deposit clay, dirt and debris in the lake. Pollution is yet another
major problem facing the lake. According to Devendra Bahadur
Lamichhane, who has done his PhD on Fewa Lake, the water body
is facing a huge crisis. “If the concerned agencies fail to come up
with a solution soon, the city could lose the lake,” said
Lamichhane.The lake is not only a tourist attraction but also is a
source of livelihood for many. As many as 91 fishermen’s and 724
boaters’ families depend on it. It is also home to a number of plants
and animals and around 200 species of birds are found in the Fewa
region.

h. Increasing Pollution

52
Pokhara has seen its peak of natural beauties and now it has seen the pollution.
Now days, Pokhara has been attacked with pollution. Increasing urbanization,
population and mismanagement in the waste disposal has caused pollution in
Nepal. In a survey, it was revealed that 35% of the participants said air pollution
is maximum in Pokhara.

In the same survey it was revealed that, about 33% of the cause of pollution is
smoke emitting from vehicles. Pokhara, being a tourist hub, need to solve the

53
issues like this. Pollution is causing the degrading image of Pokhara to Tourists
and also causing serious health threats to the people of Pokhara.

5.If you become Mayor of Pokhara how will you make plan for sustainable
development. (20)
Do you believe or not that a Good Leader can make our Pokhara as the world’s
best place ? Is it possible by the post of mayor ? Looking back to the history ,
we can see many powerful leaders who have changed the face of whole entire
nation and has still influenced the world such as Abraham Lincoln , Nelson
Mandala and so on . They were single enough to develop their land and people .
By seeing their dedication , contribution and success , I believe that it is
hundred percent possible to develop our Pokhara metropolitan as world’s best
place , if the mayor is dedicated , visionary , hardworker , smart and honest . I
can challenge that if I would became a mayor of Pokhara , I can rise Pokhara
through economically , socially and naturally well developed city by using full
potential from public level to governance level.
If I become Mayor of Pokhara, I will have the following power given by the
Constitution of Nepal 2072:
1. Town Police
2. Cooperative institutions
3. Operation of F.M.
4. Local  taxes  (wealth  tax,  house  rent  tax,  land  and 
building registration fee, motor vehicle tax), service charge, fee, tourism
fee, advertisement tax, business tax, land tax (land revenue),
penalty, entertainment tax, land revenue collection
5. Management of the Local services
6. Collection of local statistics and records
7. Local level development plans and projects
8. Basic and secondary education
9. Basic health and sanitation
10.Local Market Management, Environment Protection and Biodiversity
11.Local roads, rural roads, agro-roads, irrigation
12.Management of Village Assembly, Municipal Assembly,
District Assembly, local courts, mediation and arbitration
13.Assembly, local courts, mediation and arbitration
14.Local records management
15.Distribution of house and land ownership certificates
16.Agriculture  and  animal  husbandry,  agro-products  management, animal
health, cooperatives

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17.Management of senior citizens, persons with disabilities and the
incapacitated
18.Collection of statistics of the unemployed
19.Management, operation and control of agricultural extension
20.Water supply, small hydropower projects, alternative energy
21.Disaster management
22.Protection of watersheds, wildlife, mines and minerals
23.Protection and development of languages, cultures and fine arts

Sustainable Development: According to Brundtland Commission Report

“sustainable development as " Development that meets the needs of present
generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet
their own needs".
Objectives of Sustainable Development:
Brundtland Commission Report stated the following objectives of
sustainable development :
1. Maintenance of high and stable levels of economic growth and
employment.
2. Social progress that recognizes everyone's need of food, energy, water
and sanitation.
3. Ensuring a sustainable level of population growth.
4. Conserving and enhancing the resource base; prudent use of natural
resources.
5. Reorienting technology and managing risk.
6. Merging environment and economic in decision making.
Being a mayor, I have to work under the following objectives in order to
achieve sustainable development for Pokhara.
Dimension of Sustainable Development:
1. Economic dimension
Economically sustainable system must be able to produce goods and
services on a continuing basis, to maintain manageable size of
government and external debt and to avoid sectoral imbalances.
Economic sustainability which occurs when development, which
moves toward social and environmental sustainability, is financially
feasible. Being Mayor of Pokhara, I will promote local goods like
handicrafts, bags, garments, local foods, drinks, etc. of Pokhara. I will
start a scheme of giving credit with low interest to those small and

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local entrepreneurs who want to produce local goods. I will also
become vocal for local. I will promote local goods to the people of
Pokhara and also request them to buy the local products. I will also
arrange reward system for those local businessmen who produce and
sell more local goods. I will also make sure that most of the budget are
not spend on unnecessary office works. In Nepal, most of the budgets
are spend in unnecessary works, I will break this chain in my office. I
will also manage the debt of my office
2. Environmental dimension
Environmental dimension aims to improve human welfare through the
protection of natural capital (e.g. land, air, water, minerals etc.).
Initiatives and programs are defined environmentally sustainable
when they ensure that the needs of the population are met without the
risk of compromising the needs of future generations. Use of the
environment as a waste sink on the basis that waste disposal rates
should not exceed rates of managed or natural assimilative capacity of
the ecosystem. Pokhara is best known for its natural beauties. We
have Fewa Lake, Sarangkot, Begnas Lake and many more. These all
are the natural gifts to us but we have failed to manage these gifts.
Fewa lake is shrinking, rate of deforestation is increasing and
pollution is increasing. Being Mayor of Pokhara, I have duty to
protect the natural beauties of Pokhara. First of all, I will declare no
garbage zone to the lake, river, forest and other natural places. I will
also make a better monitoring system to monitor those persons who
throw garbage or any kind of wastes to these natural sites and also
make sure that those persons could not escape from the punishment.
These monitoring system will be composed of CCTV camera and
reward system for those who gave information about the person who
throw waste. I will also organize a daily program of generating
awareness about the importance of natural beauties to our Health and
economy of Pokhara in TV and radio. I will also request people of
Pokhara to visit natural beauties and sites and promote these to other
people. I will also make a great system of dumping site. Since Pokhara
has population of more than 4 lakhs, I have to arrange 10 dumping
sites. Due to the lack of dumping sites the disposal of waste materials
has not been quite effective. I will make sure that the garbage carrying
van will go to houses of Pokhara after 1 day break. I will also urge the

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people to throw their wastes to the garbage van rather than anywhere
or natural sites. Energy can be generated through the waste materials.
I will use to generate energy from these waste materials. I will also
ban the single use plastic in Pokhara city and organize a quite
effective monitor mechanism and punishment mechanism to punish
those who sell and use single use plastic. “Nature can be effectively
preserved when people know its importance in daily uses.” I will use
the forest and lakes for the daily economic activities like fetching
limited woods from forest and controlled fishing in the lake. So when
people know the importance of nature, they tend to protect it.
3.Social dimension
Social sustainability which requires that the cohension of society and
its ability to work towards common goals be maintained. Social
sustainability aims to preserve social capital by investing and creating
services that constitute the framework of our society. Individual
needs, such as those for health and well being, nutrition, shelter,
education and cultural expression should be met. Being Mayor of
Pokhara, I will ensure that people of Pokhara are achieving basic
education and basic health services. I will try to improve the
government schools either by developing infrastructure or punishing
those personnel who are not fulfilling their duties. Like Nepal,
Pokhara is also made up of many ethnic communities. These
communities have their own culture and tradition. Being a Mayor, I
will be the guardian of their culture and tradition. I will request to the
various voluntary and involuntary organization to work for the welfare
of Pokhara. I will also arrange them the budget to fulfil this work.
Restructuring the Land Use Model through Multiple Nuclei Model:
Multiple Nuclei Model is developed by  CD Harris and E.L Ulman. It describes
urban land use in which a city grows rom several independent points (nuclei)
rather than from one Central Business District. Each point (nuclei) acts as a
growth center for particular kind of land use such as industry, retail, port,
university, etc. I will reorganize the land use of Pokhara according to Multiple
Nuclei Model. I will develop as Central Business District (CBD) to places like
Mahendera Pool, Chipledhunga, Prithivi Chowk, Bagar, Budhibazar, Talchowk,
Bhandardik, Powerhouse and Khundi as these places have the potential to serve
as the business hub. I will develop Wholesale Light Manufacturing to the places
like Kajipokhari, Rambazar, Chinnedanda, Miyapata, Birauta because
Wholesale Light Manufacturing is consumer oriented and many people settle in

57
these places. I will also take care the environment in these places with no
pollution and proper waste management. I will add new zone named NO
CONSTRUCTION ZONE. In this zone, places like Fewa Lake, Begnas Lake,
Rupa Lake will be added. In this zone, I will minimize the construction of
building and also set very high requirement to continue any type of
construction. I will also try to develop the cities according to activities of that
place. For eg: I will try to develop Chippledhunga and Mahendrapool as
Shopping hub since many people prefer to have shopping in here. I will also try
to minimize the rent of this place. Like wise, I will try to develop Khundi and
Bagar as Education hub since Pokhara University and Prithivi Narayan Campus
are located here. I will also try to decrease the rent of the house in this place
since many students from other places of Pokhara tend to live there. I will try to
develop Baglung Bus Park and Prithivi Bus Park as the Station Hub. Since,
Baglung Bus Park serves those people who wanted to go Parbat and Myagdi.
Prithivi Chowk Bus Stop serves as the bus station to other places of Nepal. I
will also start a new system in which I will group 3 wards into one. Each ward
will play as Central Business District (CBD) and also make them to produce
local goods. I will promote urban agriculture. I will make people of Pokhara
independent from import of vegetables and fruits. I will provide necessary
incentives and subsidies like low interest in bank loan, low land rent, high
yielding seeds, necessary machinery and skill to the farmers of Pokhara.
Our Pokhara carries lots of great possibilities . We all know Pokhara is
naturally very beautiful place contain many beautiful hills , lots of lakes ,
mountain seenaries , greenery forests , rivers , plans etc with amazing
environment . I want that it has to be sustainably develop with nature beauty as
tourism hub . For that , I will hire many exports , city designers , road/traffic
engineers , environmentalist , botanist , geographic exports and planner . And
reaches - design - plan a beautiful , naturalistic , greenery , eco – friendly ,
creative , facilitated , touristic and peaceful Pokhara and work accordingly
strongly with full dedication and potential . I will design and develop systematic
beautiful Pokhara separated different residential area , commercial area ,
agricultural , industrial and tourism area . It also stop rapid housing and
unmanaged urbanization , deforestation and environmental degradation . I will
definitely replace recent constructing international airport to nearby area from
Pokhara which has occupied lots of useful , important and cultivated land and
has also destroying beautiful hills . In my view, it is just misuse of land which
will effect Pokhara ‘s environment and beauty badly . Instead of airport , I
would focus on other infrastructure such as wide - lane modern road system
with full of greenery , electric vechile charging station , shreet light ,
underground cable and proper drainage system . I will connect most of the
important place by road , electricity and water without compermising natural
beauty . I make people to use maximum electricity energy than fossel fuel .
Banding plastic bag , advanced recycling dumpingside etc action will be taken .
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I will decorate Pokhara with flowers , trees , fruit’s trees with lots of greenery in
hillside , roadside , cityside all open places to developed as tourist hub .

Similarly with the development of infrastructure , I will also focus on various

economical activities such as tourism industry , agricultural and industrial
production and invention . I will bring many creative idea / plan to promote
economy conculting with export . Pokhara is rich and beautiful in nature ,
natural resource , culture and religious and historical monoment . It has so many
amazing things to superize tourist which can tremendously grow our economy .
I will try to make easy access to expose Pokhara .. Our all lakes will be develop
as tourist spots connect by ring road as hiking . It will be cleaned
,greenery,gardening, attractive aquatic life , boating – swimming – fishing ….
all entertainment facilities . All hidden beautiful places will develop as tourist
sport as well as create new tourist sport such as adventurous spot like
paragliding , bunjee jump, zipflyer , cycling , horsing etc . Similarly , I will
make Pokhara independent in agricultural production such as dirary production ,
meat production , vegetable etc . I will create favourable environment for
agriculture and industry .

Sources of all the answers:

o http://moitfe.gandaki.gov.np/en/category/pratibedan_english/
o http://www.cen.org.np/uploaded/Walkability%20Report
%20Pokhara.pdf
o https://kathmandupost.com/national/2016/04/10/future-of-fewa-
lake-at-stake
o https://kathmandupost.com/national/2018/05/01/pokhara-folk-
welcome-courts-decision
o https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokhara_International_Airport
o http://www.atlasofurbanexpansion.org/data
o https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokhara#Transportation
 http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/461601591649316722/Projected-
poverty-impacts-of-COVID-19.pdf
 https://www.catalyst.org/research/covid-19-job-loss/
 https://www.clevelandfed.org/en/newsroom-and-
events/publications/economic-commentary/2020-economic-
commentaries/ec-202009-unemployment-costs-of-covid.aspx
 https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/docum
ents/briefingnote/wcms_740877.pdf
 https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/docum
ents/briefingnote/wcms_745963.pdf

59
 https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/05/42-of-jobs-lost-during-covid-
19-may-not-come-back/
 https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/migrationremittancesdiasporaissues/
brief/migration-remittances-data
 https://www.knomad.org/publication/migration-and-development-brief-
31
 file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/POPECON_article_53201_en_1.pdf
 https://www.csis.org/analysis/five-ways-covid-19-changing-global-
migration
 https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/socialprotection/publication/covid-
19-crisis-through-a-migration-lens
 https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/33634/CO
VID-19-Crisis-Through-a-Migration-Lens.pdf?
sequence=5&isAllowed=y
 https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/33634
 https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---
normes/documents/genericdocument/wcms_739937.pdf
 http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/461601591649316722/Projected-
poverty-impacts-of-COVID-19.pdf
 https://www.catalyst.org/research/covid-19-job-loss/
 https://www.clevelandfed.org/en/newsroom-and-
events/publications/economic-commentary/2020-economic-
commentaries/ec-202009-unemployment-costs-of-covid.aspx
 https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/docum
ents/briefingnote/wcms_740877.pdf
 https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/docum
ents/briefingnote/wcms_745963.pdf
 https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/05/42-of-jobs-lost-during-covid-
19-may-not-come-back/
 https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/migrationremittancesdiasporaissues/
brief/migration-remittances-data
 https://www.knomad.org/publication/migration-and-development-brief-
31
 file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/POPECON_article_53201_en_1.pdf
 https://www.csis.org/analysis/five-ways-covid-19-changing-global-
migration
 https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/socialprotection/publication/covid-
19-crisis-through-a-migration-lens
 https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/33634/CO
VID-19-Crisis-Through-a-Migration-Lens.pdf?
sequence=5&isAllowed=y

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 https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/33634
 https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---
normes/documents/genericdocument/wcms_739937.pdf

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