Unit 1: verb to be = Profession, age, my name, my nacionality…

Ser ó estar

Subject + to be + complement Subject + to be + not + complement

Personal pronouns To be complement Negative: to be + not

YO -I * AM A teacher I am not a teacher
TÚ -YOU * ARE A student / students You are not / aren’t a student
ÉL- HE IS steven He is not / isn’t steven
ELLA - SHE IS 17 years old. She is not / isn’t 17 years.
ESO - IT*** IS My pet. It isn’t my pet.
ELLOS /AS -THEY ARE My students They aren’t my students
Nosotros /as - WE ARE From Bogotá We aren’t from Bogotá
My friends and I
Jose and I
Open questions (wh-) Close questions (To be) ___ yes / no
What is your name? _ my name is Andrés Are you a doctor? No, I am not / yes, I am.
How old are you? – I am 28. Is she a student? Yes, she is. / No, she Is not.
Where is he from? He is from Brazil Are they actors? No, they aren’t / yes, they are
What is her profession? She is a singer Are we students? Yes, we are. / no we aren’t
What do you do? I am a student

Maidy, are you an actress? No, I am not.

Questions: To be (am, is & are) + subject (I, you, he, she…) + complements + ?
Where are you from? _ I am from Bogotá
Milena, are you a student? Yes, I am / No, I am not. How old are you?
Are your parents doctors? Yes, they are / no, they aren’t. What is your name?

Possessive adjectives Example: Wh – Questions:

Mi - My – I* This is My book and I love it!
Tu - Your – you* That is your brother
What: qué, cuál / Why: por qué – because/ cuz /
Su - His – he His name is Steven and his wife is M.
Su - Her – she Her boyfriend ‘cause (porque) / How: Cómo, cuán / which:
Su- Its –it This is Lucas and this is Its food.*** cuál (opciones) / when: cuándo (tiempo) /
Sus - Their –they Their houses are big
where: Dónde (lugar) / who: quién.
Nuestro /a - Our -we This is our classroom.

Hi, I am Lucy and she is my friend Susan. She is from Mexico but her parents are from Colombia. Their
names are María and Carlos, they are 56 and 60 years old.
Age:32

His age is 32

Possesive adjectives = possession - de quién es qué

Demonstrative adjectives = for who – para quién es qué

This is a present for her / him

It is big/ It’s big it+is= it’s, My mother name’s Fernanda name+is= name’s
Unit 2
Present simple: routines, facts, general truths … (action verbs)

Subject + verb + complements For subjects like:

I live in Bogotá I / you / we /they = the verb doesn’t suffer any

change in affirmative sentences.
You work as a Singer.

They play too many sports - Joe and Linda dance very well.

We cry because of the quarantine. - Steven and I play the guitar.

HE /SHE/ IT: = the verb in affirmative sentences

He Works at night - Andres Plays soccer. changes.

She studies English - Maleja likes rock music.

It Works pretty well. The dog bites hard. Spelling rules: RUN SLEEP TAKE EAT THINK

JUMP READ COOK SHOP STUDY

Teach + es = teaches Fix +es = fixes kiss +es = kisses Wash + es = washes WASH TOUCH WALK
Study + i + es = studies cry = cries Dry = dries FASTER GOOD / DEEPER MONEY
Play + s = plays lay + s Lays DELICIOUS HARD HIGH MAGAZINES
CLOTHES TEST DISHES FUR DOWN THE
 Subject + aux verb (do or does)+ not + verb + complements
STREET HOUSE MALL CLASSROOM
I / you / we / they = DO+ NOT_/_ DON’T HE /SHE / IT = DOES +NOT_/ DOESN’T

Affirmative Negative
He Works at night He DOES NOT / DOESN’T Work at night
She studies English She DOES NOT / DOESN’T study English
The cooker Works pretty well The cooker DOES NOT / DOESN’T Work well

I live in Bogotá I DO NOT / DON’T live in Bogotá

You work as a Singer. You DO NOT / DON’T work as a Singer.
They play too many sports They DO NOT / DON’T play too many sports
We cry because of quarantine. We DO NOT / DON’T cry because of quarantine.

Unit 3: Questions in present simple

Wh + aux + subject + verb + complement Aux + subject + verb+ complement
OPEN QUESTIONS (WH-) CLOSE QUESTIONS (AUX) yes or no
WHERE DOES He Work at night? DOES He Work at night? yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t.
- He works in a pizza store 24/7 DOES She study English?
- He works in a hospital at nights. DOES It Work pretty well?
WHY DOES She study English?
HOW DOES It Work well? DO YOU LIKE SHRIMPS? Yes, I do / No, I don´t.
DO THEY LIKE VEGETABLES?
WHERE DO you live? I live in Bogotá, I live in DO WE LIKE HAMBURGERS?
Villavicencio… DO WE CRY? No, we don’t cry, no we don’t have to cry.
WHAT DO You do? I work as a Singer.
WHY DO They play too many sports?
WHY DO We cry? we cry because of quarantine.

What kinds of food do you eat? Listen to = escuchar

 I eat different kinds of food like Iranian, Indian and Turkish. Look at = mirar
 I eat Chinese food. Seek = identificar, observar con detenimiento
Less – menos except - excepto
 Kind of : clase de / tipo de
 Kinds of: clases de / tipos de

What kind of food don’t you like?

Wh – Questions:
What: qué, cuál / Why: por qué – because / cuz / ‘cause (porque) / How: Cómo, qué tan, cuán / which:
cuál (opciones) / when: cuándo (tiempo) / where: Dónde (lugar) / who: quién. (person -people)

HOW OLD ARE YOU? HOW TALL ARE YOUR PARENTS? HOW LONG IS THE RIVER?

WHICH: ESCOGER, OPCIONES

WHICH DO YOU PREFER? BOOTS OR SNEACKER

When is your birthday? Where is going to be your b-day’s party? Who are going to be there?

It’s the 27th of march it is going to be in my house. My family and friends.

Adverbs of time:

Once – 1 vez twice – 2 veces, (thrice) three times, four times… +

a + time
Unit 4: adverbs of frequency

Always - 100% siempre

Usually – 80% usualmente

Often – 50% a menudo /

con frecuencia

Sometimes – 40% A veces

Rarely – 10 % rara vez

Hardly ever – 5%casi nunca

Never / ever– 0% nunca

Subject + (to be) + adverb of frequency + verb or the adjective

I always drink coffee. / she usually eats rice / we often do exercise… actions verbs

She is always happy. / we are sometimes bored / I am rarely angry… Adjectives

Andrés usually plays soccer/ usually Andrés plays soccer / Andrés plays soccer usually
Yeimi sometimes drinks beer / sometimes Yeimi drinks beer / Yeimi drinks beer sometime

Subject + (to be) + verb or the adjective + adverb of time

I drink coffee every MORNING. / She is happy every morning / she eats rice four times a week / We are bored every day.

Every day, I drink coffee. = only in writing

Subject + (to be) + NEVER + verb or adjective Subject + do / does - to be + not +EVER + verb or adjective
My brother never plays volleyball My brother doesn’t ever play volleyball.
We are never late to class. We are not ever late to class.
I am never sad. I am not ever sad

1. Do you ever + verb or adjective +?

Do you ever play soccer? No, I don’t / Yes, I do.

Does she ever eat salad? Yes, she does. / No, she doesn’t ever eat salad. – She never eats salad.

2. How often + do / does + subject + verb or adjective + ?

How often do you play soccer?

Ever: at any time
I usually play soccer / I play soccer four times a week. en algún momento – ALGUNA VEZ
I never play soccer / I don’t ever play soccer.

Unit 5: present continuous

To talk about something that is happening at the same time of speaking or in a time near to present.

Subject + to be + verb - ing + complement

Present simple Present continuous
I read the newspaper I am reading the newspaper now.
She doesn’t know how to cook. She is not / isn’t cooking at this moment.
Do they play soccer? Yes, they do. / No, they don’t Are they playing soccer? Yes, they are. / No, they
aren’t.
What does she do? She is a painter. What is she doing? She is painting right now.

Key words (Adverbs of time)

At the moment
In this moment
Now
Right now

Spelling rules:
Care + ing= caring Take + ing = taking
Run + n + ing = running Drop + p +ing = dropping

Unit 6: past simple of verb to be

To talk places, states and people in the past

Present Past Adverbs of time (past)

I am I was Yesterday
You are You were Last night
He is He was Last + time (singular): last week, last
She is She was day, last month, last weekend, last
It* is It was year.
They are They were Time (plural) + ago: two days ago,
We are We were ten months ago

Subject + was or were + complement + adverb of

time (past)
Present simple of verb to be past simple of verb to be
I am a student I was a student when I was young
You are in your house You were in your house yesterday
She is with her mother She was with her mother last week
He is my friend He was my friend but no more
We are in class now We were in class last month / two months ago
They are sick / happy… They were sick yesterday / They were happy yesterday
morning.

I / she / he / it = was You / we / they = were

Present Past
I am not I was not wasn’t
You are not You were not weren’t
He is not He was not
She is not She was not
It* is not It was not
They are not They were not
We are not We were not

Negative = was / were + not Questions: (wh) + aux (was / were) + subject +
complement+?
I wasn’t a teacher when I was young Where were you last night? I was at home.
You weren’t in your house yesterday Were they in the party? Yes, they were. / No, they weren’t
She wasn’t with her mother last week Who was she with last week?
He wasn’t my friend She was with her bother last week.
We weren’t in class last month / two month ago
They weren’t sick yesterday / They weren’t happy
yesterday morning.

Was = era / estaba - fui Ir – go – went = I went to Cartagena last week

Unit 7: Comparatives

To compare two subjects or objects.

TO SHOW DIFFERENCES

Subject/object 1 + to be + adjective -er / more + adjective + THAN + subject / object 2

Cristian is taller THAN his brother. / Cristian is more confident THAN his sister. / Ron is not fatter THAN
his father
Spelling rules:
B i g + g +er = bigger Long adjectives: more + adjective
Short adjectives + er
Colorful = more colorful
Nice + r = nicer C v C Famous= More famous
Hot + t + er = hotter Beautiful= more beautiful
Small + er = smaller
Easy + I + er = easier
CHEAP = CHEAPER

Good = better Bad = Worse Far= further / farther

YOUNG SIBLINGS CONFIDENT

TO SHOW A KIND OF EQUALITY

Subject/object 1 + To be + AS + adjective + AS + subject/object2

My red dress is as beautiful as my black (dress) one. / High heels are not as comfortable as sneakers.
As + adjective + As

Tan / tanto….……. como

El té es tan delicioso como el café tea is as Delicious as coffee

Los postres no son tan sabrosos como los pasteles desserts aren’t as tasty as cakes

Quarentine isn’t as nice as holiday

Unit 8: Look like and be like

ADJECTIVES
Look like (physical appearance) Be + like ( personality)
WH + DO / DOES + SUBJECT + LOOK LIKE + ? WH + TO BE + SUBJECT + LIKE +?

What does your mother look like? What are you like?
Who does your mother look like? Who is she like?
Subject + to be – have / has + adjectives. Subject + to be + adjective

My mom is middle-aged, tall, heavy and dark skined and I’ am funny, outgoing and confident.
she has long, light brown and curly hair.
Subject + look like + person She is like her father. She’s serious and angry.

My mother looks like her grandmother.

I’m medium-height, plump and young. I have long, dark and straight hair, my face is oval and I have a
straight nose. I have oval and green eyes and I wear glasses. I have a large mouth and thin lips, finally I
have medium ears. I am funny, a little bit bored but I am confident and a good listener.
STRAIGHT - LISO REDHEAD- PERSONA DE CORN SKIN- PIEL BLACK – PERSONA DE PIEL
CABELLO ROJO-NARANJA TRIGUEÑA OSCURA
CURLY - CRESPO SKINNY - PERSONA TAN – BROCEADO/A BROWN -UN TIPO DE PIEL
EXAGERADAMENTE CAFÉ NO TAN OSCURO
DELGADA
BALD - CALVO AFRO LIGHT – PIEL CLARA
BLONDE - RUBIO/A MOUSTACHE – BIGOTE FAIR – PIEL ALGO ROSADA
FIT - ESTAR EN FORMA CHUBBY – UNA PERSONA DARK BROWN – PIEL
UN POCO GORDITA OSCURA -
GORGEOUS- PERSONA
ATRACTIVA
HANDSOME - UN HOMBRE
BIEN PARECIDO - GUAPO
REDHEAD- PERSONA DE
CABELLO ROJO-NARANJA

Unit 9: modal verb Can = poder

show if someone or something is “able” to do something. Abilities or ask for permissions.

Subject + can + verb + complement
 Babies can cry a lot. / dogs can bark. / rockets can fly outside the world / Cheetah can run faster.

Subject + can’t / cannot + verb + complement

 Babies cannot walk. / Hens cannot fly. / cats can’t be cute

Can + subject +verb +complement +? (close question)

Can I go shopping today? / can I go out today? No, I cannot go out.
Wh +Can + subject +verb +complement +?(open question)
Where can I go to having fun? = You can go to the theater, you can go to disco…

*** MAY I go to the toilet / bathroom?

Present Past / future

can Could
I could buy more stuff, but I didn’t do it because I lost my
wallet.

She could go to the party but his father doesn’t want it.

Unit 10:

There is / there are = haber (hay)

Plural Singular
There are some good restaurants around here! There is a good mall near here.
There aren’t any coffee shops in this town. There isn’t a drugstore near my house.
Are there any banks in the mall? Is there a bank in the block?

There are 3 students in class now There is a teacher in the class now.

Are there 3 students in class now? Is there a teacher in the class?

There isn’t any store here. (informal speech)

A/AN: UN – UNA_ A STUDENT _ AN ELEPHANT

Present Past Future

There is a bank There was a bank. There will be a new mall here.
There are some cinemas There were some cinemas. There will be a lot of / 10 stores in it.
There will not / won’t be
Will be there A NEW HOSPITAL IN
THE CITY…?
Unit 11: simple past tense
Regular verbs Irregular verbs
Listened Buy Bought
Walked Forget Forgot
Study= studied Think Though
Change = changed Teach Taught
Do / does Did

Past simple
Subject + verb (past) + complement She taught how to cook a pie yesterday.

Subject + did + not + verb + complement She didn’t / did not teach how to cook a pie yesterday.

Did + subject + verb + complements +? Did she teach how to cook a pie? Yes, she did / No, she didn’t

Wh + did + subject + verb + complement Where did she cook the pie? She cooked the pie in her house.
+?

Adverbs of time (past)

Yesterday
Last + time: last night, last day, last week…
# + Time + ago: two days ago, three weeks ago…
What did you do?

I was sleeping and I had a bad dream and I tried to wake up but I couldn’t.

UNIT 12: BE GOING TO (PREDICTIONS OR PLANS)

WILL (FOR SURE)

FUTURE SIMPLE
SUBJECT + TO BE + GOING TO / GONNA + VERB SUBJECT + WILL + VERB
I AM GOING TO DRINK TEA AFTER CLASS. I WILL EAT THREE TIMES TODAY
SUBJECT + TO BE + NOT + GOING TO + VERB SUBJECT + WILL NOT / WON’T + VERB
I AM NOT GOING TO REST YET I WON’T SLEEP YET
TO BE + SUBJECT + GOING TO + VERB +? WILL + SUBJECT + VERB + ?
ARE YOU GOING TO EAT AFTER CLASS? WILL YOU EAT BREAKFAST?
YES, I AM / NO, I’M NOT. YES, I WILL / NO, I WON’T
WHERE ARE YOU GOING TO GO? WHAT WILL YOU DO AFTER CLASS?

ADVERBS OF TIME
TOMORROW
NEXT MONTH / WEEK / YEAR
IN FOUR WEEKS / DAYS / YEARS / HOURS
Present simple Past simple

+
-
?
Present simple Past simple
SUBJECT + VERB SUBJECT + VERB (PAST REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS)
I live in Cartagena and I buy presents I lived in Cartagena and I bought presents
She lives in bogotá and she works as a dancer.
SUBJECT +AUX (DID)+ NOT + VERB
SUBJECT +AUX (DO / DOES)+ NOT + VERB
She didn’t work as a Singer.
She doesn’t work as a Singer
(WH) + (DO/DOES) + SUBJECT + VERB+? (WH) + (DID) + SUBJECT + VERB +?

Do you like chocolate? Yes, I do. / No, I don’t. Did you like chocolate? Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t.

TO BE TO BE
I am 28. (am, are and is) I was 28. (was and were) : PLACES, STATES & PEOPLE
Present continuous Past continuous
SUBJECT + TO BE + VERB-ING SUBJECT + TO BE (PAST) + VERB-ING
I am teaching English. I was teaching English.
She is not sleeping She was not sleeping.
Are you watching a movie in the cinema? Were you watching a movie in the cinema, yesterday?
Future: be + going to or will + verb
Subject + to be + going to + verb + complement / Subject + will + verb + complement
I am going to eat a delicious lunch today / I will eat a big lunch today
Subject + to be + not + going to + verb + complement / Subject + will +not (won’t) + verb + complement
We aren’t going to learn French / We won’t learn French.
To be + Subject + going to + verb + complement+? / Will + subject + verb + complement+?
Are we going to go out today? / Will you go out today?

Present perfect
Subject + have / has + verb in pp + complement
I have learnt English for 5 years.
She hasn’t bought a dress.
Have you heard the advises?

PREPOSITIONS

At On In
Very specific Less general but more specific General
Addresses, specific points in the Holidays with “day”, days, dates, day+ Long periods of time, years, months,
space, specific times: part of the day, streets, surfaces, mass seasons, weeks, parts of the day,
media and some means of transport: periods of time, land areas and
 My house is At 85 street # 6 -11 enclosed spaces:
 The bank is at the end of the  On Christmas day
street.  On Monday  I was born in 1992.
 At this moment I am busy.  My birthday is on 27th of march  In 20’s
 The party is going to be at 3:45  On Sunday morning  In 1800’
p.m.  I am on séptima street  In June, in March…
 Look at the sky.  The computer is on the desk  In winter, in summer, in autumn
 Read on the tablet, I chat on the  In the past, in the present, in the
phone, I am studying on the future…
computer…  In 5 weeks, I will do the final test.
 I go to the school on/by bus  In Bogotá, In France, in Tintal…
 I am in the house, in the bank, in
the classroom…

and (y), but (pero), however (sin embargo), or (o), so (así que), then (entonces), therefore (por lo tanto), yet (aún)…
although (aunque), as (como), after (después), before (antes), ALSO (TAMBIEN)

ADEMÁS: BESIDES, MOREOVER, FUTHERMORE (ADEMAS DE, AUN MÁS

)
if (si), since (ya que), so that (para que), until (hasta), when (cuando)…

I am angelica and my best fried is Stefania, We are teachers and we like to teach however she likes to sing but I don’t like
to do that. My favorite food is avocado but Stefania likes chicken, both like rock and salsa music.