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    Bio Introduction PDF

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    Pamela Morcilla
    This document provides an overview of key biological concepts including evolution, information transfer, energy for life, cell structure, organism growth and development, homeostasis, response to stimuli, reproduction, and hierarchical organization of life. It discusses the basic components of cells, differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, DNA structure and function, mechanisms of genetic transmission, and evolutionary processes like natural selection and adaptation. Energy flow through producers, consumers, and decomposers is also summarized.

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    Bio Introduction PDF

    Uploaded by

    Pamela Morcilla
    37 views63 pages
    This document provides an overview of key biological concepts including evolution, information transfer, energy for life, cell structure, organism growth and development, homeostasis, response to stimuli, reproduction, and hierarchical organization of life. It discusses the basic components of cells, differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, DNA structure and function, mechanisms of genetic transmission, and evolutionary processes like natural selection and adaptation. Energy flow through producers, consumers, and decomposers is also summarized.

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    This document provides an overview of key biological concepts including evolution, information transfer, energy for life, cell structure, organism growth and development, homeostasis, response to stimuli, reproduction, and hierarchical organization of life. It discusses the basic components of cells, differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, DNA structure and function, mechanisms of genetic transmission, and evolutionary processes like natural selection and adaptation. Energy flow through producers, consumers, and decomposers is also summarized.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    37 views63 pages

    Bio Introduction PDF

    Uploaded by

    Pamela Morcilla
    This document provides an overview of key biological concepts including evolution, information transfer, energy for life, cell structure, organism growth and development, homeostasis, response to stimuli, reproduction, and hierarchical organization of life. It discusses the basic components of cells, differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, DNA structure and function, mechanisms of genetic transmission, and evolutionary processes like natural selection and adaptation. Energy flow through producers, consumers, and decomposers is also summarized.

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    of 63

    A View of Life

    KEY CONCEPTS

    •Basic themes of biology include


    evolution, information transfer, and
    energy for life
    Evolution

    • Populations change over time,


    from earlier forms of life
    Information Transfer

    • Genetic information is transferred:


    • Within cells

    • Within organisms

    • Among organisms

    • From one generation to another


    Energy for Life

    • Energy flows
    - from the sun to Earth
    - from producers to consumers
    KEY CONCEPTS

    •Characteristics of life include


    growth and development, self-
    regulated metabolism, response to
    stimuli, and reproduction
    Cell Structure

    • Plasma membrane
    • Surrounds and protects cell
    • Separates cell from environment
    • DNA
    • Codes genetic instructions
    • Organelles
    • Internal structures for special functions
    Two Types of Cells

    • Prokaryotic cells
    • Bacteria and archaea
    • Single celled organisms
    • No membrane-bound organelles
    • Eukaryotic cells
    • Organelles enclosed by membranes
    • Nucleus contains DNA
    Organisms Grow and Develop

    • Biological growth
    • Increases size and/or number of cells
    • Development
    • Changes that take place during an organism’s
    lifetime
    Organisms Regulate Their
    Metabolic Processes

    • Metabolism
    • All the chemical activities of the organism

    • Homeostasis
    • Homeostatic mechanisms regulate and
    balance the internal environment
    Organisms Respond to Stimuli

    • Stimuli
    • Physical or chemical changes in the internal
    or external environment
    • Cause the organism to respond
    Fig. 1-2, p. 4
    Fig. 1-3a, p. 4
    Fig. 1-3b, p. 4
    Organisms Reproduce

    • Asexual reproduction
    • Low genetic variability

    • Sexual reproduction
    • High genetic variability
    Populations Evolve and
    Become Adapted to the
    Environment
    KEY CONCEPTS

    • Biological organization is
    hierarchical and includes chemical,
    cell, tissue, organ, organ system,
    and organism levels
    KEY CONCEPTS

    •Ecological organization includes


    population, community, ecosystem,
    and biosphere levels
    The
    Hierarchy of
    Biological
    Organization
    Organism

    Population
    Organ system

    Organ

    Community
    Tissue
    Bone cells
    Cell
    Nucleus
    Organelle
    Ecosystem
    Macromolecule
    Biosphere
    Molecule Oxygen atom

    Hydrogen atoms
    Water Fig. 1-6, p. 7
    DNA

    • Transmits information from one generation


    to the next
    • Contains 4 types of nucleotides
    • Makes up genes
    • Codes for proteins
    The
    DNA Molecule
    Information is Transmitted

    • Chemical and electrical signals


    • Proteins
    • Hormones
    • Cell signaling
    • Neurotransmitters
    Evolution:
    The Unifying Concept of Biology

    • Theory of Evolution
    • Explains changes in populations over time
    • Evolution
    • Processes by which populations change
    overtime
    Organizing the Study of Life

    • Systematics
    • Study of organisms and their evolutionary
    relationships
    • Taxonomy
    • Science of naming and classifying organisms
    • Species
    • Populations capable of breeding with one
    another
    Taxonomic Classification is
    Hierarchical

    Domain
    Kingdom
    Phylum
    Class
    Order
    Family
    Taxonomic Classification
    KEY CONCEPTS

    • The tree of life includes three major


    branches, or domains, and six
    kingdoms
    Tree of
    Life
    Three
    Domains: Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
    Six Kingdoms:

    Bacteria Archaea Protista Plantae Animalia Fungi

    Common
    ancestor of
    all organisms
    Fig. 1-9, p. 12
    Three Domains
    • Bacteria

    • Archaea

    • Eukarya
    Six Kingdoms
    • Archaea
    • Bacteria
    • Protista
    • Plantae
    • Fungi
    • Animalia
    KEY CONCEPTS

    •Species evolve by natural


    selection, adapting to changes in
    their environment.
    Adaptation

    • Interactions between environmental


    conditions and genes
    • Takes place over many generations
    • An evolutionary process
    Natural Selection

    • Theory of natural selection


    • Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace

    • Applies to populations, not individuals


    Darwin’s 4 Observations
    1. Individuals of a species vary
    2. More offspring are produced than survive
    3. Organisms compete for resources; some
    are better adapted to succeed
    4. Best-adapted individuals survive to
    reproduce
    Mutations

    • Chemical or physical changes in DNA

    • Can be inherited

    • Cause genetic variation


    Evolution

    • Process by which populations change over


    time as a result of selective pressures
    from changes in environment
    Gene Pool

    • All the genes in a population


    Fig. 1-11a, p. 13
    Fig. 1-11b, p. 13
    Fig. 1-11c, p. 13
    Energy for Life
    • Life
    depends on
    energy from
    the sun
    NUTRITION

    Nutrients

    Some used as Some used as


    raw materials fuel

    OTHER CELLULAR
    SYNTHESIS
    ACTIVITIES RESPIRATION
    Manufacture of
    • Homeostasis needed materials Biological process
    • Movement of and structures of breaking down
    materials in and molecules
    out of cells
    • Growth and
    development
    • Reproduction

    Energy

    Fig. 1-12, p. 14
    Energy Flow
    Light
    energy

    Heat

    Food

    Consumer
    (caterpillar)

    Consumer
    (robin)
    Producer
    (plant)

    Plant litter, Dead


    wastes bodies
    Decomposers
    Soil (bacteria, fungi)
    Fig. 1-13, p. 14
    Autotrophs
    • Producers (autotrophs)
    • Make their own food
    • Transform light energy to chemical energy
    through photosynthesis

    •Photosynthesis
    CO2 + water + light → sugars + oxygen
    Heterotrophs
    • Consumers (heterotrophs) use energy
    stored by producers through cellular
    respiration

    sugars + oxygen → CO2 + water + energy

    • Decomposers (heterotrophs) break down


    wastes and dead organisms
    KEY CONCEPTS

    •Biologists ask questions, develop


    hypotheses, make predictions, and
    collect data by careful observation
    and experiment
    The Process of Science

    • Deductive reasoning draws specific


    conclusions based on information (facts)

    • Inductive reasoning draws general


    conclusions based on specific
    observations
    The Scientific Method
    • Observation
    • Question or problem
    • Hypotheses
    • Testable predictions
    • Experiments
    • Analyze data
    • Conclusions
    The Hypothesis

    • A tentative explanation for observations


    • Consistent with facts
    • Can be tested
    • Tests can be repeated by others
    • Can be rejected
    • Is falsifiable
    Testing Predictions by Experiment

    • Prediction
    • Deductive product of a hypothesis
    • Control group
    • Closely matches experimental group
    • Experimental group
    • Differs from control group in 1 variable
    Testing a Prediction
    Amoeba
    dies

    (a) Experimental group. When its nucleus is surgically


    removed with a microloop, the amoeba dies.

    Amoeba
    lives

    (b) Control group. A control amoeba subjected to similar


    surgical procedures (including insertion of a microloop),
    but without actual removal of the nucleus, does not die. Fig. 1-17, p. 18
    Interpreting Experiments
    • Data analysis
    Sampling Error
    • Can lead to
    inaccurate
    conclusions
    Fig. 1-19a, p. 20
    Curtain

    Single selection
    Marbles

    produces

    Assumption

    Actual ratio 100% blue


    20% blue
    80% white
    Fig. 1-19a, p. 20
    Fig. 1-19b, p. 20
    Curtain

    Multiple selections
    Marbles
    produce

    Assumption

    Actual ratio 30% blue


    20% blue 70% white
    80% white
    Fig. 1-19b, p. 20
    Scientific Theory

    • An explanation of the natural world

    • Based on testable hypotheses

    • Supported by reproducible observations


    Two Approaches to Biology
    • Reductionist
    • Studies the simplest components

    • Systems biology
    • Builds on information from reductionism
    • Interactive biology

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