Anxiety Disorders - Notes
Anxiety Disorders - Notes
Anxiety
Disorders
Brenda
Roman,
M.D.
Professor
Department
of
Psychiatry
Objectives
By
the
end
of
this
presentation
the
student
will
be
able
to:
• Define
normal
anxiety,
fear
and
anxiety
disorder
• Describe
and
compare
the
diagnostic
criteria
and
features
for:
o Panic
Disorder
o Agoraphobia
o Generalized
Anxiety
Disorder
o Social
Anxiety
Disorder
o Specific
Phobia
o Selective
Mutism
o Separation
Anxiety
Disorder
o Anxiety
Disorder
Due
to
Another
Medical
Condition
• Explain
the
known
biological
correlates
for
anxiety,
including
regions
in
the
brain
and
neurotransmitters
involved
• Describe
basic
clinical
treatments
for
anxiety
disorders
Introduction
Fear
is
in
response
to
a
known,
external,
definite
threat.
Anxiety
is
a
response
to
an
unknown
threat,
or
is
internal,
vague
or
conflictual.
Fear
and
anxiety
are
alerting
signals,
that
evolved
as
part
of
fight
or
flight
response
as
adaptive
for
self-‐preservation
by
helping
to
avoid
danger.
Normal
anxiety
(the
diffuse,
vague
and
unpleasant
sense
of
apprehension
that
can
be
accompanied
by
autonomic
symptoms
of
headache,
palpitations,
restlessness,
mild
stomach
discomfort,
and
perspiration)
everyone
experiences.
Pathological
anxiety
or
anxiety
disorders
occur
when
a
high
level
of
anxiety
persists
and/or
recurs
that
interferes
with
social
and
occupational
functioning.
Anxiety
disorders
are
common
and
treatable.
Panic
Disorder
Diagnostic
Criteria
A
Panic
Attack
is
an
abrupt
surge
of
intense
fear
or
discomfort
that
reaches
a
peak
within
minutes
of
onset
and
includes
at
least
four
of
the
following:
• Palpitations
• Paraesthesias
• Diaphoresis
(Sweating)
• Hot
flushes/chills
• Trembling
or
Shaking
• Derealization
or
• Dyspnea
(Sensations
of
shortness
of
breath)
Depersonalization
• Feelings
of
choking
• Fear
of
losing
control
• Chest
pain
or
of
going
crazy
• Nausea
• Fear
of
dying
• Dizziness
Anxiety
Disorders
2
Anxiety
often
starts
at
a
low
level
and
builds
until
a
certain
point
is
reached
where
the
panic
attack
is
“triggered.”
The
anxiety
increases
suddenly
and
dramatically
over
approximately
a
10
minute
period.
The
anxiety
subsides
usually
over
20
minutes
but
some
people
report
they
do
not
return
to
normal
for
up
to
8
hours.
Panic
attacks
are
common;
single
attacks,
which
do
not
meet
criteria
for
Panic
disorder,
occur
in
up
to
one-‐third
of
individuals
at
some
point
in
their
lifetime.
Many
patient
report
panic
attacks
began
after
an
illness,
an
accident,
the
breakup
of
a
relationship,
developed
postpartum
or
occurred
after
taking
mind-‐altering
drugs
such
as
LSD
(lysergic
acid
diethylamide)
or
marijuana.
Having
an
occasional
panic
attack,
especially
in
such
circumstances,
although
scary,
doesn’t
automatically
mean
that
the
person
has
panic
disorder,
and
would
not
be
considered
abnormal.
To
have
a
diagnosis
of
Panic
Disorder,
one
must
have
the
following:
• Recurrent,
unexpected
panic
attacks
• Persistent
worry
about
having
additional
attacks
and/or
a
significant
change
in
behavior
related
to
the
attacks
• Substance
use/medication
causes
or
other
medical
conditions
have
been
ruled
out
Panic
Disorder
Epidemiology and Prognosis
Age
and
Prevalence:
o 80%
of
patients
develop
it
before
age
30;
rare
after
age
60
o Lifetime
prevalence
=
0.5-‐3.0%
o 2-‐3%
women
vs.
0.5-‐1.5%
of
men
have
Panic
disorder
o Rates
3x
higher
in
primary
care
patients
o May
be
50%
of
those
seeking
cardiology
evaluation
50%
of
those
with
normal
cardiac
catheterization
o 50-‐60%
have
co-‐morbid
psychiatric
diagnoses,
including
depression
and
substance
use
disorders
Course:
o Recurrent
attacks
that
vary
in
frequency
and
intensity,
with
panic-‐free
intervals;
Total
remission
is
uncommon;
generally
considered
a
life-‐long
illness.
With
treatment
about
70%
will
improve
over
time.
Anxiety
Disorders
3
Panic
Disorder
Differential
Diagnosis
Panic
attacks
are
common,
and
can
happen
as
a
result
of
drugs,
medications
or
medical
illnesses;
care
must
be
takes
to
rule
out
those
possibilities
by
taking
a
careful
medical
and
substance
use
history.
The
following
is
a
list
of
drugs
that
can
precipitate
panic
attacks:
• Methylxanthines
(i.e.,
caffeine,
theophylline)
• Sympathomimetic
agents
• Monosodium
glutamate
• Stimulants/hallucinogens
• Thyroid
hormone
• Antipsychotics
• Withdrawal
from
alcohol,
benzodiazepines,
and
other
sedative-‐hypnotics
is
often
overlooked
in
the
medical
setting,
so
be
sure
to
ask!
Please
note:
Antipsychotic
medication
can
also
precipitate
panic
attacks
and
other
physical
symptoms
of
anxiety.
Some
clinicians
utilize
some
of
the
antipsychotics
to
treat
insomnia
and
complaints
of
anxiety
due
to
the
sedating
effects.
This
is
not
considered
standard
of
care.
Medical
Illness
that
can
have
panic
attacks
as
symptoms
include
the
following:
• Angina
• COPD
• Cardiac
arrhythmias
• Severe
pain
• Congestive
heart
failure
• Thyrotoxicosis
• Hypoglycemia
• Carcinoid
• Hypoxia
• Pheochromocytoma
• Pulmonary
embolism
• Ménière's
disease
Although
long
considered
associated
with
mitral
valve
prolapse
(MVP),
that
association
of
symptoms
is
not
accurate.
Some
research
does
indicate
a
higher
percentage
of
patients
with
MVP
have
panic
disorder
compared
to
controls,
but
the
course
of
illness
and
treatment
response
are
not
different.
Panic
Disorder
Pathophysiology
• Different
substances
induce
panic
o Isoproterenol
(beta-‐agonist)
o Yohimbine
(alpha2-‐blocker)
o CO2
o Sodium
lactate
The
exact
mechanism
of
pathophysiology
is
unknown,
but
possible
theories
are
increased
catecholamine
levels
in
the
CNS,
abnormalities
in
the
locus
coeruleus,
which
is
involved
with
the
fear
response,
CO2
hypersensitivity
(5%
CO2
exposure
leads
to
panic
in
susceptible
individuals
=
“false
suffocation
alarm
theory”),
problems
with
lactate
metabolism
and
abnormalities
in
the
GABA
neurotransmitter
system.
Anxiety
Disorders
4
Hereditary
component:
o Risk
is
20%
for
first
degree
relatives
-‐
Only
2%
in
relatives
of
control
subjects
o Twin
studies
-‐
45%
Concordance
rate
with
identical
twins
-‐
15%
concordance
in
non-‐identical
twins
Psychological
theories:
o Psychoanalytical-‐repression:
a
common
defense
mechanism.
Freud
believed
that
repression
is
the
mental
mechanism
that
holds
all
unacceptable
thoughts,
impulses,
or
desires
out
of
consciousness,
but
when
the
thoughts
become
too
strong
they
break
into
consciousness
in
a
distorted
way,
causing
anxiety
and
panic.
o Behavioral-‐conditioned
response:
An
example
of
a
conditioned
response
is
a
car
accident
being
paired
to
heart
palpitations
and
anxiety.
Long
after
the
accident,
when
palpitations
occur
they
provoke
a
panic
attack.
The
patient
has
been
“conditioned”
by
associating
palpitations
and
anxiety
together
during
the
car
accident
so
when
the
palpitations
occur
later
they
trigger
panic.
Anxiety
Disorders
5
Panic
Disorder
Treatment
Medications
• The
SSRI’s
and
SNRI’s
are
safe
and
well
tolerated
by
patients,
and
considered
first
line
treatment
for
panic
disorder
(the
patient
does
not
have
to
have
depression
for
the
antidepressants
to
work).
Start
the
antidepressant
at
a
low
dose,
to
avoid
stimulation
in
an
already
anxious
patient.
In
about
a
week,
the
dose
can
be
raised
to
the
effective
antidepressant
dose.
Patients
are
advised
to
avoid
caffeine
due
to
the
probability
of
worsening/precipitating
a
panic
attack.
• Tricyclic
antidepressants
are
effective
for
various
anxiety
disorders,
but
are
considered
second
or
third
line
treatment
options,
given
the
side
effect
profile.
• High
potency
benzodiazepines
(clonazepam,
alprazolam)
are
generally
used
initially
due
to
the
rapid
onset
of
improving
symptoms,
however
as
the
SSRI
or
SNRI
begins
to
take
effect
2-‐4
weeks
later
patients
are
encouraged
to
taper
use
of
a
benzodiazepine
and
use
only
if
needed
as
they
are
potentially
habit
forming.
Cognitive-‐Behavioral
Therapy
• Cognitive
behavior
therapy
in
panic
disorder
is
very
effective.
The
behavioral
part
is
learning
relaxation
techniques
that
can
involve
distraction
from
the
symptom
and
breathing
exercises.
The
cognitive
component
is
identifying
incorrect
thoughts
that
cause
an
increase
in
anxiety
symptoms
and
replacing
those
thoughts
with
correct
thoughts
that
decrease
anxiety.
• Exposure
therapy
is
gradually
having
the
patient
enter
feared
situations.
As
they
get
used
to
one
that
is
only
a
little
bit
threatening,
they
will
progress
into
situations
more
threatening.
The
key
is
to
increase
the
anxiety-‐producing
situation
gradually.
Anxiety
Disorders
6
Agoraphobia
Epidemiology
and
Prognosis
Age
and
Prevalence:
• About
1.7%
with
twice
as
many
females
as
males
• Generally
initial
onset
prior
to
35
years,
but
onset
in
childhood
is
rare
Course:
• Chronic
and
persistent,
with
complete
remission
rare.
Co-‐morbidity
with
other
psychiatric
disorders
is
high,
especially
other
anxiety
disorders
Generalized
Anxiety
Disorder
(GAD)
Diagnostic
Criteria
Criteria:
• Excessive
anxiety
and
worry
occurring
most
days,
for
at
least
6
months,
about
a
number
of
events
or
activities
• It
is
difficult
to
control
the
worry
• Causes
significant
distress
or
impairment
in
social,
or
occupational
functioning
• Other
causes
such
as
a
medical
condition
have
been
ruled
out
• The
anxiety
and
worry
is
associated
with
at
least
three
of
the
following:
o restlessness/feeling
keyed
up/
on
o muscle
tension
on
edge
o difficulty
concentrating/mind
o being
easily
fatigued
going
blank
o irritability
o sleep
disturbances
Generalized
Anxiety
Disorder
(GAD)
Epidemiology
and
Prognosis
• Age
and
Prevalence:
o Onset
often
early
20’s,
but
may
occur
at
any
age
o 3%
of
the
population
o Twice
as
common
in
women
o Individuals
from
developed
countries
at
greater
risk
• Course
o Usually
chronic,
with
fluctuating
severity
o Often
co-‐morbid
depression
or
substance
abuse
o Many
also
meet
criteria
for
social
and
specific
phobia
o Often
presents
with
medical,
not
psychiatric
complaints
Generalized
Anxiety
Disorder
(GAD)
Pathophysiology
• The
influence
of
non-‐genetic
factors
(such
as
life
events)
is
felt
to
be
very
small
• Associated
with
personalities
that
are
more
anxious
(neurotic)
and
avoid
risk/harm
• Negative
events
in
childhood,
such
as
the
loss
of
a
parent
or
being
attacked
are
associated
with
agoraphobia.
Genetic
heritability
is
61%.
• Several
different
neurotransmitters
may
be
involved
o Norepinephrine,
GABA,
Serotonin
in
frontal
lobe
and
limbic
system
Anxiety
Disorders
7
Generalized
Anxiety
Disorder
(GAD)
Treatment
• Medication
o Antidepressants
(start
low
to
minimize
anxiety)
SSRI’s/SNRI’s:
Tricyclics-‐work
well,
risk
in
overdose
and
side
effects
o Buspirone
This
is
a
nonbenzodiazepine
anxiolytic
that
is
specifically
approved
for
the
treatment
of
GAD.
For
patients
who
have
been
treated
previously
with
benzodiazepines
however
they
are
less
effective.
Buspirone
takes
weeks
to
work,
but
is
effective!
o Benzodiazepines
Work
well,
but
tolerance
with
long
term
use,
and
potentially
habit
forming
o Antihistamines
May
work
short
term
but
dangerous
in
the
elderly
• Psychotherapy
o Psychodynamic
increases
anxiety
tolerance
o Behavior
Therapy
to
help
recognize
and
control
symptoms
relaxation
techniques,
re-‐breathing
exercises,
progressive
muscle
relaxation:
helpful,
especially
if
symptoms
mild
Social
Anxiety
Disorder
(Social
Phobia)
Diagnostic
Criteria
Criteria:
• A
significant
and
persistent
fear
of
one
or
more
social
or
performance
situations
in
which
the
person
is
exposed
to
unfamiliar
people
or
to
scrutiny
by
others,
and
that
exposure
to
the
feared
situation
provokes
anxiety
• The
person
fears
that
he/she
will
act
in
a
way
that
will
be
humiliating/embarrassing
• The
person
recognizes
that
the
fear
is
excessive
or
unreasonable,
but
still
avoids
the
social
situations
that
provoke
the
anxiety
• Interferes
significantly
with
person’s
occupational
functioning,
social
activities
or
relationships—with
a
duration
of
at
least
6
months
• Substance
use
disorders
or
other
medical
conditions
have
been
ruled
out
Social
Anxiety
Disorder
(Social
Phobia)
Epidemiology
and
Prognosi
Anxiety
Disorders
8
• Course:
o Social
anxiety
disorder
develops
slowly
and
is
chronic
o 1/8
develop
substance
misuse
o 1/2
develop
comorbid
psychiatric
disorder
(like
depression
or
another
anxiety
disorder)
Retrospective
analysis
of
1017
outpatients
from
a
large
HMO.
Primary
comparison
was
between
patients
with
generalized
social
anxiety
disorder
and
those
without
social
anxiety
disorder.
This
shows
the
Keep
in
mind
the
following:
the
person
with
avoidant
personality
disorder
fears
social
relationships
(and
fears
being
hurt
by
others)
more
so
than
social
situations;
and
the
person
with
schizoid
personality
disorder
simply
does
not
seek
out
social
situations
as
sees
no
reason
to
do
so.
Social
Anxiety
Disorder
(Social
Phobia)
Pathophysiology
• The
biology
of
social
anxiety
disorder
is
not
well
understood
o Dopamine
may
play
a
role
o Historically
patients
with
social
phobia
did
better
on
MAOI
(which
have
dopaminergic
activity)
than
TCA
(which
have
little
dopaminergic
activity)
o Low
levels
of
dopamine
in
CSF
is
linked
to
introversion
o Functional
brain
imaging
shows
decreased
striatal
dopamine
D2
receptors
and
decreased
dopamine
transporter
binding
• Social
phobia
tends
to
run
in
families,
but
the
genetic
mechanism
is
unknown
Anxiety
Disorders
9
• Medication
o Generalized
(the
full
social
anxiety
disorder
spectrum)
SSRI’s,
SNRI’s,
M.A.O.I.'s,
Benzodiazepines
(high
potency)
o Performance
subtype
(only
in
performances
and
not
in
other
social
situations)
Beta
Blockers
Specific
Phobia
Diagnostic
Criteria
Criteria:
• Marked
anxiety
or
unreasonable
fear
about
the
presence
or
anticipation
of
a
specific
object
or
situation.
Because
of
the
intense
anxiety,
the
specific
object
or
situation
is
avoided
whenever
possible.
The
individual
recognizes
the
anxiety
response
as
excessive.
Duration
is
at
least
6
months.
Specify
types
of
Phobias:
-‐
Animal
-‐
Natural
Environment
(e.g.,
heights,
storms,
water)
-‐
Blood-‐Injection-‐Injury
-‐
Situational
(e.g.,
airplanes,
elevators,
enclosed
places)
-‐
Other
(e.g.,
fear
of
choking,
vomiting,
or
contracting
an
illness;
in
children,
fear
of
loud
sounds
or
costumed
characters)
Specific
Phobia
Epidemiology
and
Prognosis
• Age
and
Prevalence:
o Onset
usually
in
childhood,
before
age
12
o 10-‐12%,
with
more
females
than
males
• Course:
o Few
seek
treatment
as
symptom
free
when
away
from
the
feared
object/situation,
therefore
simply
avoid
the
feared
object
or
situation
o Patients
see
phobia
as
bothersome
not
pathological
o Only
2-‐3%
of
psychiatric
outpatients
o Improve
with
advancing
age/if
chronic,
rarely
causes
disability
Specific
Phobia
Pathophysiology
• Specific
Phobia
tends
to
run
in
families
o 68%
of
Blood-‐Injury
Phobics
have
relatives
with
the
same
phobia
• Behaviorist
feel
learning
may
play
an
important
role
o Predisposing
Factors
Observing
other
undergo
trauma/situation
Traumatic
event
for
patient
• Psychoanalysts
feel
phobias
result
from
unresolved
conflicts
in
childhood
o Displacement
and
avoidance
are
the
defense
mechanisms
used