Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association
ISSN: 1096-2247 (Print) 2162-2906 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/uawm20
Municipal solid waste generation and disposal in
Robe town, Ethiopia
Duguma Erasu, Tesfaye Faye, Amaha Kiros & Abel Balew
To cite this article: Duguma Erasu, Tesfaye Faye, Amaha Kiros & Abel Balew (2018): Municipal
solid waste generation and disposal in Robe town, Ethiopia, Journal of the Air & Waste
Management Association, DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2018.1467351
To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2018.1467351
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Municipal Solid Waste Generation and Disposal in Robe
Town, Ethiopia
Duguma Erasu, Tesfaye Faye,Amaha KirosandAbel Balew
1. Duguma Erasu
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Corresponding author
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Lecturers Geography and Environmental Studies, Madda WalabuUniversity, P. O. Box
247 Bale Robe, Ethiopia and Ph.D.Candidate at Addis Ababa University, P.O.Box 1176,
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Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Email: [email protected]
2. Tesfaye Faye
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Lecturer in Geography and Environmental Studies, Madda Walabu University.
P. O. Box 247 Bale Robe, Ethiopia. Email:[email protected]
3. Amaha Kiros
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Lecturer in Geography and Environmental Studies, Axum University, Ethiopia.
Email:[email protected]
4. Abel Balew
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assistant lecturer of Geography and Environmental Studies, MaddaWalabu University.P.
O. Box 247 Bale Robe and MA Student at Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 1176,
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Email: [email protected]
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Abstract
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The amount of solid waste generated in developing countries is rising from time to time due to
economic growth, change in consumer behavior and lifestyles of people. But it is hard to manage
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and handle the increase of solid waste with existing waste management infrastructure. Thus, the
management system of solid waste is very poor and become a serious problem. The main
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purpose of this study is to quantify the volume of solid waste generated and investigate factors
affecting generation and disposal of wastes in the study area. The result of this study indicated
that total waste generated from households was about 97.092kg/day.Furthermore, the study
reveals that the solid waste generation rate of the town is 0.261kg/person/day.About 57.5% of
solid waste is properly disposed of to landfill site whereas the remaining 42.5% is illegally
dumped at the roadsides and open fields.
Keywords: Generation, Disposal, solid waste, Robe town.
Introduction
Urbanization has been increasing in speed and scale in recent decades, with more than half the
world’s population now living in urban centers, Present-day, 54% of world population lives in
urban areas, which is estimated to increase up to 66% or more by 2050 and world population
expected to add 2.5 billion people to urban population(UN,2014). Fast urban population growth
has resulted in several land use and infrastructural challenges; including municipal solid waste
management. Increasing population levels, thriving economy, rapid urbanization and the rise in
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community living standards have greatly accelerated the municipal solid waste generation rate in
developing countries (Minghua et al., 2009).
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Currently, municipal solid waste is increasing in both quantity and composition throughout the
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world, (Jing and Keith, 2016). Many of the world cities are generating an ever-increasing size of
waste, the effectiveness of their solid waste collection and disposal systems are declining
(EMEGHSHW, 2013). In urban centers throughout African regions, less than half of the solid
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waste produced is collected, and 95 percent of that amount is either indiscriminately thrown
away at various dumping sites on the periphery of urban centers, typically empty lots scattered
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throughout the city (Nigatu et al, 2011 andTewodros et al, 2007).The main problem of waste
management in the African context is however not only brought about by the amount of waste
accumulated in the cities but also the incapability of the governments and waste management
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authorities to keep up with the scope of the problem itself. Tanzania for example faced with
major problems of solid waste management with estimation of 30-50% of waste being left
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uncollected (Onibokun et. al, 1999). In the capital City of Dar-es-salaam estimates, out of 3976
tons of solid wastes generated each day only 1440 tons are collected and sent to landfill for
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disposal. In addition, approximately more than 70% of the daily waste generated is left near the
houses, on the streets, markets or in drainage channels (Onibokun et. al, 1999). In Kenya, the
capital city of Nairobi, solid waste generation ranges from about 800-1000 tons per day. But the
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city municipality has a capacity of collecting only 400 tones daily. Likewise, in Malindi, a
secondary largest town in Kenya estimates for 1991 indicates that less than 21% of waste
generated reached the dumping sites. A parallel situation is also observed in Kinshasa, which is
the capital and largest city of the Democratic Republic of Congo where waste is only collected in
the minority of households while in the rest of the city it is left scattered as in the case of Dar-es-
salaam (Onibokun et. al, 1999).
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Several studies have been conducted on municipal solid waste management in many cities of
developing countries, such as Ethiopia, where waste management is insignificant and dumped
along roadsides and into open areas, threatening health and attracting vermin and poses a serious
threat to the environment (Pin-Jing, 2012; Perkoulidis et al., 2011 and Tewodros et al, 2007).
Unlike in the developed world, dumping in open areas, roadsides, and valleys have been widely
used in many cities of developing countries (Tewodros et al, 2007).
In Ethiopian perspective, the key intention of most of the investigations conducted so far on this
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broad agenda focuses on the effectiveness and efficiency of an already established system of the
municipal solid waste management system. The researchers strongly believe that municipal solid
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waste management as a sector is a highly neglected sector in Robe town.Numbers of urban
dwellers in Robe town are rapidly increasing from time to time. Urbanization and population
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concentration in Robe town is increasing at the rate of 6%, which is more than the regional
average of 4.2%. This rapid increase of urban population fastens solid waste generated in the
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town. Therefore, the primary objective of the study was to examine municipal solid waste
generation and disposal systems, as well as factors that determine the solid waste generation and
disposal inRobe town.
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Materials and Methods
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Philosophical Foundation of the study
In any study, there is a need to clearly set up the philosophical foundation of the research,
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ontology, epistemology and theoretical perspective prior to selecting a methodology. Ontology is
the beginning point of any research after which the epistemology and methodological position
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logically flow. Ontology is the study the nature of existence of reality and its
characteristics(Creswell, 2007). From two contrasting (ontology of being an ontology of
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becoming) ontological traditions this study employed the being ontology. Because as being an
ontology, the reality is seen as being composed of clearly formed entities with identifiable
properties and represented by symbols, words, and concepts(Gray, 2004). Epistemology is one of
the core branches of philosophy which concerned with the theory of knowledge. Epistemology
affords a philosophical background for deciding what kinds of knowledge are legitimate and
adequate(Gray, 2004).Amongst the three epistemological positions (objectivism, constructivism,
and subjectivism), this study employed objectivism and constructivism from the ontology of
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being. The position of objectivists reality is that reality exists in the external world independently
of human consciousness and this reality is single(Gray, 2004, 2009; Knox, 2004). The theoretical
perspective closely linked to objectivism which is adapted for this study is positivism. This is
because positivism is congruent with objectivism. The process of research in positivism is
deductive which focuses on testing theory (Creswell, 2009; Creswell & Piano Clark, 2011; Gray,
2004, 2009).This process of research is, therefore, strongly associated with quantitative research
approach, in which linear regression model was applied to measure the determinants and factors
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affecting the amount of solid waste generated and disposal in Robe town.
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The position of constructivists about truth and reality in the social world is that realities do not
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exist in the external world rather they are created by the subject’s interactions with the world we
live and work and realities are multiple (Creswell, 2009; Gray, 2004, 2009). Consequently
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meaning is constructed not discovered (Creswell, 2009; Gray, 2009). Therefore, the goal of the
the researcher is investigating the socially and culturally influenced multiple views of research
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participants and the process of interaction among individuals (Creswell, 2009; Creswell & Piano
Clark, 2011; Gray, 2009). Theoretical perspective closely linked with constructivism is
phenomenology. Phenomenology holds that any attempt to understand social reality has to be
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grounded in people’s experiences of that social reality(Gray, 2004, 2009). The inductive process
of research is a bottom-up process which focuses on generating theory through interconnecting
broader themes developed from multiple views of participants (Chen et al., 2011; Creswell &
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Piano Clark, 2011; Gray, 2009). This process of research is associated with qualitative research
approach. Therefore the perception, values, and attitude of households with respect to municipal
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solid waste was studied using this method.
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Description of study area
The study was conducted in Robe town located in South Eastern Ethiopia. Robe town is located
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at about 430km to South Eastern of the national capital, Addis Ababa. The total area of the town
is Area 8024 km2. Astronomically, Robe town is located at 07° 08' 00"N and 40° 00' 00" E.
Population size of the town, according to CSA (2007) was about 54,337. After a period of 8
years from the CSA report, the population size of the town has shown a drastic change that now
it is estimated to be 73,859. According to the national survey made by CSA in 2007, the total
number of households in Robe town is about 13,471. The town is divided into three
administrative kebeles namely, Oda Robe, Beha Biftu, and Chefe Donsa, each consisting of
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about 5351, 2172, and 5948 households respectively. Generally, the town is growing at an
alarming rate of 6% per year, far more than the national average growth rate of 4.2% per annum
(Oromia Planning Bureau, 2016).Robe town is the administrative center of Bale Zone, is one of
the geographically largest; economically significant; and climatically conducive zones in
Ethiopia. Currently, the town is serving as a center for numerous governmental and non-
governmental institutions. The combined effect of the economic and ecological importance of
the town is attracting more and more people from different areas of the country.
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Research Design, Sampling and Data Collection:
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The mixed research approach was used for this study since effective research municipal solid
waste generation and disposal to make use of both quantitative and qualitative research
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approaches on the bases of quantitative and qualitative philosophical foundations of research
respectively. Two stages of sampling techniques were used to select sample households. in the
first stage, Oda Robe Kebele from Robe town was purposively selected. In the second stage, 372
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households were selected from 13,471households of the town using systematic sampling
technique. To determine the representative sample sizes for the total target population of this
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study, researchers were used the formula designed by Yamane (1967). According to Yemane,
having a confidence level of 95% with a sampling error of 5%, the sample size “n” is determined
as follows:
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= (1)
( )
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( . )
= 372Whereas N is total households
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Formal sample survey used to be used to collect primary data for the study. Therefore, a
structured and unstructured questionnaire was used to collect primary data from urban
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households. Observation and interview were also used to collect a complementary data.
Data Analyzing Technique
Both quantitative and qualitative techniques were employed to analyze municipal solid waste
generation and disposal conditions.Qualitative data were analyzed in a descriptive way. While
quantitative data were analyzed using linear regressions. Linear regression was used to analyze
determinants of solid waste generation and factors responsible for proper disposal of solid waste
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in robe town. Linear regression was also used to show the relationship between dependent
variable and independent variables. Furthermore, tables and percentage were used in the analysis
technique.
Result and Discussion
General Background of Respondents
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Table 1 above illustrates the general characteristics of the respondents. Of the total respondents,
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35% (130) were male and the remaining 65% (242) were female. Most of the respondents were
female as solid waste management encourages the participation of females.
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Table1: insert here (shows the General background of sample households)
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As far as the education level of respondents concerned, most of the respondents (34%) of
respondents had no formal education and 66% of respondents acquire some level of formal
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school education and 19.1% attended primary school, 17.2% attended secondary school, 11.3%
had a diploma, and 18.3%had degree and above. The average age of households was 43.15 with
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10.481 standard deviations. with respect to family size, the average family size of households
was5.14 and the standard deviation was 3.33. Regarding job categories, 29% of the respondents
were government employees were as 71% were self-employed.
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Factors affecting Solid Waste Generation in Robe Town
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Solid waste generation varies in different countries, cities, and municipalities, in developing
countries. One important requirement in waste management is the provision of a record of waste
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generation in terms of quantity and composition (Solomon, 2010). It enables the management to
deal better with the amount and the various categories of waste provided.However, it is difficult
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to get waste generation statistics in quantities as well as composition for all the countries
including Ethiopia.
The study indicated that about 97.092kg of solid waste is generated daily from the town. The
result of the study further indicates that the generation rate of the town was estimated to be0.261
kg/person/day.Furthermore, the study shows that out of the total SW generated in the town only
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57.5% is properly disposed to the landfill site whereas the remaining 42.5% is illegally dumped
at the roadsides and open fields, stormwater drainage canals.
Some scholars have recognized factors influencing the principles of the waste management
systems. According to (Sujauddin et al. 2008) cited in Lilliana and et al, (2013), the generation of
waste is influenced by family size, education level, and monthly income. (Shekdar, 2009)
suggests that the quantity of solid waste generated is lower in countries with lower GDP. The
following table analysis factors affecting solid waste generation, using a linear regression model.
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Table 2: insert here (shows Coefficient of Determination of Solid Wastes)
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As illustrated in above table, R2 is 0.78 which indicates that 78% of the variation independent
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variable (solid waste generation) explains the variation in the independent variables.But the left
22% of total variation in solid waste generation remains unexplained. This means that 78% of
total variation in the dependent variable explained by the variables in equation (sex, levels of
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income, house ownership condition, family size, and reuse and recycling and knowledge of
compost preparation). The result reveals that the explanatory variables are strongly correlated
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with the dependent variable. Thus, as indicated in table p-value of six independent variables are
less than 0.05 (p<0.05) and we can conclude that the overall model is statistically significant and
the independent variables have a combined effect on the dependent variable.
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Table 3: insert here (Coefficients of Variables that Determine the Generation of Municipal
Solid Waste in Robe Town)
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Therefore, based, on the regression coefficients of dependent and independent variables the equation
can be written as follows
Y=A+B X +B X +B X +B X +B X +B X (2)
= 52.8 − 12.96 + 0.14 − 17.4 + 4.4 − 12.46 − 3.275 (3)
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Female respondents change the amount of solid waste generated by -12.963 times than males. This
indicates that female households changes waste 12.963 than that of the male (if other factors remain
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constant, it can be expressed as = 52.8 − 12.96 ).Asone-unit change in average income level,
solid waste generated is increased by 0.014 units (one-unit change in x2causes 0.14-unit change in y).
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If one household lives in private house, waste generated decreased by -17.423 units.
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Similarly, as family size increased by one unit, the amount of solid waste generated is increased by
4.43units, a one-unit change in an X4 changes dependent variable(Y) by 4.43 units. If respondents
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reuse and recycle SW increases by one unit, the amount of solid waste is reduced by -12.461 units.
And finally, when respondents know about compost preparation, the total solid generated from
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individual households is decreased by -3.275 units.
Determining Factor of Proper Disposal of Solid Wastes in Robe Town
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Tadesse et al. 2008 analyzed the factors that influence household waste disposal decision making.
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Results showed that the supply of waste facilities significantly affects waste disposal choice.
Inadequate supply of waste containers and longer distance to these containers increase the probability
of waste dumping in open areas and roadsides relative to the use of communal containers. Insufficient
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financial resources limiting the safe disposal of waste in well-equipped and engineered landfills and
absence of legislation are mentioned by (Pokhrel and Viraraghavan, 2005).
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Table 4: insert here (Coefficient of Determination of Linear Regression Analysis of Solid Waste
Disposal)
From above table, R-square is 0.717 indicates that 71.2% of total variation in the dependent variable
is explained by independent variable in the equation. The left 28.8% of total variation solid waste
disposal remained unexplained. This means that 71.2% of the variation independent variable (solid
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waste disposal) explained by independent variables such as access to training, municipality
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supervising, average income, accessibility to the small-scale enterprise, participation in clean-up
campaign, the level of education and awareness of respondents.
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Table 5: insert here (Linear Regression Result of Factors Determine Municipal Solid Disposed
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There are seven explanatory variables (Table 5) which are considered in this study.
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= + + +⋯+ (4)
Whereas is the disposal of solid wastes, , .…. are explanatory variables indicated in
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table4. , , , … Are estimated regression coefficients associated with explanatory varthe
iable. isconstant (error estimates). Thus, the linear regression model depicts the disposal of solid
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wastes in the study are was estimated as the function of
= 16.940 + 3.019 + 0.015 − 1.677 −2.384 +
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6.573 − 20.199 + 7.6 (5)
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The implication of each independent variable on the dependent variable (solid waste disposal)
discussed by using unstandardized beta coefficient. Thus, unstandardized beta coefficients illustrated
that any change in an independent variable can bring change in the dependent variable by their
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individual coefficients.Accordingly, a one-unit change in education levels of respondents changes total
solid average waste properly dumped by 3.019 units ( = 16.94 + 3.019 7.6 1 ). The more
educated households, the higher waste disposal will be. This result indicates a unit change in
educational level will bring 3.019 unit changes independent variable. Similarly, one-ua nit change in
average income levels changes the dependent variable 0.015units ( = 16.94 +
0.015 7.6 2 ).Lack of awareness and training decreases the amount of SW properly disposed of by
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-1.667( = 16.94 − 1.66 7.6 3) and -2.384 ( = 16.94 − 2.384 7.6 4 ) units respectively.
Another factor that affects the proper disposal of SW is the participation of households in cleaning up
thecampaign. Participating in cleaning up campaign is increasing properly disposal of SW by
7.6( = 16.94 + 7.6 7.6 7 )units than non-participant groups.
The result of the study revealed that about 42.5% of respondents illegally dispose solid wastes into the
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different environment. The major reasons behind this illegal disposal of solid waste of residents are a
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lack of commitment and clear and adequate awareness as well as training about proper solid waste
management system. Furthermore, there is a lack of door to door solid waste collection service, and
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absence of public solid waste containers. According to information obtained from respondents, 55.1%
of the town residents did not have awareness of rules and regulations of solid waste management and
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its consequences on environment and health. For instance, illegal solid waste disposal of residents also
closed and damaged drainage systems and force liquid waste immobile on street sides. It also pollutes
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the air, water, and soil and the combined of these may affect the beauty of the town and bring health
problems. The study conducted by Alie in 2015 revealed that in Dassie town 76% of solid waste
generated in the town is not properly dumped. Similarly, research conducted by Bizatu in 2008
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revealed that about 66% of solid waste in Kersa town is dumped in open space. A study conducted by
Mengistu and Assegid, 2014 also shows that in Adama town about 65% of households had no training
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on the method of handling solid wastes.
Table 6: insert here (current condition of Robe town MSW practices)
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The result of this study indicates that in Robe town about 40.3% of households were unsatisfied and
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30.4% of households were very unsatisfied with the current condition of MSWM practice in Robe
town.
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Table 7: insert here (shows effort made by the municipality to provide SWM services in Robe
town)
Generally, about 70.7% of households were not satisfied with current MSWM practice. Similarly,
58.6% of households regarded efforts made by the municipality to provide efficient SWM service as
very weak.This weak waste management service in the study areas resulted from weak municipal
waste management efforts and absence of supervision from municipal offices, shortage of budget, the
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absence of responsibility at each level in communities and institution, and limited access to
training and community participation in solid waste management service and low
coordination of stakeholders.
Conclusion and Recommendation
The result of the study illustrated that the amount of solid waste generated from that town is high
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which is estimated to be about 97.092kg/day and the generation rate of the town is
0.0261kg/person/day. As to the result of this study, solid waste generation of the town is affected by
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sex, average income, family size, house ownership, and reuse. Recycling and composting. Whilst
disposal of solid waste also affected by education level, average income, the level of awareness of
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households, accessibility to training, municipal supervision and participation of households in the
cleanup campaign. The result of this study shows that households have low levels of awareness toward
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solid waste management and associated problems. Solid waste disposal system of Robe Town is open
dump which is very poor and below the standard and Therefore, solid waste management is very
insignificant due to the combined factor arose from municipality and communities of the town. Thus
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to overcome the problems of solid waste generation and disposal of Robe town, the municipality must
strongly work on waste reduction measures like reducing, recycling, reusing and composting. The
municipality has to deliver to fill the gap trainings on how to separate wastes in their composition.
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Thus, the municipality must deliver training to raise the awareness of households. There is no
appropriate landfill site for solid waste management. Accordingly, the municipality must think over it
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and build well-standardized landfill which enables to control leachate material and gasses outgoing
from the site.
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Acknowledgment
The authors are appreciative of the Robe town administrative bodies and town municipal authorizes
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town beautification office and Robe Town administrative for their collaboration and providing
acquiescence carry out this study.
Funding
Research and technology transfer directorate office of Madda Walabu University provided financial
assistance to the authors of this study.
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Competing Interest
We do not have any competing interest with respect to the article.
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Implication Statement
Nowadays, in developing countries there is high concentration of people in urban areas and cause for the
generation of enormous concentration of municipal waste in urban areas. Therefore this finding will be
important for various policy makers and town planners. It may also serve as a benchmark for the municipal
authorities of the town for whom the problem is still invisible and negligible and can push environmental
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protection authorities to reexamine the implementation of their policies and strategies with regard to the
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broader issues of human and environmental health condition of town dwellers.
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Table1: General background of sample households (N=372)
Characteristics Value
Gender %
Male 35
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Female 65
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Age (years)
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Mean 43.15
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SD 10.481
Education (%)
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No formal education 34.1
Primary 19.1
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Secondary 17.2
diploma 11.3
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Degree and above 18.3
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Family size(number)
Mean 5.14
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SD 3.33
Job categories(type)
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Employee 29
Private 71
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Table 2: Coefficient of Determination of Solid Wastes
R R Square Adjusted R Change Statistics
2
Square R Change F Change Sig. F Change
.885 0.783 0.780 0.783 216.793 0.000
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Table 2: Coefficients of Variables that Determine the Generation of Municipal Solid Waste in Robe
Town
Model Unstandardized Standardized t Sig. 95.0% Confidence Interval
Coefficients Coefficients for B
B Std. Error Beta Lower Bound Upper Bound
(Constant) 52.814 2.503 21.097 .000 47.891 57.737
t
Sex(x1) -12.963 1.608 -.272 -8.063 .000 -16.125 -9.801
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Average Income(x2) .014 .001 .575 16.814 .000 .012 .016
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House Ownership(x3) -17.423 1.284 -.408 -13.567 .000 -19.949 -14.898
Family Size(x4) 4.430 .814 .144 5.442 .000 2.829 6.031
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Reuse/ Recycle (x5) -12.461 1.301 -.261 -9.580 .000 -15.019 -9.903
Composting(x6) -3.275 1.198 an -.072 -2.733 .007 -5.632 -.918
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Table 4: Coefficient of Determination of Linear Regression Analysis of Solid Waste Disposal
R R Adjusted Change Statistics
Square R Square R2 Change F Change Sig. F Change
0.847 0.717 0.712 0.717 130.141 0.000
t
ip
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Table 5: Linear Regression Result of Factors Determine Municipal Solid Disposed in Robe Town)
Model Unstandardized Standardized 95.0% Confidence Collinearity
Coefficients Coefficients t Sig. Interval for B Statistics
B Std. Error Beta Lower Upper Tolerance VIF
Bound Bound
(constant) 16.940 2.387 7.095 .000 12.245 21.635
t
Level of education (x1) 3.019 .511 .226 5.903 .000 2.013 4.025 .538 1.859
ip
Average income (x2) .015 .001 .676 20.552 .000 .013 .016 .728 1.374
Awareness (x3) -1.677 .529 -.100 -3.173 .002 -2.716 -.638 .792 1.262
cr
Accessibility of training(x4) -2.384 1.419 -.053 -1.680 .004 -5.174 .406 .801 1.248
Muni. Supervision (x5) 6.573 1.349 .149 4.872 .000 3.920 9.226 .844 1.184
us
Accessibility to MSE (x6) -20.199 1.436 -.489 14.068 .000 -23.023 -17.376 .653 1.532
Participation on cleanup
7.600 1.348 .189 5.638 .000 4.949 10.251 .702 1.425
campaign (x7)
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Table 6: current condition of Robe town Municipal Solid Waste practices
Current condition of Frequency Percent
MSW practice
Satisfactory 10 2.7
Fair 99 26.6
Unsatisfactory 263 70.7
very unsatisfactory 113
t
30.4
ip
Total 372 100.0
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Table 7: effort made by municipality to provide Municipal Solid Waste services in Robe town
efforts made by municipality to Frequency Percent
provide efficient SWM service
Very weak 218 58.6
Weak 77 20.7
Fair 65 17.5
t
Strong 12 3.2
ip
Total 372 100.0
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21
