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Anxiety Disorders - Notes

This document provides an overview of panic disorder and anxiety disorders. It defines normal anxiety and fear versus pathological anxiety that qualifies as an anxiety disorder. The presentation aims to describe the diagnostic criteria and features of various anxiety disorders including panic disorder, agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, specific phobia, selective mutism, separation anxiety disorder, and anxiety disorder due to a medical condition. It focuses specifically on the diagnostic criteria for panic disorder, including what constitutes a panic attack, and provides epidemiological data on panic disorder such as prevalence, age of onset, course of the disorder, and prognosis.

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Zaid Wani
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
194 views13 pages

Anxiety Disorders - Notes

This document provides an overview of panic disorder and anxiety disorders. It defines normal anxiety and fear versus pathological anxiety that qualifies as an anxiety disorder. The presentation aims to describe the diagnostic criteria and features of various anxiety disorders including panic disorder, agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, specific phobia, selective mutism, separation anxiety disorder, and anxiety disorder due to a medical condition. It focuses specifically on the diagnostic criteria for panic disorder, including what constitutes a panic attack, and provides epidemiological data on panic disorder such as prevalence, age of onset, course of the disorder, and prognosis.

Uploaded by

Zaid Wani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

 

 
 
Anxiety  Disorders    
 
Brenda  Roman,  M.D.  
Professor  
Department  of  Psychiatry  
 

 
 

 
Objectives  
 
By  the  end  of  this  presentation  the  student  will  be  able  to:  
• Define  normal  anxiety,  fear  and  anxiety  disorder  
• Describe  and  compare  the  diagnostic  criteria  and  features  for:  
o Panic  Disorder  
o Agoraphobia  
o Generalized  Anxiety  Disorder  
o Social  Anxiety  Disorder  
o Specific  Phobia  
o Selective  Mutism  
o Separation  Anxiety  Disorder  
o Anxiety  Disorder  Due  to  Another  Medical  Condition    
• Explain  the  known  biological  correlates  for  anxiety,  including  regions  in  the  brain  
and  neurotransmitters  involved  
• Describe  basic  clinical  treatments  for  anxiety  disorders  
 
Introduction  
 
Fear  is  in  response  to  a  known,  external,  definite  threat.      Anxiety  is  a  response  to  an  
unknown  threat,  or  is  internal,  vague  or  conflictual.      Fear  and  anxiety  are  alerting  signals,  
that  evolved  as  part  of  fight  or  flight  response  as  adaptive  for  self-­‐preservation  by  helping  
to  avoid  danger.  Normal  anxiety  (the  diffuse,  vague  and  unpleasant  sense  of  apprehension  
that  can  be  accompanied  by  autonomic  symptoms  of  headache,  palpitations,  restlessness,  
mild  stomach  discomfort,  and  perspiration)  everyone  experiences.    Pathological  anxiety  or  
anxiety  disorders  occur  when  a  high  level  of  anxiety  persists  and/or  recurs  that  interferes  
with  social  and  occupational  functioning.    Anxiety  disorders  are  common  and  treatable.        
 
Panic  Disorder                                                                                                                                                                  Diagnostic  Criteria  
 
A  Panic  Attack  is  an  abrupt  surge  of  intense  fear  or  discomfort  that  reaches  a  peak  
within  minutes  of  onset  and  includes  at  least  four  of  the  following:  
• Palpitations  
• Paraesthesias    
• Diaphoresis  (Sweating)  
• Hot  flushes/chills  
• Trembling  or  Shaking  
• Derealization  or  
• Dyspnea  (Sensations  of  shortness  of  breath)    
Depersonalization  
• Feelings  of  choking  
• Fear  of  losing  control    
• Chest  pain  
or  of  going  crazy  
• Nausea  
• Fear  of  dying  
• Dizziness  

Anxiety  Disorders    2  
Anxiety  often  starts  at  a  low  level  and  builds  until  a  certain  point  is  reached  where  the  
panic  attack  is  “triggered.”    The  anxiety  increases  suddenly  and  dramatically  over  
approximately  a  10  minute  period.    The  anxiety  subsides  usually  over  20  minutes  but  some  
people  report  they  do  not  return  to  normal  for  up  to  8  hours.      

 
Panic  attacks  are  common;  single  attacks,  which  do  not  meet  criteria  for  Panic  disorder,  
occur  in  up  to  one-­‐third  of  individuals  at  some  point  in  their  lifetime.  Many  patient  report  
panic  attacks  began  after  an  illness,  an  accident,  the  breakup  of  a  relationship,  developed  
postpartum  or  occurred  after  taking  mind-­‐altering  drugs  such  as  LSD  (lysergic  acid  
diethylamide)  or  marijuana.    Having  an  occasional  panic  attack,  especially  in  such  
circumstances,  although  scary,  doesn’t  automatically  mean  that  the  person  has  panic  
disorder,  and  would  not  be  considered  abnormal.    To  have  a  diagnosis  of  Panic  Disorder,  
one  must  have  the  following:  
 
• Recurrent,  unexpected  panic  attacks  
• Persistent  worry  about  having  additional  attacks  and/or  a  significant  change  in  
behavior  related  to  the  attacks  
• Substance  use/medication  causes  or  other  medical  conditions  have  been  ruled  out      
 
Panic  Disorder                                                                                                                                  Epidemiology and Prognosis                              
 
Age  and  Prevalence:  
o 80%  of  patients  develop  it  before  age  30;  rare  after  age  60  
o Lifetime  prevalence  =  0.5-­‐3.0%  
o 2-­‐3%  women  vs.  0.5-­‐1.5%  of  men  have  Panic  disorder  
o Rates  3x  higher  in  primary  care  patients  
o May  be  50%  of  those  seeking  cardiology  evaluation  
 50%  of  those  with  normal  cardiac  catheterization  
o 50-­‐60%  have  co-­‐morbid  psychiatric  diagnoses,  including  depression  and  
substance  use  disorders  
Course:  
o Recurrent  attacks  that  vary  in  frequency  and  intensity,  with  panic-­‐free  
intervals;  Total  remission  is  uncommon;  generally  considered  a  life-­‐long  
illness.  With  treatment  about  70%  will  improve  over  time.        
 
Anxiety  Disorders    3  
Panic  Disorder                                                                                                                                                        Differential  Diagnosis  
 
Panic  attacks  are  common,  and  can  happen  as  a  result  of  drugs,  medications  or  medical  
illnesses;  care  must  be  takes  to  rule  out  those  possibilities  by  taking  a  careful  medical  and  
substance  use  history.      The  following  is  a  list  of  drugs  that  can  precipitate  panic  attacks:  
 
• Methylxanthines  (i.e.,  caffeine,  theophylline)  
• Sympathomimetic  agents  
• Monosodium  glutamate  
• Stimulants/hallucinogens  
• Thyroid  hormone  
• Antipsychotics  
• Withdrawal  from  alcohol,  benzodiazepines,  and  other  sedative-­‐hypnotics  is  often  
overlooked  in  the  medical  setting,  so  be  sure  to  ask!  
 
Please  note:    Antipsychotic  medication  can  also  precipitate  panic  attacks  and  other  physical  
symptoms  of  anxiety.    Some  clinicians  utilize  some  of  the  antipsychotics  to  treat  insomnia  and  
complaints  of  anxiety  due  to  the  sedating  effects.    This  is  not  considered  standard  of  care.    
 
Medical  Illness  that  can  have  panic  attacks  as  symptoms  include  the  following:  
• Angina   • COPD  
• Cardiac  arrhythmias   • Severe  pain  
• Congestive  heart  failure   • Thyrotoxicosis    
• Hypoglycemia   • Carcinoid    
• Hypoxia   • Pheochromocytoma    
• Pulmonary  embolism   • Ménière's  disease  
Although  long  considered  associated  with  mitral  valve  prolapse  (MVP),  that  association  of  
symptoms  is  not  accurate.    Some  research  does  indicate  a  higher  percentage  of  patients  with  
MVP  have  panic  disorder  compared  to  controls,  but  the  course  of  illness  and  treatment  
response  are  not  different.  
 
Panic  Disorder                                                                                                                                                                        Pathophysiology  
 
• Different  substances  induce  panic  
o Isoproterenol  (beta-­‐agonist)    
o Yohimbine  (alpha2-­‐blocker)  
o CO2  
o Sodium  lactate  
The  exact  mechanism  of  pathophysiology  is  unknown,  but  possible  theories  are  increased  
catecholamine  levels  in  the  CNS,  abnormalities  in  the  locus  coeruleus,  which  is  involved  
with  the  fear  response,  CO2  hypersensitivity  (5%  CO2  exposure  leads  to  panic  in  
susceptible  individuals  =  “false  suffocation  alarm  theory”),  problems  with  lactate  
metabolism  and  abnormalities  in  the  GABA  neurotransmitter  system.    
 

Anxiety  Disorders    4  
Hereditary  component:  
o Risk  is  20%  for  first  degree  relatives  
-­‐  Only  2%  in  relatives  of  control  subjects  
o Twin  studies  
-­‐  45%  Concordance  rate  with  identical  twins    
-­‐  15%  concordance  in  non-­‐identical  twins  
 
Psychological  theories:  
o Psychoanalytical-­‐repression:  a  common  defense  mechanism.    Freud  believed  that  
repression  is  the  mental  mechanism  that  holds  all  unacceptable  thoughts,  impulses,  
or  desires  out  of  consciousness,  but  when  the  thoughts  become  too  strong  they  
break  into  consciousness  in  a  distorted  way,  causing  anxiety  and  panic.  
o Behavioral-­‐conditioned  response:    An  example  of  a  conditioned  response  is  a  car  
accident  being  paired  to  heart  palpitations  and  anxiety.    Long  after  the  accident,  
when  palpitations  occur  they  provoke  a  panic  attack.    The  patient  has  been  
“conditioned”  by  associating  palpitations  and  anxiety  together  during  the  car  
accident  so  when  the  palpitations  occur  later  they  trigger  panic.    
 

Panic  Disorder                                                                                                                                                                                  Complications  


 
Specialists  are  often  consulted  unnecessarily  for  panic  attacks,  as  the  patient  does  not  
know  what  is  happening,  and  is  simply  scared  that  something  bad  will  happen.    
 
Specialty     Target  Symptoms    
Pulmonology     Shortness  of  breath,  hyperventilation,  smothering  sensation    
Dermatology   Sweating,  cold,  clammy  hands    
Cardiology     Palpitations,  chest  pain    
Tingling,  numbness,  dizziness,  light-­‐headedness,          
Neurology    
depersonalization,  derealization,  tremulousness    
Otolaryngology     Choking  sensation,  dry  mouth    
Gynecology     Hot  flashes,  sweating    
Gastroenterology     Nausea,  diarrhea,  abdominal  pain    
Urology     Frequent  urination    
 
Health  Care  Utilization  
These  patients  are  often  unsatisfied  with  a  negative  physical  work-­‐up  for  their  panic  
symptoms  (they  think  they  are  physically  sick)  so  they  repeatedly  seek  care  for  their  
continuing  frightening  symptoms.    In  one  report,  for  example,  70  percent  of  patients  saw  an  
average  of  10  physicians  before  finally  receiving  a  diagnosis  of  panic  disorder.    
`      

Anxiety  Disorders    5  
Panic  Disorder                                                                                                                                                                                               Treatment  
 
Medications  

• The  SSRI’s  and  SNRI’s  are  safe  and  well  tolerated  by  patients,  and  considered  first  
line  treatment    for  panic  disorder  (the  patient  does  not  have  to  have  depression  for  
the  antidepressants  to  work).    Start  the  antidepressant  at  a  low  dose,  to  avoid  
stimulation  in  an  already  anxious  patient.    In  about  a  week,  the  dose  can  be  raised  to  
the  effective  antidepressant  dose.    Patients  are  advised  to  avoid  caffeine  due  to  the  
probability  of  worsening/precipitating  a  panic  attack.  
• Tricyclic  antidepressants  are  effective  for  various  anxiety  disorders,  but  are  
considered  second  or  third  line  treatment  options,  given  the  side  effect  profile.    
• High  potency  benzodiazepines  (clonazepam,  alprazolam)  are  generally  used  initially  
due  to  the  rapid  onset  of  improving  symptoms,  however  as  the  SSRI  or  SNRI  begins  
to  take  effect  2-­‐4  weeks  later  patients  are  encouraged  to  taper  use  of  a  
benzodiazepine  and  use  only  if  needed  as  they  are  potentially  habit  forming.  
Cognitive-­‐Behavioral  Therapy  

• Cognitive  behavior  therapy  in  panic  disorder  is  very  effective.    The  behavioral  part  
is  learning  relaxation  techniques  that  can  involve  distraction  from  the  symptom  and  
breathing  exercises.    The  cognitive  component  is  identifying  incorrect  thoughts  that  
cause  an  increase  in  anxiety  symptoms  and  replacing  those  thoughts  with  correct  
thoughts  that  decrease  anxiety.  
• Exposure  therapy  is  gradually  having  the  patient  enter  feared  situations.    As  they  get  
used  to  one  that  is  only  a  little  bit  threatening,  they  will  progress  into  situations  
more  threatening.    The  key  is  to  increase  the  anxiety-­‐producing  situation  gradually.  

Agoraphobia                                                                                                                                                                        Diagnostic  Criteria  


 
Agoraphobia  is  “fear  of  the  marketplace”.    Most  people  who  develop  agoraphobia  have  had  
panic  attacks.    They  often  become  housebound  as  they  are  so  terrified  of  not  being  able  to  
get  help  should  their  panic  become  disabling.    They  avoid  crowded  places,  as  they  fear  
being  “trapped”;    many  fear  driving,  fearing  having  a  panic  attack  on  a  bridge  or  in  a  tunnel.    
 
Criteria:  
• Marked  anxiety  or  fear  about  being  in  places  or  situations  from  which  escape  may  
be  difficult  or  help  not  available  in  at  least  two  of  the  following  situations:  
o Using  public  transportation  
o Being  in  open  spaces  
o Being  in  enclosed  spaces  
o Standing  in  line  or  being  in  a  crowd  
o Being  outside  or  alone  
• Situations  typically  avoided,  or  require  presence  of  a  companion  
• Duration  is  a  minimum  of  6  months  
 

Anxiety  Disorders    6  
Agoraphobia                                                                                                                                                Epidemiology  and  Prognosis  
 
Age  and  Prevalence:  
• About  1.7%  with  twice  as  many  females  as  males  
• Generally  initial  onset  prior  to  35  years,  but  onset  in  childhood  is  rare  
Course:  
• Chronic  and  persistent,  with  complete  remission  rare.  Co-­‐morbidity  with  other  
psychiatric  disorders  is  high,  especially  other  anxiety  disorders  
 
Generalized  Anxiety  Disorder  (GAD)                                                                                  Diagnostic  Criteria  
 
Criteria:      
• Excessive  anxiety  and  worry  occurring  most  days,  for  at  least  6  months,  about  a  
number  of  events  or  activities  
• It  is  difficult  to  control  the  worry  
• Causes  significant  distress  or  impairment  in  social,  or  occupational  functioning  
• Other  causes  such  as  a  medical  condition  have  been  ruled  out    
• The  anxiety  and  worry  is  associated  with  at  least  three  of  the  following:    
o restlessness/feeling  keyed  up/    on                   o muscle  tension  
on  edge   o difficulty  concentrating/mind  
o being  easily  fatigued   going  blank  
o irritability   o sleep  disturbances  
Generalized  Anxiety  Disorder  (GAD)                                                  Epidemiology  and  Prognosis  
 
• Age  and  Prevalence:    
o Onset  often  early  20’s,  but  may  occur  at  any  age  
o 3%  of  the  population  
o Twice  as  common  in  women  
o Individuals  from  developed  countries  at  greater  risk  
• Course  
o Usually  chronic,  with  fluctuating  severity  
o Often  co-­‐morbid  depression  or  substance  abuse  
o Many  also  meet  criteria  for  social  and  specific  phobia  
o Often  presents  with  medical,  not  psychiatric  complaints  
 
Generalized  Anxiety  Disorder  (GAD)                                                                                          Pathophysiology  
 

• The  influence  of  non-­‐genetic  factors  (such  as  life  events)  is  felt  to  be  very  small  
• Associated  with  personalities  that  are  more  anxious  (neurotic)  and  avoid  risk/harm  
• Negative  events  in  childhood,  such  as  the  loss  of  a  parent  or  being  attacked  are  
associated  with  agoraphobia.    Genetic  heritability  is  61%.  
• Several  different  neurotransmitters  may  be  involved  
o Norepinephrine,  GABA,  Serotonin  in  frontal  lobe  and  limbic  system  

Anxiety  Disorders    7  
Generalized  Anxiety  Disorder  (GAD)                                                                                                                Treatment  
 
• Medication    
o Antidepressants  (start  low  to  minimize  anxiety)  
 SSRI’s/SNRI’s:    
 Tricyclics-­‐work  well,  risk  in  overdose  and  side  effects  
o Buspirone    
 This  is  a  nonbenzodiazepine  anxiolytic  that  is  specifically  approved  
for  the  treatment  of  GAD.    For  patients  who  have  been  treated  
previously  with  benzodiazepines  however  they  are  less  effective.    
Buspirone  takes  weeks  to  work,  but  is  effective!  
o Benzodiazepines  
 Work  well,  but  tolerance  with  long  term  use,  and  potentially  habit  
forming  
o Antihistamines  
 May  work  short  term  but  dangerous  in  the  elderly  
• Psychotherapy  
o Psychodynamic  
 increases  anxiety  tolerance  
o Behavior  Therapy  
 to  help  recognize  and  control  symptoms  
 relaxation  techniques,  re-­‐breathing  exercises,  progressive  muscle  
relaxation:    helpful,  especially  if  symptoms  mild  
 
Social  Anxiety  Disorder  (Social  Phobia)                                                                      Diagnostic  Criteria  
 
Criteria:  
• A  significant  and  persistent  fear  of  one  or  more  social  or  performance  situations  in  
which  the  person  is  exposed  to  unfamiliar  people  or  to  scrutiny  by  others,  and  that  
exposure  to  the  feared  situation  provokes  anxiety  
• The  person  fears  that  he/she  will  act  in  a  way  that  will  be  humiliating/embarrassing  
• The  person  recognizes  that  the  fear  is  excessive  or  unreasonable,  but  still  avoids  the  
social  situations  that  provoke  the  anxiety  
• Interferes  significantly  with  person’s  occupational  functioning,  social  activities  or  
relationships—with  a  duration  of  at  least  6  months  
• Substance  use  disorders  or  other  medical  conditions  have  been  ruled  out    
 
Social  Anxiety  Disorder  (Social  Phobia)                                            Epidemiology  and  Prognosi
 

• Age  and  Prevalence:  


o  Affects  up  to  12%  of  population,  with  equal  prevalence  in  females  and  males  
o Generally  observed  early  in  life    to  be  “shy”  
o Mean  age  at  onset  is  estimated  to  be  in  the  mid-­‐teens,  although  some  report  
onset  in  early  childhood  

Anxiety  Disorders    8  
• Course:  
o Social  anxiety  disorder  develops  slowly  and  is  chronic    
o 1/8  develop  substance  misuse  
o 1/2  develop  comorbid  psychiatric  disorder  (like  depression  or  another  
anxiety  disorder)  
 
Retrospective  
analysis  of  1017  
outpatients  from  a  
large  HMO.    Primary  
comparison  was  
between  patients  
with  generalized  
social  anxiety  
disorder  and  those  
without  social  
anxiety  disorder.    
  This  shows  the  
 
Keep  in  mind  the  following:  the  person  with  avoidant  personality  disorder  fears  social  
relationships  (and  fears  being  hurt  by  others)  more  so  than  social  situations;  and  the  
person  with  schizoid  personality  disorder  simply  does  not  seek  out  social  situations  as  sees  
no  reason  to  do  so.    
 
Social  Anxiety  Disorder  (Social  Phobia)                                                                                Pathophysiology  
 
• The  biology  of  social  anxiety  disorder  is  not  well  understood    
o Dopamine  may  play  a  role  
o Historically  patients  with  social  phobia  did  better  on  MAOI  (which  have  
dopaminergic  activity)  than  TCA  (which  have  little  dopaminergic  activity)  
o Low  levels  of  dopamine  in  CSF  is  linked  to  introversion  
o Functional  brain  imaging  shows  decreased  striatal  dopamine  D2  receptors  
and  decreased  dopamine  transporter  binding  
• Social  phobia  tends  to  run  in  families,  but  the  genetic  mechanism  is  unknown  

Social  Anxiety  Disorder  (Social  Phobia)                                                                                                      Treatment  


 
• Therapy  
o Cognitive-­‐Behavioral  Therapy  
o Social  Skills  Training  
o Systematic  Desensitization    
 Teach  relaxation  with  gradually  increasing  anxiety  producing  
situations  
o Flooding  (Exposure  Therapy)  
 

Anxiety  Disorders    9  
• Medication  
o Generalized  (the  full  social  anxiety  disorder  spectrum)  
 SSRI’s,  SNRI’s,  M.A.O.I.'s,  Benzodiazepines    (high  potency)  
o Performance  subtype  (only  in  performances  and  not  in  other  social  
situations)  
 Beta  Blockers    
 
 Specific  Phobia                                                                                                                                                                  Diagnostic  Criteria  
 
Criteria:
• Marked  anxiety  or  unreasonable  fear  about  the  presence  or  anticipation  of  a  specific  
object  or  situation.    Because  of  the  intense  anxiety,  the  specific  object  or  situation  is  
avoided  whenever  possible.    The  individual  recognizes  the  anxiety  response  as  
excessive.    Duration  is  at  least  6  months.      
 
Specify  types  of  Phobias:    
-­‐  Animal    
-­‐  Natural  Environment    (e.g.,  heights,  storms,  water)  
-­‐  Blood-­‐Injection-­‐Injury    
-­‐  Situational    (e.g.,  airplanes,  elevators,  enclosed  places)  
-­‐  Other    (e.g.,  fear  of  choking,  vomiting,  or  contracting  an  illness;  in  children,  fear  of  
loud  sounds  or  costumed  characters)  
 
Specific  Phobia                                                                                                                                      Epidemiology  and  Prognosis  
 
• Age  and  Prevalence:  
o Onset  usually  in  childhood,  before  age  12    
o 10-­‐12%,  with  more  females  than  males    
• Course:    
o Few  seek  treatment  as  symptom  free  when  away  from  the  feared  
object/situation,  therefore  simply  avoid  the  feared  object  or  situation    
o Patients  see  phobia  as  bothersome  not  pathological  
o Only  2-­‐3%  of  psychiatric  outpatients  
o Improve  with  advancing  age/if  chronic,  rarely  causes  disability  
 
Specific  Phobia                                                                                                                                                                        Pathophysiology  
 
• Specific  Phobia  tends  to  run  in  families  
o 68%  of  Blood-­‐Injury  Phobics  have  relatives  with  the  same  phobia  
• Behaviorist  feel  learning  may  play  an  important  role  
o Predisposing  Factors  
 Observing  other  undergo  trauma/situation  
 Traumatic  event  for  patient  
• Psychoanalysts  feel  phobias  result  from  unresolved  conflicts  in  childhood  
o Displacement  and  avoidance  are  the  defense  mechanisms  used  

Anxiety  Disorders    10  


Specific  Phobia                                                                                                                                                                                              Treatment  
 
• Behavioral  Therapy  Exposure  therapy  
o Flooding  
o Systematic  desensitization  
• Medications  
o Benzodiazepine  on  an  as  needed  basis  if  exposure  to  the  stimulus  is  
infrequent  (like  flying  in  an  airplane),  yet  predictable—and  causes  significant  
distress  if  not  ameliorated  in  some  way  
   
Other  Anxiety  Disorders  
 
Separation  Anxiety  Disorder  
• Developmentally  inappropriate  and  excessive  fear  or  anxiety  concerning  separation  
from  those  to  whom  the  individual  is  attached.    
• In  children,  duration  is  at  least  4  weeks;  in  adults  it  is  at  least  6  months.      
 
Selective  Mutism  
• Consistent  failure  to  speak  in  specific  social  situation,  despite  speaking  in  other  
situations  
• Interferes  with  educational  or  occupational  achievement  or  with  social  
communication  
• Lasts  at  least  1  month,  and  not  due  to  a  lack  of  knowledge  or  comfort  with  the  
spoken  language  
 
Substance/Medication-­‐Induced  Anxiety  Disorder  
• Panic  attacks  or  anxiety  
• Symptoms  developed  during  or  within  a  month  of  substance  intoxication  or  
withdrawal,  or  related  to  medication  effects  
• Substances  that  may  cause  anxiety  include  caffeine,  PCP,  other  hallucinogens,  
inhalants,  amphetamines,  cocaine;  and  those  that  may  cause  anxiety  during  
withdrawal  states  include  alcohol,  cannabis,  opioids,  the  sedative-­‐hypnotics.    
Medications  such  as  prednisone  can  cause  anxiety,  too.      
 
Anxiety  Disorder  Due  to  Another  Medical  Condition  
• Panic  attacks  or  anxiety  
• Evidence  that  disturbance  is  a  direct  result  of  a  medical  condition,  such  as  cancer,  
diabetes,  stroke,  or  myocardial  infarction  
• Medical  conditions  that  may  present  with  anxiety  include  (but  are  not  limited  to)  the  
following:    hyperthyroidism,  pheochromocytoma,  hypoglycemia,  congestive  hear  
failure,  pulmonary  embolism,  asthma,  metabolic  disturbances  and  neurological  
diseases,  such  as  seizure  disorders.      
 
 
   

Anxiety  Disorders    11  


Anxiety  Disorders  Summary  Chart  

   

Anxiety  Disorders    12  


 

Anxiety  Disorders    13  

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