IOSR Journal of Nursing and Health Science (IOSR-JNHS)

e-ISSN: 2320–1959.p- ISSN: 2320–1940 Volume 5, Issue 4 Ver. I (Jul. - Aug. 2016), PP 44-52
www.iosrjournals.org

Survey of Poly Cystic Ovarian Disease (PCOD) Among The Girl

Students of Bishop Heber College, Trichirapalli, Tamil Nadu,
India
Nivetha.M and Susan .G.Suganya
P G Department of Zoology, Bishop Heber College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli-17, Tamil Nadu, India.

Abstract: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a very common endocrine disorder encountered in women
and is associated with problems, such as menstrual irregularities; hirsuitism; obesity; insulin resistance; acne;
and, in later life, infertility with diabetes mellitus and uterine cancer. Early diagnosis is necessary for early
interventions to minimize the immediate and chronic consequences. The prevalence of PCOS among the girl
students has not yet been clearly determined. This study is an attempt to assess its prevalence in the girl students
of a college. We undertook a survey among the female students of Bishop Heber College (Autonomous),
Trichirappalli City of Tamil Nadu. Since students from all parts of India study here, the study population
represents a random sample of female students (252 Students) in the college and age group was between
18-31yrs. The study period was five months from November 2015 to March 2016. PCOS was diagnosed by
using a questionnaire with Rotterdam’s criteria and the prevalence was found to be 7.14%. This study definitely
created awareness among the adolescent college girls about PCOS. This will help them to modify their life style
and to have better reproductive life later. During this study we identified the adolescents with risk for
developing PCOS, we ask them to take proper diagnosis and treatment with consultation of a gynecologist. In
married girl students, especially in the presence of other risk factors for infertility, early conception is advised
and to find the effectiveness of awareness programme.
Keywords: PCOD, PCOS, Menstrual abnormalities, 'Stein-Leventhal Syndrome', 'Syndrome O.

I. Introduction
The term Polycystic Ovarian Disease (PCOD) was first described by Irving Stein and Michael
Leventhal as a Triad of 'Amenorrhoea', 'Obesity' and 'Hirsutism' In 1935 when they observed the relation
between obesity and reproductive disorders.[1].It is hence also known as the 'Stein-Leventhal Syndrome' or
'Hyperandrogenic Anovulation' (HA)and is the most common endocrine ovarian disorder affecting
approximately 2-8% women of reproductive age worldwide.[2] Now a days, it is also referred to as the
'Syndrome O' i.e. Overnourishment, Overproduction of insulin, Ovarian confusion and Ovulatory disruption. So,
PCOD is called as Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS).
PCOS is currently considered as a lifestyle disorder affecting 2.2-26% of young girls in their
reproductive age in India. A study conducted on 460 girls in the age group of 15-18 years from a residential
college of Andhra Pradesh reported a prevalence of 9.13% in Indian adolescents.[3] Though globally it has an
alarming incidence, its diagnosis is difficult as it manifests as a spectrum of symptoms than a specific one. It is
primarily characterized by an extremely irregular menstrual cycle in which ovulation may not occur.[4].Normal
pubertal events include Oligomenorrhoea, Hirsutism, Acne and Weight gain. However, no single criterion is
sufficient for clinical diagnosis due to multiple aetiologies and presentations.[4].Paediatric Endocrinologists
nowadays tend towards an earlier work-up instead of the traditional practice of waiting for two years post-
menarche.[5]
PCOS is a common disorder, often complicated by chronic anovulatory infertility and
hyperandrogenism with the clinical manifestation of oligomenorrhoea, hirsutism and acne.[6] Many women
with this condition are obese and have a higher prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes and
sleep apnoea than is observed in the general population. They exhibit an adverse cardiovascular risk profile,
characteristic of the cardiometabolic syndrome as suggested by a higher reported incidence of hypertension,
dyslipidaemia, visceral obesity, insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia.[7]
PCOS is frequently diagnosed by gynaecologists and it is therefore important that there is a good
understanding of the long-term implications of the diagnosis in order to offer a holistic approach to the disorder.
The calculation of the prevalence of PCOS depends on the criteria used to define this syndrome. Because the
symptoms of PCOS emerge insidiously and are coincident with changes that accompany normal pubertal
development, subtle features may not be realized in the early stages; this may account for the failure to identify
the disorder in young girls.

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Survey of Poly Cystic Ovarian Disease (Pcod) Among The Girl Students of Bishop Heber College,..

It is possible to identify the early clinical manifestations of PCOS in late puberty and early
adolescence. The disease is on its rise because of lifestyle and environmental changes occurring with
modernization. Initially, the condition is asymptomatic in young women, progressing to produce menstrual
irregularities, excessive weight gain, and infertility; eventually, in late middle age, it leads to several major
health hazards. Early diagnosis is necessary for early intervention, including behavior modification, to minimize
the immediate and chronic consequences of PCOS. Polycystic ovary syndrome is the most common hormone
disorder in women, affecting 5 percent to 10 percent of adolescent girls and adult women of child-bearing age.
The signs of PCOS include excessive hair growth on the face and abdomen, acne, irregular or absent menstrual
periods, failure of ovulation, and reduced fertility. PCOS usually begins at or soon after puberty and is a life-
long condition. Obesity is present in 50 percent of individuals with PCOS. In addition, women with PCOS are at
increased risk of developing diabetes, cardiovascular disease, obstructive sleep apnea, and cancer of the uterus.
In view of this and the fact that the prevalence of this syndrome in our community remains unknown,
we attempted to find its prevalence in a community of women aged between 18–31 years.

1.1. The main objectives of this study were to

1) Identify the adolescent girls who are at high risk for PCOS using various symptoms include:
 Missed periods, irregular periods, or very light periods
 Ovaries that are large or have many cysts
 Excess body hair, including the chest, stomach, and back (hirsutism)
 Weight gain, especially around the belly (abdomen)
 Acne or oily skin
 Male-pattern baldness or thinning hair
 Infertility
 Small pieces of excess skin on the neck or armpits (skin tags)
 Dark or thick skin patches on the back of the neck, in the armpits, and under the breasts
 Acanthosis nigricans(Acanthosis nigricans is a brown to black, poorly defined,
velvety hyperpigmentation of the skin.) may present with thickened, velvety, relatively darker areas of skin
on the neck, armpit and in skin folds.
2) Find association between PCOS risk status with selected variable i.e. general health status. PCOS is
a common disorder, often complicated by chronic anovulatory infertility and hyperandrogenism with the clinical
manifestation of oligomenorrhoea, hirsutism and acne.
3) Many women with this condition are obese and have a higher prevalence of impaired glucose
tolerance, type2diabetes and sleep apnoea than is observed in the general population. They exhibit an adverse
cardiovascular risk profile, characteristic of the cardio metabolic syndrome as suggested by a higher reported
incidence of hypertension, dyslipidaemia, visceral obesity, insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia.
4) PCOS is frequently diagnosed by gynaecologists and it is therefore important that there is a good
understanding of the long-term implications of the diagnosis in order to offer a holistic approach to the disorder.
Hence refer the girls who have PCOS to the gynecologists.
5) To make an awareness about polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) among adolescent college girls.
The major purpose of this study is to create awareness among adolescent college girls about PCOS.
This will help them to modify their life style and to have better reproductive life later.

1.2. Prevalence of PCOS

Estimation of the ‘true’ prevalence has to be made with caution as many of the data available were
collected prior to the new Rotterdam diagnostic criteria. Most clinical data suggests a prevalence of 6–7% of the
population.[5–8].The present Rotterdam criteria are current best practice but it is recognized that PCOS
encompasses a wide spectrum of disorder, overlapping with normality. The prevalence of PCOS may differ
according to ethnic background; for example, in women of South Asian origin, PCOS presents at a younger age,
has more severe symptoms and a higher prevalence [9, 10]

1.3. Risk factors of PCOS

1.3.1. Cardiovascular Disease
In January 1997 researchers in New Zealand reported that women with multiple cysts on their ovaries
were at increased risk of heart disease. In the study 42 % of women with heart disease also had 8/> ovarian cysts
compared to 22 % of women without heart disease. They should hence be regularly monitored and advised to
consume less fat and cholesterol.Similarly, PCOS is characterized by endothelial dysfunction and resistance to
the vasodilating action of insulin.[11] An increased risk of myocardial infarction in PCOS women than age-
matched controls has also been reported.[12]

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Survey of Poly Cystic Ovarian Disease (Pcod) Among The Girl Students of Bishop Heber College,..

1.3.2. Obesity
Obesity is also a feature observed and estimated to effect 50% of PCOS women[13], classically
presented in patients with upper body obesity which has been associated with menstrual disturbances [14].It
amplifies biochemical and clinical abnormalities of PCOS.[15].Previously obesity was thought to be the cause
of PCOS but now understood as a modifier of the condition.

1.3.3. Infertility
Another complicating feature of PCOS is the effects it has on ovulation and fertility with >75% of
women with anovulation infertility [16] and treatment is based upon the patient‟s characteristics. Besides
follicular arrest and impaired selection of dominant follicle is possible [17] as also the risk of multiple
pregnancy with treatment. [18]

1.4. Complications of PCOS

1.4.1. Endometrial cancer
The long-term follow-up of 786 PCOS women found an increased risk of endometrial cancer.[19].A
study revealed that in women >50 years of age with endometrial cancer 62.5% showed a greater prevalence of
PCOS than 27.33% who were not suffering from the syndrome.(P=0.033)[20].

1.4.2. Complications in pregnancy

Women with PCOS have a greater risk of complications viz. Gestational diabetes [21], pre-eclampsia,
pre-term labour, small for gestational age, [22]pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH),[23] spontaneous
abortions [24]etc.

1.4.3. Sleep Apnoea

It has been reported that women with PCOS have increased Sleep Disordered Breathing (SDB) and
daytime sleepiness.[25]

1.4.4. Depression
There was a higher prevalence of depression in PCOS patients associated with higher body mass index
(BMI, P=0.05) and greater insulin resistance (P=0.02) [26].Besides, Impaired Glucose Tolerance[27],
Dyslipidaemia, Metabolicsyndrome, Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and higher levels of C-reactive protein, a
disease marker for cardiovascular diseases are other probable risks involved.

II. Materials and Methods

The medical history was recorded, with Anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical parameters by using
the questionnaire on whether the participant had been previously diagnosed with PCOS. A few questions were
included to exclude thyroid disorders, hyper prolactinemia, and late-onset congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
Menstrual irregularity was assessed as a usual cycle length of less than 21 days or more than 35 days. Clinical
hyperandrogenism was assessed on the basis of the self-reported degree of hirsutism by using self assessment
method. Results were kept confidential. The selected participants likely to have PCOS asked to go for further
clinical and ovarian ultrasound examination.
A positive finding of polycystic ovaries was defined by the detection of 12 or more follicles measuring
2–9 mm in diameter and/or increased ovarian volume of above 10 cm 3 in at least one of the ovaries. PCOS was
defined by the presence of 2 or more of the following three Rotterdam criteria in addition to the exclusion of
related disorders (ESHRE/ASRM (Rotterdam) 2003 criteria (European Society for Human Reproduction and
Embryology/American Society for Reproductive Medicine).
This is a questionnaire based study on the awareness of polycystic ovary syndrome. The participants
who undertook the survey are undergraduate and postgraduate girl students of a college. A total of 25 questions
were asked to 252 girl students from various departments in the college and age group was between 18-31yrs.
Individuality was assured when the subjects filled the survey. The questionnaire is filled in paper and pen
method. After the data collection, statistical measurements are done. The questions included are:

The Questionnaire
Anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical parameters
(1) Age _________yrs
(2) Height_________cms
(3) Weight_________kg
(4) Body Mass Index (BMI) _____________kg/m2 (calculated)
(5) Waist circumference__________ (cm)

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Survey of Poly Cystic Ovarian Disease (Pcod) Among The Girl Students of Bishop Heber College,..

(6) Hip circumference__________ (cm)

(7) Age of first period_____________
(8) Regularity of the menstrual cycle__________
(9) Pelvic pain during menstruation_____________
(10) Marital status __________________ If Married
(11) Fertility problems____________
(12) Use of oral contraceptive Pills__________
(13) Presence of PCOD________________ If Yes, Answer the following
(14) Diet ______________
(15) Obesity___________
(16) Blood pressure________ (mmHg)
(17) Serum FSH and LH level___________ and __________(ng/dl)
(18) Serum Testosterone level__________(ng/dl)
(19) Hirsutism (Unwanted hair growth) of face and body____________
(20) Acne___________________
(21) Stretch marks (Stria) _____________
(22) Hair loss_____________
(23) Acanthosis nigricans (Skin disorder) __________
(24) Other systemic disorders
Diabetes_________ , Hyperthyroidism____________ , Hypertension ____________
High Cholesterol _______, Depression and mood change_________, Stress________
(25) Family History: Your Mother with PCOD__________, Your siblings with PCOD__________

2.1. Limitations of the study

This study does have some limitations. Menstrual diaries to identify menstrual intervals were not
utilized. The patients were not evaluated for the presence of biochemical hyperandrogenemia. Mid-luteal
progesterone level was not measured to identify eumenorrhoeic women, who had sub-clinical menstrual
dysfunction. Since the study was performed in students, the majority of the subjects unmarried, which precluded
a vaginal approach for ultrasonography and as a result, this specific and sensitive tool was not used for
identifying polycystic ovaries.
III. Results and Discussion
The study population comprised about 252 girls from various departments. The study reveals that
among 67 girls of 17 – 19 years age group 3 of them were with symptoms of PCOD. About 71 girls of 20 – 22
years age group 8 girls were with symptoms of PCOD. About 47 girls of 23 – 25 years age group 10 girls were
with symptoms of PCOD. About 39 girls of 26 – 28 years age group 5 girls were with symptoms of PCOD.
About 28 girls of 29 – 31 years age group 2 girls were with symptoms of PCOD (Table-VI).
Totally 43 girls (Table-I) in different age group were found to be having irregular menstrual cycles. 28
girls were detected with polycysts in their ovaries (Table-IV) and 28 girls were found to be with hirsuitism
(Table-II). Among the girls studied about 46 of them were found to have increased acne (Table-III). The mean
BMI of girls in age groups 17 – 19, 20 – 22, 23 – 25, 26 - 28 and 29 - 31 were 23.4, 21.1, 23.5, 24.2 and 23.5
respectively(Table-V).
PCOS is the most common endocrine abnormality in reproductive- age women. The prevalence of
PCOS is traditionally estimated at 4% to 8% from studies performed in Greece, Spain and the USA [1-4]. The
prevalence of PCOS has increased with the use of different diagnostic criteria and has recently been shown to be
18% (17.8 ± 2.8%) in the first community-based prevalence study based on current Rotterdam diagnostic
criteria [5]. USG Criteria for diagnosis of PCOS are presence of 12 or more follicle in one ovary arranged
peripherally in necklace pattern, each follicle measures 2-9mm in diameter and ovarian volume > 10cm cube.
Laparoscopic criteria include enlarged pearly white ovaries with multiple follicles. Endocrine abnormalities
associated with PCOS are elevated LH, normal FSH and LH/FSH ratio > 3:1. Long term consequences of PCOS
include metabolic syndrome like diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and coronary heart disease .Women with PCOS
are prone for development of endometrial and breast cancer in later life [5].
Table-I : Total Number Of Students Having Irregular Periods
S.NO AGE TOTAL NO OF TOTAL NO STUDENTS % OF STUDENTS
STUDENTS HAVING WITH PCOS
SURVEYED IRREGULAR PERIODS
1 17-19 67 13 19.4
2 20-22 71 12 16.9
3 23-25 47 13 27.65
4 26-28 39 3 7.69
5 29-31 28 2 7.14

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Survey of Poly Cystic Ovarian Disease (Pcod) Among The Girl Students of Bishop Heber College,..

Fig -1
Table-II : Total Number Of Students Having Hirsutism

S.NO AGE TOTAL NUMBER OF TOTAL NO.OF STUDENTS % OF STUDENTS

STUDENTS HAVING HIRSUTISM HAVING HIRSUTISM
1 17-19 61 3 4.47
2 20-22 71 8 11.26
3 23-25 47 10 21.27
4 26-28 39 5 12.82
5 29-31 28 2 7.14

Fig -2
Table-III : Total Number Of Students Having Incresed Acne

S.NO AGE TOTAL NO.OF TOTAL NO STUDENTS % OF STUDENTS HAVING

STUDENTS HAVING INCRESED ACNE INCRESED ACNE
1 17-19 67 11 16.41
2 20-22 71 16 22.53
3 23-25 47 12 25.53
4 26-28 39 6 15.38
5 29-31 28 1 3.57

Fig -3

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Survey of Poly Cystic Ovarian Disease (Pcod) Among The Girl Students of Bishop Heber College,..

Table-IV : Total Number Of Students With PCOS

S.NO AGE TOTAL NO. OF STUDENTS WITH PCOS
1 17-19 3
2 20-22 8
3 23-25 10
4 29-28 5
5 29-31 2

Fig -4

Table-V: Mean Height (Cm), Mean Weight (Kg), Body Mass Index
S.NO AGE MEAN HEIGHT (cm) MEAN WEIGHT(kg) BMI
1 17-19 144.03 48.5 23.4
2 20-22 154.58 50.32 21.1
3 23-25 149.33 52.37 23.5
4 26-28 152.32 56.23 24.2
5 29-31 150.28 53 23.5

Fig -5

Table-VI : Number Of Students Identified PCOS

S.NO AGE TOTAL NO.OF STUDENT NO.OF STUDENTS %OF STUDENTS
SURVEYED IDENTIFIED PCOS WITH PCOS
1 17-19 67 3 4.48
2 20-22 71 8 11.26
3 23-25 47 10 21.28
4 26-28 39 5 12.82
5 29-31 28 2 7.14

Fig -6
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Survey of Poly Cystic Ovarian Disease (Pcod) Among The Girl Students of Bishop Heber College,..

Results indicated that there are 7.14% (Table-VI) of surveyed girls were having PCOS and the
identified adolescents with risk for developing PCOS, we ask them to take proper diagnosis and treatment with
consultation of a gynecologist for treatment for acne, hyperandrogenism, and menstrual abnormalities.
However, the primary treatment is a healthy diet and regular exercise. Implications for practice included; a need
for increased awareness, early recognition, comprehensive screening, prompt treatment, and frequent follow-ups
for all PCOS adolescents to prevent future morbidities. In married girl students, especially in the presence of
other risk factors for infertility, early conception is advised. The final implication was the need for more
research involving adolescent females with PCOS.The crude prevalence rate determined from this study was
17%. The findings of this study revealed that PCOS occurs in about 3 of 20 women. This once again proved that
PCOS is the most common endocrine abnormality among women in the reproductive and adolescent age groups.
Among the patients with PCOS, 70% had oligomenorrhoea and polycystic ovaries, 13.3% had
hirsutism and polycystic ovaries, and 3.3% had oligomenorrhoea and hirsutism. Another 13.3% had all the 3
features. Thus, the majority of the patients had oligomenorrhoea with polycystic ovaries, which stresses the
importance of the proper evaluation of young girls presenting with irregular cycles or excessive hair growth
before considering them as normal changes associated with pubertal development.
Obesity aggravates this alone or in combination with other factors. In 2005, reports showed that
lifestyle changes in both rural and urban areas have influenced the prevalence of PCOS.[28] Further, Studies
showed that lack of exercise and low physical activity play a role in the prevalence of PCOS.[29]. Long-term
preventive measures should be implemented early. We recommend that an optimal body mass index of <27 and
W/H ratio of <0.8 be maintained.
Various lifestyle modifications, including regular exercise half hour daily or one hour on alternate days
and dietary modifications in the form of small frequent meals will be required to achieve weight reduction.
Proper evaluation and early diagnosis should be done in adolescents presenting with features of PCO. In married
girl students, especially in the presence of other risk factors for infertility, early conception is advised.
The prevalence of PCOS is traditionally estimated at 4% to 8% from studies performed in Greece,
Spain and the USA. [30-33]. Our study is also proved that 7.14% are identified with PCOS in the age of 18-31
yrs. It is coincides with the exploratory survey to identify the adolescents with high risk for Polycystic Ovarian
Syndrome (PCOS) and to find the effectiveness of an awareness programme among students of selected pre
university colleges of Udupi District [34]. Likewise our study is also to identify the adolescents with risk for
developing PCOS and to find the effectiveness of awareness programme.
Seventy five percent of women suffering from PCOS were in between the age group of 19 to 26 years
and ten percent were below 19 years of age. This was also proved in our study. This could be attributed to the
age at marriage in rural area and subsequent investigations for evaluation of infertility. Eighty percent of women
were unmarried and only twenty percent were married at the time of investigation. During investigation
unmarried girls presented mainly with complaints of menstrual abnormalities like oligo and or hypomenorrhoea.
Remaining cases had isolated secondary amenorrhoea. In married girls the duration of married life was less than
two years at the time of investigation.[35]
Thirty five percent women were either overweight or obese at the time of diagnosis. Only ten percent
women belonged to lean PCOS category. Eighty to eighty five percent cases had Ultrasonographic and
endocrinal evidence of PCOS. Weight reduction and life style modification were advised to all women having
abnormal BMI values.
Most of the unmarried girls and few recently married girls with menstrual abnormalities were asked to
take treatment with the consultation of gynecologist.In our study we identified 43 (i.e:17%) students with
irregular periods. It has been known for many years that severe oligo- and amenorrhoea in the presence of
premenopausal levels of estrogen can lead to endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma. In women with PCOS
intervals between menstruations of more than 3 months may be associated with endometrial hyperplasia.
Women who are oligomenorrhoeic and do not have normal withdrawal bleeds should be investigated
and send for the consultation of gynecologist. This may include ultrasound scan, endometrial sampling and/or
hysteroscopy. In our study we identified 8 students with obese out of 28 PCOS cases. Lifestyle changes through
diet and exercise remain the first line for treatment of obesity in PCOS. PCOS is often associated with obesity
and abnormal fat distribution, especially of abdominal fat, even where the BMI is normal. Obesity worsens
insulin resistance that may exacerbate this dysfunction [36].
In our study we identified 28 (i.e:11%) students with hirsutism. Hirsutism in the setting of PCOS is
difficult to treat and there are currently no large randomized control trials on its treatment in this patient group.
Licensed treatments for hirsutism include oral contraceptive pills, dianette (oestrogen and cyproterone acetate),
cosmetic measures (such as laser, electrolysis, bleaching, waxing and shaving) and topical facial eflornithine.
However, there is a paucity of good-quality robust placebo controlled trials for hirsutism treatment, particularly
for combination therapy.

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Survey of Poly Cystic Ovarian Disease (Pcod) Among The Girl Students of Bishop Heber College,..

Lifestyle alteration will reduce the likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes later stages in life. Effects
of hyperandrogenisation are among the most deleterious long-term consequences of PCOS when taken into
consideration of its impact on a woman’s self-image perception and the subsequent psychological effects.

IV. Conclusion
In conclusion, PCOS is a common endocrine disorder of female adolescence and adulthood with exact
etiology unknown but pathophysiology rooted in insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, and chronic anovulation.
A multitude of clinical factors can present including hirsutism, menstrual irregularities, metabolic abnormalities,
acne, and increased BMI. History, physical exam, and laboratory tests are all components of making a diagnosis
as some adolescents do not present with all clinical factors. Treatment options include healthy dietary habits and
regular exercise accompanied by additional medications to treat presenting symptoms.
Primary care providers should be suspicious of PCOS in adolescent females regardless of their weight.
A high level of suspicion will facilitate timely recognition, prompt treatment, and potential reduction or
elimination of future morbidities until more information is known. This study will explore the complex
mechanisms behind the manifestation of PCOS and how these, and other factors, may make diagnosis difficult.
In order to thoroughly understand these aspects of PCOS, the causes, symptoms, and treatments were explored.
The diversity of causes and symptoms of the disease add to the difficulty in diagnosis and treatment of PCOS.
The best treatment option varies among individuals, and the effectiveness of each treatment can vary according
to an individual’s condition. The research on all of these aspects of PCOS will inform the public about how
PCOS can affect them and their loved ones. From this newly gathered knowledge, individuals may be able to
protect themselves from some of the negative consequences associated with PCOS.

Acknowledgements
Our grateful thanks are due to the Principal, HOD and other Staff members of Zoology Department,
Bishop Heber College (Autonomous), Trichirappalli for the permission, many helpful suggestion, support,
constructive advice and encouragement rendered throughout for the completion of this work. Our heartfelt
thanks to all the girls participating in this study; thank you for your positive attitude, trust and patience.

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