CAREER CHOICE OF STUDENTS: BASIS FOR CURRICULAR OFFERING

OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOLS IN REGION XI

1Renan P. Limjuco, 2Roberto T. Diamante, 1Mona L. Laya, 3Danilo M. Canda, 4Charlie A. Dayon,
5Luzviminda C. Hontiveros, 6Zarina Christine L. Pioc and 3Minerva T. Fabros

1 University of the Immaculate Conception

2 St. John Paul II College of Davao
3 Department of Education Region XI
4 Gabriel Taborin College of Davao Foundation
5 Holy Cross College of Sasa
6 Holy Cross College of Calinan

INTRODUCTION

People live in a world of uncertainty. One domain of life in which uncertainty plays a
significant role is that of career decisions (Amir and Gati, 2006). Deciding on a career is one of the
most important aspects of an individual’s development and personal happiness. According to
Creed and Patton (2001), making decisions regarding a career is an important task for young
people. Not all young people can make career decision easily, and many, experience episodes of
making decisions before settling on a career path.
Today, one has not only to make due career planning but also exhaustive career research
before making a career choice so as to adjust with the evolving socio-economic conditions
(Wattles, 2009). Similarly, Edward (2010) enunciated that career choice is a complex decision for
students since it determines the kind of profession that they intend to pursue in life. As students try
to make career choice while in secondary school, they face problem of matching their career
choices with their abilities and school performance. However, Villar (2009) reasoned out that most
of the students who are in secondary schools do not have accurate information about occupational
opportunities to help them make appropriate career choice.
Because students are in trouble of choosing their career most likely their decisions are
influenced by some factors. According to Hewitt (2010), most people are influenced by careers that
their parents favor. On the other hand, the study of Natalie (2006) disclosed that adolescents’ own
aspirations are influenced by their parent’s aspirations or expectations. He further opined that
children may choose what their parents desire simply to please them. In the same vein, the
refereed article of Stebleton (2007) indicated that the students’ decision on career choice is
influenced by political and economic considerations, previous work experience, and the influence
of key individuals in their lives.
In the Philippines, uncertainty about jobs was reportedly causing stress in Filipino
businessmen (Manila Standard Today, 2006). Career uncertainty then seems to influence people’s
lives in a negative way. But what brings about this uncertainty is the distress over one’s career
choices of Filipino while they are in school which have been brought about by personal factors and
external factors, to include the political and economic environment.
In Region XI, Davao City in particular, Suyao (2013) reported about the joined Regional
Career Advocacy Congress. The said activity was conducted in coordination with TESDA Regional
Office, Department of Science and Technology XI (DOST XI), Professional Regulation Commission
Regional Office (PRC XI), Department of Education XI (DepEd XI) and Commission on Higher

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Education (CHED XI). It aimed to introduce new employment and career guide for high school and
college students and even for job seekers of the 21st century. This undertaking was called in order
to address mismatch in jobs and skills and to respond to the increasing gap between competency
level of the Filipino work force and graduates as compared to those foreign students who
graduated abroad. With a common cause, Suyao inspired the audience during his welcome
address to seriously take their role to form the minds of the youth, help and teach them make the
right career choices and assure them by providing full support that will enable them to prepare for
the world of work.
The aforementioned situations motivated the researchers to conduct the study on career
choice of high school students to identify and determine the factors affecting their career choice.
The results and findings of the study will hopefully provide the students with experiences that
expand the exploration process and a wide range of career information on all the available careers
so that they may be able to explore widely before making their choices. More importantly, the study
will provide updated evidence-based data to public and private high schools, colleges and
universities in Region XI as benchmark data for senior high curricular offerings and
implementations.
Objectives

The purpose of this study was to identify the career choice of students as baseline data for
curricular offering of senior high schools in Region XI. Specifically, it aimed to:
1. identify the career choice of high school students in Region XI.
2. identify the career choice of parent(s)/Guardian(s) for their children.
3. determine the factors affecting the career choice of high school students.
4. and to identify the type of school preferred by high school students.

Theoretical and Conceptual Map

The study is anchored on the theory of Holland (1997) which states that in order to make
an informed career decision many factors have to be taken into account, such as the individual’s
unique characteristics, values, interests, skills, and personality. Career satisfaction contributes
significantly to the general happiness, stability and well-being of adults. In order to experience
career satisfaction, an individual has to first make a fitting or appropriate career choice. Individuals
will select, and be more content in a work environment that corresponds to their personality type,
attributes, decision-making style, and career maturity.
Watson and Stead (1999) supported the theory of Holland, pronounced that a clear
understanding of the characteristics of the individual who is making the career choice involves the
investigation of the characteristics of the chosen work environment in order to ensure the best
possible ‘goodness of fit’ or match. In short, the better the match the more likely the individual is to
adjust to, and thrive in, the chosen field of work.
The concept map in Figure 1 presents the career choices like academic, technical or
vocational, sports, and arts and design track which the students may opt to take after Junior High
School. It also shows parental intervention as a factor that may greatly affect a student’s career
choice.

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Career choice

- Academic track
Students - Technical/vocational
- Sports track
- Arts and Design
tracks

Parents

Figure 1. Concept Map

METHOD

This descriptive research was conducted in Region XI within 10 DepEd Divisions namely,
Davao City, Tagum City, Digos City, Panabo City, Mati City, Island Garden City of Samal, Davao
Oriental, Davao del Sur, Davao del Norte, and Compostela Valley.
The respondents of the study were 3, 840 and they were distributed as follows: 1,920
Grades 7 and 8 students and correspondingly 1,920 parents. This sample size is based on the
sample size table provided by the Research Advisors (2006) within 99% confidence level at 2.5%
margin of error. The actual number of sample points per type of school (public or private) per grade
(Grade 7 or Grade 8) and per sex (male or female) was determined using proportional stratified
random sampling. The same principle was applied to determine of respondents per grade (grades
7 & 8) to represent the 10 Divisions. In the actual administration of the survey in the selected
schools, systematic sampling was applied to choose the final respondents for the study. This
system used the class record or grading sheet of the point person in the school (a faculty member
or administrator).
To ensure the trustworthiness of the study, the following procedures were observed. First,
the enumerators who were deployed in the selected areas secured the parents’ consent before
conducting the survey.
Second, they personally met the selected respondents to verify their identity through the
school ID and the class record or grading sheet provided by the teacher. They also checked the
school record for the identity of the parents.
Third, if a student respondent was absent, the enumerators asked the point person to
provide for a replacement based on his/her record. If a parent respondent (either a father or a
mother) was not around for the interview, a guardian can take over as a respondent.

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Fourth, before the conduct of the survey, the enumerators explained clearly to the
respondents the main purposes of the study and assure them of the confidentiality of the
information they will give.
Fifth, before the respondents left, the field supervisors checked whether the questionnaires
were completely answered to contain the needed data.
The research questionnaire used in the study is researcher-made. The final draft of the
questionnaire underwent pilot testing at Daniel R. Aguinaldo National High School, Matina Aplaya,
Davao City. The survey questionnaires were administered to 80 students and they were distributed
as follows: 40 to Grade 7 and 40 to Grade 8 students. The optimum goal of pre-testing was to
identify and rectify problems prior to the conduct of the survey, and to provide an indication of the
response rate. Results revealed that some of the directions/instructions in the survey questionnaire
need to be modified and some of the questions need to be simplified for clarity.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Out of the 1,920 student-respondents, 54.3% are females and 51.9% are from Grade 7.
Among the parent-respondents, 70.3% are also females and 51.9% has children from grade 7.

Table 1. Profile of the Respondents.

Parents/ Guardians
Students
Male Female Grade 7 Grade 8 Male Female Grade 7 Grade 8
877 45.7% 1,043 54.3% 996 51.9% 923 48.1% 570 29.7% 1,351 70.3% 996 51.9% 919 47.9%

Based on the data shown in Table 2, in the area of the Liberal Arts strand, Bachelor of Arts
in Communication Arts (1.73) ranked top, followed by Bachelor of Arts in Peace Education (1.92),
Bachelor of Arts in Mathematics (2.03), Bachelor of Arts in English (2.04) and Bachelor of Arts in
Political Science (2.04).
In terms of the Health, Education and Social Sciences strand, the first choice of the
students is Bachelor of Science in Nursing (1.71), followed by Bachelor of Science in Elementary
Education (1.81), Bachelor of Science in Secondary Education (1.82), Bachelor of Science in
Pharmacy (2.03) and Bachelor of Science in Environmental Science (2.06).
In the area of the Business Administration and Management strand, the first choice of the
students is Bachelor of Science in Accountancy (2.00), followed by Bachelor of Science in
Business Administration (2.03), Bachelor of Science in Management Accounting (2.18), Bachelor
of Science in Human Resource Management (2.19) and Bachelor of Science in Office
Management (2.30).

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Table 2. Highly Sought Career Choice of High School Students.

Strand Mean Rank

LIBERAL ARTS
Bachelor of Arts in Communication 1.73 1st
Bachelor of Arts in Peace Education 1.92 2nd
Bachelor of Arts in Mathematics 2.03 3rd
Bachelor of Arts in English 2.04 4th
Bachelor of Arts in Political Science 2.04 5th
HEALTH, EDUCATION AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
Bachelor of Science in Nursing 1.71 1st
Bachelor of Science in Elementary Education 1.81 2nd
Bachelor of Science in Secondary Education 1.82 3rd
Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy 2.03 4th
Bachelor of Science in Environmental Science 2.06 5th
BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT
Bachelor of Science in Accountancy 2.00 1st
Bachelor of Science in Business Administration 2.03 2nd
Bachelor of Science in Management Accounting 2.18 3rd
Bachelor of Science in Human Resource Management 2.19 4th
Bachelor of Science in Office Administration 2.30 5th
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering 1.85 1st
Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering 2.04 2nd
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Engineering 2.06 3rd
Bachelor of Science in Information Technology 2.06 4th
Bachelor of Science in Marine Biology 2.07 5th
OTHERS
Commercial Cooking 1.62 1st
Computer Programming 2.00 2nd
Cookery 2.04 3rd
Computer Hardware Servicing 2.08 4th
Welding 2.08 4th
Automotive Servicing 2.17 5th

In terms of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics strand, the first preference
of the students is Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering (1.85), followed by Bachelor of Science
in Computer Engineering (2.04), Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Engineering (2.06), Bachelor of
Science in Information Technology ( 2.06), and Bachelor of Science in Marine Biology (2.07).
In domains of Home Economics, Information and Communication Technology, Agri-
Forestry and Aquaculture, Industrial Arts, Sports and Arts and Design, the students lead option is
Commercial Cooking (1.62), followed by Computer Programming (2.00), Cookery (2.04), Computer
Hardware Servicing (2.08), Welding (2.08) and Automotive Servicing (2.17).
Furthermore, based on the question on why the students choose the opted career, the
following reasons came out: first, it is their choice, ambition and interest; second, they can help
their family and others; third, they can have a better future; fourth, they can be like their parents or
relatives, fifth, they can tackle the course and it is their parents’ dream.

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Table 3. Less Sought Career Choice of High School Students.
Strand Mean Rank
LIBERAL ARTS
Bachelor of Arts in Theology 1.67 1st
Bachelor of Arts in Anthropology 1.80 2nd
Bachelor of Arts in Psychology 1.93 3rd
Bachelor of Arts in Philosophy 2.10 4th
Bachelor of Arts in Literature 2.14 5th
HEALTH, EDUCATION AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
Bachelor of Science in Social Work 2.06 1st
Bachelor of Science in Nutrition and Dietetics 2.10 2nd
Bachelor of Science in Physical Therapy 1.82 3rd
Bachelor of Science in Social Services 2.30 4th
Bachelor of Science in Community Development 2.26 5th
BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT
Bachelor of Science in Entrepreneurship 2.07 1st
Bachelor of Science in Operation Management 2.27 2nd
Bachelor of Science in Financial Management 2.32 3rd
Bachelor of Science in Operation Management 2.41 4th
Bachelor of Science in Public Administration 2.57 5th
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS
Bachelor of Science in Mathematics 2.08 1st
Bachelor of Science in Geodetic Engineering 2.13 2nd
Bachelor of Science in Physics 2.21 3rd
Bachelor of Science in Chemistry 2.22 4th
Bachelor of Science in Statistics 2.22 5th
OTHERS
Agricultural Crops Production 1.74 1st
Electrical Installation and Maintenance 1.95 2nd
Bread and Pastry 2.15 3rd
Dressmaking 2.35 4th
Animation (3D Digital) 2.36 5th

The less sought (Table 3) course in Liberal Arts strand is Bachelor of Arts in Theology
(1.67), followed by Bachelor of Arts in Anthropology (1.80), Bachelor of Arts in Psychology (1.93),
Bachelor of Arts in Philosophy (2.10), and Bachelor of Arts in Literature (2.14).
In Health, Education and Social Sciences strand, the least preferred course of the students
is Bachelor of Science in Nutrition and Dietetics (2.10), followed by Bachelor of Science in Social
Work (2.06), Bachelor of Science in Physical Therapy (2.20), Bachelor of Science in Social
Services (2.30) and Bachelor of Science in Community Development (2.06).
In Business Administration and Management strand, topping the list of the less sought
career choice of the students is Bachelor of Science in Entrepreneurship (2.07), Bachelor of
Science in Accounting Technology (2.27), Bachelor of Science in Financial Management (2.32),

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Bachelor of Science in Operation Management (2.41) and Bachelor of Science in Public
Administration (2.57).
In Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics strand, the less preferred are
Bachelor of Science in Mathematics (2.08), Bachelor of Science in Geodetic Engineering (2.13),
Bachelor of Science in Physics (2.21), Bachelor of Science in Chemistry (2.22) and Bachelor of
Science in Statistics (2.22).
In Home Economics, Information and Communication Technology strand, least choice of
the students are Agricultural Crops Production (1.74), Electrical Installation and Maintenance
(1.95), Bread and Pastry (2.15), Dressmaking (2.35) and Animation (3D Digital) (2.36).

Table 4. Highly Sought Career Choice of Parents for their High School Students.

Strand Mean Rank

LIBERAL ARTS
Bachelor of Arts in Communication 1.69 1st
Bachelor of Arts in Peace Education 1.80 2nd
Bachelor of Arts in Political Science 1.98 3rd
Bachelor of Arts in English 2.01 4th
Bachelor of Arts in Mathematics 2.08 5th
HEALTH, EDUCATION AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
Bachelor of Science in Elementary Education 1.68 1st
Bachelor of Science in Nursing 1.78 2nd
Bachelor of Science in Secondary Education 1.86 3rd
Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy 1.88 4th
Bachelor of Science in Social Work 2.11 5th
BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT
Bachelor of Science in Accountancy 1.96 1st
Bachelor of Science in Business Administration 2.06 2nd
Bachelor of Science in Human Resource Management 2.22 3rd
Bachelor of Science in Management Accounting 2.23 4th
Bachelor of Science in Office Administration 2.40 5th
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering 1.81 1st
Bachelor of Science in Information Technology 1.95 2nd
Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering 2.06 3rd
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Engineering 2.09 4th
Bachelor of Science in Marine Biology 2.11 5th
OTHERS
Agricultural Crops Production 1.65 1st
Commercial Cooking 2.06 2nd
Automotive Servicing 2.07 3rd
Computer Hardware Servicing 2.09 4th
Computer Programming 2.23 5th

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The lead sought career in the Liberal Arts strand, which the parents choose for their
children is Bachelor of Arts in Communication Arts (1.69), followed by Bachelor of Arts in Peace
Education (1.80), Bachelor of Arts in Political Science (1.98), Bachelor of Arts in English (2.01) and
Bachelor of Arts in Mathematics (2.08).
In Health, Education and Social Sciences strand, the first choice of the parents for their
children is Bachelor of Science in Elementary Education (1.68), followed by Bachelor of Science in
Nursing (1.78), Bachelor of Science in Secondary Education (1.86), Bachelor of Science in
Pharmacy (1.88) and Bachelor of Science in Social Work (2.11).
In Business Administration and Management strand, the parents most prefer the Bachelor
of Science in Accountancy (1.96), followed by Bachelor of Science in Business Administration
(2.06), Bachelor of Science in Human Resource Management (2.22), Bachelor of Science in
Management Accounting (2.23) and Bachelor of Science in Office Management (2.40).
In Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics strand, the topmost choice of
parents for their children is Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering (1.81), followed by Bachelor of
Science in Information Technology (1.95), Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering (2.06),
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Engineering (2.09), and Bachelor of Science in Marine Biology
(2.11).
In Home Economics, Information and Communication Technology, Agri-Forestry and
Aquaculture, Industrial Arts, Sports and Arts and Design strand, the parents preferred most is
Agricultural Crops Production (1.65), followed by Commercial Cooking (2.06), Automotive Servicing
(2.07), Computer Hardware Servicing (2.09), and Computer Programming (2.23).
Furthermore, the results under the career choice, the students order of preferred courses
in the Liberal Arts strand, corresponds with their parents course choices for them. In the Business
Administration and Management and Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics strands,
the parents and their children have slight difference in the order of their preferred courses, although
all these courses are found within the list of their preference. These results imply that students’
course choices are either discussed at home or students seek their parents’ guidance in choosing
their career paths.
The reasons of parents for choosing certain courses for their children include the following
(arranged according to frequency): 1)to provide a good future for their children, 2) their children
have the skills to tackle the course, 3) it is their children’s choice, ambition or dream, 4) it is their
way of supporting their children’s decision, 5) to help the family and the country, 6) for practical
reason, 7) the course is good for their children, 8) the course enhances their knowledge, and 9)
their children wanted to follow their parents’ career path.
In terms of the Health, Education and Social Science strand, the first four choices of the
parents and students are the same. They differ in their fifth choice: the parents chose Bachelor of
Science in Social Work while the students chose Bachelor of Science in Environmental Science. In
the Home Economics, Information and Communication Technology, Agri-Forestry and Aquaculture,
Industrial Arts, Sports and Arts and Design strands both the parents and students chose
commercial cooking, computer hardware servicing, computer programming and automotive
servicing except cookery and agricultural crops production which only the parents chose.

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Table 5. Less Sought Career Choice of Parents for their High School Students.

Strand Mean Rank

LIBERAL ARTS
Bachelor of Arts in Theology 1.61 1st
Bachelor of Arts in Anthropology 1.87 2nd
Bachelor of Arts in Psychology 1.92 3rd
Bachelor of Arts in Literature 2.05 4th
Bachelor of Arts in Philosophy 2.12 5th
HEALTH, EDUCATION AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
Bachelor of Science in Physical Therapy 2.09 1st
Bachelor of Science in Nutrition and Dietetics 2.16 2nd
Bachelor of Science in Environmental Science 2.20 3rd
Bachelor of Science in Social Services 2.28 4th
Bachelor of Science in Community Development 2.40 5th
BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT
Bachelor of Science in Entrepreneurship 2.05 1st
Bachelor of Science in Public Administration 2.33 2nd
Bachelor of Science in Accounting Technology 2.47 3rd
Bachelor of Science in Financial Management 2.61 4th
Bachelor of Science in Operation Management 2.63 5th
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS
Bachelor of Science in Geodetic Engineering 2.18 1st
Bachelor of Science in Mathematics 2.19 2nd
Bachelor of Science in Chemistry 2.22 3rd
Bachelor of Science in Physics 2.30 4th
Bachelor of Science in Statistics 2.69 5th
OTHERS
Food Processing 1.95 1st
Dressmaking 2.00 2nd
Electrical Installation and Maintenance 2.10 3rd
Welding 2.11 4th
Dance 2.72 5th

Table 5 shows that the less sought career choice groups of the parents for their children in
Liberal Arts strand is Bachelor of Arts in Theology (1.61), followed by Bachelor of Arts in
Anthropology (1.87), Bachelor of Arts in Psychology (1.92), Bachelor of Arts in Literature (2.05),
and Bachelor of Arts in Philosophy (2.12).
In Health, Education and Social Sciences strand, the parents less prefer Bachelor of
Science in Physical Therapy (2.09), followed by Bachelor of Science in Nutrition and Dietetics
(2.16)), Bachelor of Science in Environmental Science (2.20), Bachelor of Science in Social
Services (2.28) and Bachelor of Science in Community Development (2.40).
In Business Administration and Management strand, the less sought career choices of the
parents for their children are Bachelor of Science in Entrepreneurship (2.05), Bachelor of Science
in Public Administration (2.33) Bachelor of Science in Accounting Technology (2.47), Bachelor of

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Science in Financial Management (2.61), and Bachelor of Science in Operation Management
(2.63).
In Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics strand, parents prefer less
Bachelor of Science in Geodetic Engineering (2.18) Bachelor of Science in Mathematics (2.19),
Bachelor of Science in Chemistry (2.22), Bachelor of Science in Physics (2.30) and Bachelor of
Science in Statistics (2.69).
In Home Economics, Information and Communication Technology strand, the less sought
careers of parents for their children are Food Processing (1.95), followed by Dressmaking (2.00),
Electrical Installation and Maintenance (2.10), Ice Plant Refrigeration Servicing (2.11) and Dance
(2.72).
In summary, the results on the less sought career choice groups show that students and
their parents have the same choices in the Liberal Arts Track, Business Administration and
Management Track and Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics strands they differ in
the order of their choices. For the Health, Education and Social Science strand, the parents chose
Bachelor of Science in Social Work as among the least sought career for their children while the
students chose Bachelor of Science in Environmental Science. In Home Economics, Information
and Communication Technology, Agri-Forestry and Aquaculture, Industrial Arts, Sports and Arts
and Design strands the parents and the less prefer Dress Making and Electrical Installation
Maintenance.

Table 6. Factors Affecting the Career Choice of High School Students.

Factors Frequency Percentage Rank

Personality 718 30% 1st
Parents 704 29% 2nd
Skills 403 17% 3rd
Opportunity 157 6% 4th
Environment 118 5% 5th
Values 115 5% 6th
Guardians 74 3% 7th
Friends 62 3% 8th
Teachers 56 2% 9th

Results show that personality is the primary factor (30%) why the students choose the
career (Table 6). This would mean that students know what they want to pursue and are maybe
encouraged by their parents or guardians (29%) to base their decision on what they really love to
do. Further, this means that Filipino parents somehow deviate from the traditional way dictating
their sons and daughters on what they believe is the right career for the latter. This somehow
supports that parents discuss to their children plans and issues that concerns the children and
allow them to take active participation in decision making. Furthermore, the students’ skills,
opportunity, environment and values also influence their career choice. The Guardians, friends and
teachers are found to be less influential in their career choice.

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Table 7. Type of School Preferred by the Respondents.
Public Rural Public Urban Private Urban Private Rural-SEC Private Urban-NS
Students Parents Students Parents Students Parents Students Parents Students Parents
480 501 875 893 355 298 105 107 103 104
(25%) (26.1%) (45.6%) (46.5%) (18.5%) (15.5%) (5.5%) (5.6%) (5.3%) (5.4%)

Both the students (45.6%) and the parents (46.5%) prefer a public urban type of school
over the public rural and private urban. Practicality could be their reason behind this choice since
public school’s tuition fee is lesser as compared to that of the private school. Thus, the parents
would not be bothered much about the payment for tuition fee but give more focus on budgets for
the cost of living of their children in the city. Families with higher income are more likely to send
their children to private schools than lower-income families (Goldring and Rowley, 2006; Schneider
et.al, 1996; Coleman and Hoffer, 1987). Moreover, parent’s choice of school depends on the
priorities they place on academics, convenience, school characteristics, and safety. Noted however
that, 2 (.1%) students and 17 (.9%) of the parents did not indicate their preferred type of school.

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