T E C H N I C A L N O T E

Fastener Loads for

Plywood – Screws
Number E830E • June 2011

INTRODUCTION

The integrity of a structure is frequently dependent upon the connections between its component elements. For maxi-
mum strength and stability, each joint requires a design adapted to the fastener type and to the strength properties of
the individual structural members. Included in the following tables are ultimate withdrawal and lateral loads for ply-
wood joints fastened with wood and sheet metal screws. These values are based upon tests conducted on plywood by
APA – The Engineered Wood Association.

To calculate design withdrawal and lateral capacities for various sizes of wood screws, see Table 11.3.1A of AF&PA
NDS-2005, and APA Technical Topic TT-051 and Section 4.4.7 of Panel Design Specification, APA Form D510. See also
www.awc.org/calculators/index.html for online fastener calculators.

TE S T R E S U LTS

Panel-and-Metal Connections
Self-drilling, self-tapping screws are commonly used to attach panels up to 1-1/8 inches thick to steel flanges up to
3/16 inch thick. However, since threads are usually provided on only a portion of the fastener shank, it is important
to specify the appropriate fastener length for a given panel thickness. This precaution ensures that the threaded por-
tion of the shank will engage in the steel framing. Several lengths and styles are available. Additional details for these
types of screws may be obtained from specific fastener manufacturers. The following test data apply to wood screws
and sheet metal screws. Little design data is available on sheet metal screws, but the primary difference between wood
and sheet metal screws is that sheet metal screws are generally threaded their full length and wood screws are only
threaded about two-thirds of their length.

Lateral Resistance:
Performance of panel-and-metal connections is dependent upon
the strength properties of all three elements. FIGURE 1

FAILURE OF LATERALLY LOADED, SINGLE-

a) Panel-critical joints are characterized by a shearing of the SHEAR METAL-TO-PLYWOOD CONNECTION
wood fibers oriented parallel to the direction of the applied
Shearing of screw shank
force.

b) Fastener-critical joints are characterized by a shear failure

of the screw shank. As shown in Figure 1, once localized
crushing of the wood has occurred, resistance of the metal
Crushing of plywood
to fastener-head embedment causes the screw to become
Fastener Loads for Plywood – Screws 2

a shear specimen and joint

behavior is depen­dent upon TABLE 1
the shear strength of the SCREWS: METAL-TO-PLYWOOD CONNECTIONS(a)
fastener. Shear failure of the Depth of Average Ultimate Lateral Load (lbf)(b)
Threaded
screw shank occurs at the Penetration Wood Screws Sheet Metal Screws
wood-metal interface. (inch) #8 #10 #12 #8 #10 #12
1/2 415 (500) 590 465 (565) 670
c) The metal-critical joint may 5/8 – – – 500 (600) 705
3/4 – – – 590 (655) 715
fail in one of two ways. Failure
(a) Plywood was C-D grade with exterior glue (all plies Group 1), face grain parallel to load. Side
occurs when the resistance of plate was 3/16"-thick steel.
(b) Values are not design values. Values in parentheses are estimates based on other tests.
the screw head to embed­ment
is greater than the resis­tance
of the metal to lateral and/
or withdrawal load, and the
screw tears through or away
from the metal. Failure also
occurs when thin metal in a
metal-to-panel joint crushes or 1"
tears away from the screw.

The following test data are pre-

sented for plywood only.

Tables 1 and 2 present average Wood screw Sheet metal screw

ultimate lateral loads for wood-

and sheet-metal-screw connec- TABLE 2
tions in ply wood-and-metal SHEET METAL SCREWS: PLYWOOD-TO-METAL CONNECTIONS(a)
joints. The end distance of the Average Ultimate Lateral Load (lbf)(b)
Plywood
loaded-edge in these tests was Performance Screw Size 1/4"-20 Self
Framing Category #8 #10 #12 #14 Tapping Screw
one inch. Plywood face grain
1/4 330 360 390 410 590
was parallel to the load since this 0.080-inch
1/2 630 850* 860 920 970
Aluminum
direction yields the lowest lat- 3/4 910* 930* 1250 1330 1440
eral loads when the joint is ply- 0.078-inch 1/4 360 380 400 410 650
wood-critical. All wood-screw Galvanized 1/2 700* 890* 900 920 970
Steel (14 gage) 3/4 700* 950* 1300* 1390* 1500
specimens were tested with a
(a) Plywood was A-C EXT (all plies Group 1), face grain parallel to load.
3/16-inch-thick steel side plate, (b) Values are not design values. Loads denoted by an asterisk(*) were limited by screw-to-fram-
ing strength; others were limited by plywood strength.
and values should be modified if
thinner steel is used.

Form No. E830E ■ © 2011 APA – The Engineered Wood Association ■ www.apawood.org
Fastener Loads for Plywood – Screws 3

Withdrawal:
Tables 3 and 4 present average
ultimate withdrawal loads for TABLE 3
wood and sheet metal screws in WOOD AND SHEET METAL SCREWS: METAL-TO-PLYWOOD CONNECTIONS(a,b)
plywood-and-metal joints, based Depth of Average Ultimate Withdrawal Load (lbf)
Threaded
on analysis of test results. Wood Penetration Screw Size
screws are threaded for only (inch) #6 #8 #10 #12 #14 #16
2/3 of their length. Sheet metal 3/8 150 180 205 – – –
1/2 200 240 275 315 350 –
screws typically have higher 5/8 250 295 345 390 440 –
ultimate load than wood screws 3/4 300 355 415 470 525 –
1 – – – 625 700 775
in the smaller gages because of
1-1/8 – – – 705 790 875
their full-length thread. 2-1/4 – – – – 1580 –
(a) Plywood was C-D grade with exterior glue (all plies Group 1).
Values shown in Table 3 for (b) Values are not design values.
wood screws are based on 1/4-
inch protrusion of the wood
screw from the back of the panel.
This was to assure measur­able
length of thread embedment in
the wood, since the tip of the
tapered wood screw may be
smaller than the pilot hole. This 0.25"

was not a factor for sheet metal Wood Screw Sheet Metal Screw
screws due to their uniform
shank diameters.
TABLE 4

SHEET METAL SCREWS: PLYWOOD-TO-METAL CONNECTIONS(a)

Average Ultimate Withdrawal Load (lbf)(b)
Plywood Screw Size
Performance 1/4"-20 Self
Framing Category #8 #10 #12 #14 Tapping Screw
1/4 130 150 170 180 220
0.080-inch
1/2 350 470 500 520 500
Aluminum
3/4 660 680 790 850* 790*
0.078-inch 1/4 130 150 170 180 220
Galvanized 1/2 350 470 500 520 500
Steel (14 gage) 3/4 660 680 800 900 850
(a) Plywood was A-C EXT (all plies Group 1).
(b) Values are not design values. Loads denoted by an asterisk(*) were limited by screw-to-metal-
framing strength; others were limited by plywood strength.

Form No. E830E ■ © 2011 APA – The Engineered Wood Association ■ www.apawood.org
Fastener Loads for Plywood – Screws 4

Fastening Into Plywood

Panel Edges TABLE 5
Fastening into plywood panel WOOD SCREWS: PLYWOOD-TO-PLYWOOD EDGE CONNECTIONS(a)
edges is not normally recom- Depth of
Average Ultimate Average Ultimate
Threaded
mended. For some purposes, Lateral Load (lbf)(b) Withdrawal Load (lbf)(b)
Penetration
however, edge fastening may be (inch) #8 #10 #12 #8 #10 #12
necessary. Table 5 presents aver- 1 180 (185) 195 360 (405) 450
1-1/2 180 (185) 195 410 (455) 500
age ultimate lateral and with-
(a) Plywood receiving screw thread was Performance Category 3/4 C-D grade with exterior glue
drawal loads for various sizes of (Group 2 inner plies).
wood screws in this application. (b) Values are not design values. Values in parentheses are estimates based on other tests.

E S TI M ATING
A LLOWA B LE
DE S IGN LOA DS

It is the responsibility of the

designer to select a working load
suitable for the particular appli-
cation. A high degree of vari-
ability is inherent in individual
fastener test results. Therefore, for screws in withdrawal or laterally loaded, a working load of about one-fifth of the
ultimate load has traditionally been used for normal duration of load which contemplates fully stressing the con­
nection for approximately ten years, either continuously or cumulatively. For practically all laterally loaded screw con-
nections shown, the normal-duration working load will correspond to a joint slip of less than 0.01 inch.

Adjustments for shorter or longer duration of load apply to design values for mechanical fasteners where the strength
of the wood (i.e., not the strength of the metal fastener) deter­mines the load capacity. Calculations and adjustments of
design values for varying combinations of materials and durations of load should be in accordance with the current
AF&PA National Design Specification for Wood Construction.

Form No. E830E ■ © 2011 APA – The Engineered Wood Association ■ www.apawood.org
Fastener Loads For
Plywood – Screws
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DISCLAIMER
The information contained herein is
based on APA – The Engineered Wood
Association’s continuing programs of
laboratory testing, product research
and comprehensive field experience.
Neither APA, nor its members make
any warranty, expressed or implied, or
assume any legal liability or responsi-
bility for the use, application of, and/
or reference to opinions, findings, con-
clusions or recommendations included
in this publication. Consult your local
jurisdiction or design professional to
assure compliance with code, construc-
tion and performance requirements.
Because APA has no control over qual-
ity of workmanship or the conditions
under which engineered wood products
are used, it cannot accept responsibility
for product performance or designs as
actually constructed.

Form No. E830E/Revised June 2011

www.apawood.org