Grammar 1 - Present Perfect:

Affirmative and Negative

Subject Auxiliary Verb Complement

I / You / We / You / They have been involved in sports.
Affirmative
He / She / It has opened more than fifty stores.
I / You / We / They haven’t had his opportunities.
Negative
He / She / It hasn’t taken drugs.

We use the present perfect for actions (or states) that happened at an unspecified time before now. If we say when something
happened we use the simple past.
I haVe opened fifty stores yesterday. ( )
I opened fifty stores yesterday. ( )

Notice how present perfect sentences describe past situations or events that started in the past but are connected
to the present too.
He has opened oVer fifty stores = He has fifty stores NOW.

We form the present perfect with hAVe / has + the past participle form of the verb. For regular verbs, we form the past
participle with the –ed form of the verb, the same as the simple past. For irregular verbs, the past participle is sometimes the
same as the simple past form, for example, make (made) and think (thought). But many irregular verbs have irregular past
participles, for example, take (taken), see (seen), be (been), write (written).

VOCABULARY
Past participles: had, eaten, been, chosen, taken, become, made, drunk, gone, put, ridden, sung, slept, known, built, seen, done, said
Sports: weight-lifting, ice-skating

A Write the past participle of the verbs.

1 put put
2 ride ridden
3 choose chosen
4 become become
5 be been
6 do done

B Use the verbs in parentheses in present perfect to complete the sentences.

1 Lionel Messi has played (play) soccer since the age of eight.
2 Adrián Fernández hasn’t opened (not open) a restaurant in Mexico City.
3 Les Clayton has opened (open) two to five basketball courts in every city with a
World Record Store.
4 He has said (say) “no” to drugs.
5 The World Record Stores have given (give) scholarships to deserving athletes.
6 Javier “Chicharito” Hernández has made (make) ads for different products.

D.R. © Macmillan Publishers, S.A. de C.V. 2014. Only for teaching purposes.
Grammar 2 - Present Perfect: nEVEr, EVEr

Affirmative Negative Questions Short answers

I have not been to Miami. / Have you (ever) been Yes, I have. /
I have been to Miami.
I have never been to Miami. to Miami? No, I haven’t.
She has not swum with dolphins. / Has she (ever) swum Yes, she has. /
She has swum with dolphins.
She has never swum with dolphins. with dolphins? No, she hasn’t.

We sometimes use EVEr with present perfect questions to mean at any time in your life.
We sometimes use nEVEr with affirmative sentences to indicate at no time. Notice that I haVE nEVEr = I haVEn’t EVEr.

Note: When we ask about visiting places, we use been, not gone.
HAVe you EVEr been to Costa Rica? ( ) HaVe you eVer gone to Costa Rica? ( )

When using the present perfect, we often use the following contractions:
I’Ve / I haVen’t she’s / she hasn’t
you’VE / you haVEn’t we’Ve / we haVen’t
he’s / he hasn’t they’Ve / they haVen’t

VOCABULARY
Travel experiences: bungee jumping, cooking course, forest retreat, music festival, safari, skydiving, swim with sharks, dangerous,
affordable, fan, bird, thunderstorm, stitches, food poisoning, spicy, bear, package deal, thrill, bite, get sick, break
Past participles: been, eaten, felt, gone, gotten, had, lost, made, ridden, seen, slept, stayed, swum, taken, thought, tried, written

A Match the sentence halves.

1 She has written a) in the ocean?
2 Has he ever swum b) a train ride.
3 I have never been c) an autograph from a famous person.
4 My friend hasn’t taken d) to the Museum of Modern Art.
5 Have you seen e) an email to her boyfriend.
6 I have never gotten f) the new movie?

B Circle the correct option to complete the conversations.

A: (1) Have you ever / never ridden a horse?
B: No, I haven’t. (2) Have / Has you?
A: Has Iris (3) been / gone to Teotihuacan and climbed the pyramids?
B: No, she hasn’t (4) ever / never climbed the pyramids.
A: I (5) have / has tried to call to Lily, but I don’t have a good signal.
B: We’ve (6) ever / never had a good signal here.
A: (7) Have / Has you seen Ray?
B: Ray isn’t here. He (8) has gone / has went to the library, so he must be there right now.

D.R. © Macmillan Publishers, S.A. de C.V. 2014. Only for teaching purposes.
Grammar 2 - Present Perfect:
Yes / No Questions, EVEr, nEVEr

Yes / No questions Short answers

Yes, he has.
He / She / It Has he (ever) built a bird house?
No, he hasn’t.
Yes, I have.
I / You / We / They Have you (ever) washed your clothes?
No, I haven’t.

Yes / No questions in the present perfect ask about an action that happened in the past but which has implications in the present.
HAVe you made breakfast? = I am hungry so I want to know if you made breakfast.
HAVe you driVen a car before? = Do you have the experience to drive a car now?

We often use the question HaVE you EVEr …? to ask about experiences in someone’s life. Note that if we say when something
happened in the past we use simple past. The word EVEr is used to refer to “at any time in your life”. The word nEVEr is used to
refer to “at no time in my life”
HaVE you EVEr gone to Europe?
I haVe nEVEr ironed a shirt.

VOCABULARY
Tools: hammer, nail, screwdriver, screw, saw, wrench, drill, glue, bicycle pump,
Sports: parachute, ride a motorcycle, climb mountains, jump on a trampoline, go whitewater rafting, explore a cave,
walk on a high wire
Domestic jobs: wash clothes, iron clothes, put up shelves, change a light bulb, make a cake

A Unscramble the sentences.

1 never / I / been / parachuting / have / .
I have never been parachuting.
2 ever / jumped / Have / trampoline / on / they / a / ?
Have they ever jumped on a trampoline?
3 written / Have / ever / story / a / you / ?
Have you ever written a story?
4 dolphins / never / He / with / swum / has / .
He has never swum with dolphins.

B Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in the box.
go climb build ride walk explore

1 Have you ever ridden a mountain bike?

2 Have you ever gone whitewater rafting?
3 Have you ever climbed a high mountain?
4 Have you ever built a birdhouse?
5 Have you ever explored a cave?
6 Have you ever walked on a high wire?

D.R. © Macmillan Publishers, S.A. de C.V. 2014. Only for teaching purposes.
Grammar 3 - Present Perfect:
How long …? for, since

The present perfect is often used to express a situation or action that started at some time in the past and continues to now.

The question How long …? asks about the duration of time. To answer to that question we use the time expressions
for and since. For is used to specify the period of time and since is used to talk about the starting time of an event.

How long has she hunted with a bow and arrow?

She has hunted with a bow and arrow since she was a child.

How long has she loVed Peter?

She has secretly loVed him for years.

A Match the sentence halves.

1 Comic books have been around since a) ten minutes, now.
2 People have written fantastic stories since b) ten years.
3 I have collected comic books for c) they were children.
4 My friends haven’t read comic books since d) ancient times.
5 I have been at the comic book store for e) the 1930s.

B Unscramble the questions.

1 this / have / school / How / long / been / at / you / ?
How long have you been at this school?
2 is / Who / singer / favorite / your / ?
Who is your favorite singer?
3 singer / fan / How long / of / that / have / a / been / you / ?
How long have you been a fan of that singer?
4 have / hobby / Do / you / a / ?
Do you have a hobby?
5 you / had / How / long / hobby / that / have / ?
How long have you had that hobby?
6 known / have / best / friend / your / you / How / long / ?
How long have you know your best friend?

C Answer the questions in Exercise B.

D.R. © Macmillan Publishers, S.A. de C.V. 2014. Only for teaching purposes.
Grammar 4 - Present Perfect:
for, since, yet, already

Examples
For I’ve worked at the store for three months.
(length of time) I haven’t visited the market for years.
Since I’ve worked at the store since February.
(starting point) I haven’t seen Fred since 2012.
Already
I’ve already printed the posters to advertise the store.
(completed actions)
Yet I haven’t visited Jen’s stall yet.
(incomplete actions) Have you sold many items yet?

We often use the present perfect with the words for and since to talk about actions that started in the past and continued
over a period of the time up to the present. For determines how long the action has happened (length of time) and since
determines when the action started (starting point).
We also use for and since to answer the question How long …?
How long has Lillian liVed in Morelia? She has liVed there for ten years.
How long haVe you had a pet? I’Ve had my dog Ruffo since NoVember.

We use the present perfect with yet and already to talk about planned events or actions that we expect to happen. We use already
to talk about actions that are completed, and yet to talk about actions that are not completed. We can only use already in affirmative
sentences. We can only use yet in negative sentences and questions.
I haVe already seen that moVie. / I haVen’t seen that moVie yet.

VOCABULARY
Business: borrow, branch, business plan, buy, company, customer, finance, items, jewelry, jewelry stand, lend, loan, location, market,
necklace, product, rags-to-riches, sell, service, store, successful

A Complete the sentences with words from the box.

borrow customer loan product jewelry store stand

1 A product is something that is produced or 5 A customer is the person that buys something.
manufactured. 6 Jen is thinking about setting up a jewelry
2 When you borrow money from the bank, stand in the market.
you pay it back with interest.
7 The bank approved a loan so he could
3 Jen sells necklaces and earrings; lots of people like
open a new store.
her jewerly .
4 Sam opened his first ice cream store in
downtown Miami.
B Complete the sentences with for, since, yet, or already.
1 They have lived at that address for three years.
2 Has Jen spoken to the market manager yet ?
3 She has already decided which jewelry to display on the stand.
4 She hasn’t had her stand for very long.
5 Sam has already asked the bank for a loan so he can open a third branch of his ice cream store.
6 He hasn’t hired a new manager for that store yet .
7 He has been in the ice cream business since 2010.

D.R. © Macmillan Publishers, S.A. de C.V. 2014. Only for teaching purposes.