Applied Heat and Mass Transfer

• Outline
– Introduction
– Conduction
– Convection
– Radiation
– Internal/External Flow
– Diffusion Mass Transfer

ENG481 Applied Heat and Mass Transfer Dr Haiyan Miao

• Laboratory 1: heat conduction (week 5)
• Laboratory 2: heat exchanger (week 8)

• Mid-Semester test (week 7) 20%

• Final Exam 50%

Dr Haiyan Miao
Purple 12 2.11
89467313 (O)
[email protected]
• What does the subject of heat transfer deal with?
• What does the subject of mass transfer deal with?

http://endecor.us/where-is-the-radiator-located-in-a-car/
Week 1

Introduction to heat transfer

Further reading Chapters 1 and 2 in

Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer
by Incropera, DeWitt, Bergman, and Lavine

ENG481 Applied Heat and Mass Transfer Dr Haiyan Miao

What is Heat Transfer?
Heat is thermal energy that can move around
due to spatial temperature difference.

Thermal energy is associated with the translation, rotation,

vibration and electronic states of the atoms and molecules
that comprise matter. It represents the cumulative effect of
microscopic activities and is directly linked to the temperature
of matter.

Heat transfer is thermal energy in transit

due to a temperature difference.
Modes of Heat Transfer
Conduction – occurs when a temperature
gradient exists within a stationary medium
of solid or fluid.

Solid Liquid or Gas

Heat loss through
thermal insulation of an
ice cream cooler bag
 Lattice  Due to collision
vibrations of molecules
 Motion of free
electron
Modes of Heat Transfer
Convection – occurs between a surface and
moving fluid when they are at different temps.
Tair=30C Tsurface=50C

Forced Convection
– Fluid motion caused by an external agency
Natural Convection
– Fluid motion occurs due to density variations
caused by temperature difference
Modes of Heat Transfer
Radiation – occurs between a body and ambience
when the body is at higher temperature.

1. It does not require any medium for transfer.

2. Rate of emission increases with temperature
Heat Transfer Modes

Figure 1.1 p. 2

Conduction: Heat transfer in a solid or a stationary fluid (gas

or liquid) due to the random motion of its constituent atoms,
molecules and /or electrons.
Convection: Heat transfer due to the combined influence of
bulk and random motion for fluid flow over a surface.
Radiation: Energy that is emitted by matter due to changes in the
electron configurations of its atoms or molecules and is transported as
electromagnetic waves (or photons).
http://www.motor-car.co.uk/engine-components/item/14830-radiator-works
A thermograph of part of a building shows
temperature variations, indicating where heat transfer
to the outside is most severe. Windows are a major
region of heat transfer to the outside of homes.

https://cnx.org/contents/lJrnhqMI@5/Radiation
The Laws of Heat Transfer

Fundamental Laws
 The law of Conservation of Mass
 Newton’s Laws of Motion
 The laws of thermodynamics

Laws that determines heat transfer rate

 Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction
 Newton’s Law of Cooling
 The laws of Thermal Radiation
Relationship to Thermodynamics
• An important tool in heat transfer
analysis, often providing the basis for
determining the temperature of a system.
• Alternative Formulations:
Time Basis: Type of Systems:
At an instant or Control volume
over a time interval Control surface
1st Law of Thermodynamics

Q  dE  W
Q – Heat added to the system
E – Total energy of the system (stored)
W – work done by the system or on the system

Etot  Emech  Einternal

Kinetic Potential Thermal Molecular (Chemical)

Sensible Latent Atomic bonds Nuclear

Relationship to Thermodynamics
1. At an Instant of Time:
Conservation of Energy
dEst (1.12c)

E in  E out  E g 
dt
E
st

E in E out :
, rate of thermal and/or mechanical energy transfer across the control
surface due to heat transfer, fluid flow and/or work interactions.

Eg : rate of thermal energy generation due to conversion from another energy form
(e.g., electrical, nuclear, or chemical); energy conversion process occurs within the system.

E st : rate of change of energy storage in the system.

Relationship to Thermodynamics
2. Over a Time Interval:

Ein  Eout  Eg  Est (1.12b)

2nd Law of Thermodynamics
An important tool to determine how heat transfer affects the
efficiency of energy conversion.
For a reversible heat engine neglecting heat transfer effects
between the heat engine and large reservoirs, the Carnot
Efficiency is:
W Q T
C   1  out  1  c (1.15, 1.16)
Qin Qin Th

where Tc and Th are the absolute temperatures of large cold

and hot reservoirs, respectively.
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
For an internally reversible heat engine with heat transfer to
and from the large reservoirs properly accounted for, the
modified Carnot Efficiency is:
W Qout qout Tc,i
m   1  1  1 (1.17)
Qin Qin qin Th,i

where Tc,i  Tc and Th,i  Th are the

absolute temperatures seen by the
internally reversible heat engine.
Note that qout and qin are heat
transfer rates (J/s or W).

Figure 1.10 p. 32
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Heat transfer resistances associated with, for example, walls
separating the internally reversible heat engine from the hot and
cold reservoirs relate the heat transfer rates to temperature
differences:
Th  Th,i   qin Rt,h Tc,i  Tc   qout Rt,c (1.18 a and b)

In reality, heat transfer resistances must be non-zero since

according to the rate equations, for any temperature difference
only a finite amount of heat may be transferred.

The modified Carnot efficiency may ultimately be

expressed as:
Tc
m  1  where Rtot  Rt , h  Rt ,c
Th  qin Rtot (1.21)
The Laws of Heat Transfer
Fundamental Laws
 The law of Conservation of Mass
 Newton’s Laws of Motion
 The laws of thermodynamics

Laws that determines heat transfer rate

 Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction
 Newton’s Law of Cooling
 The laws of Thermal Radiation
Terminology
Quantity Meaning Symbol Units
Thermal Energy Energy associated with microscopic
behavior of matter
U or u J or J/kg

Temperature A means of indirectly assessing the

amount of thermal energy stored in matter
T K or °C

Heat Transfer Thermal energy transported due to

temperature gradients

Heat Amount of thermal energy transferred Q J

over a time interval  t  0

Heat Transfer Rate Thermal energy transfer per unit time q W

Heat Flux Thermal energy transfer per unit time q W/m2
and surface area
Heat Transfer Rates - Conduction
Conduction:
General (vector) form of Fourier’s Law:
q  kT
Heat flux Thermal conductivity Temperature gradient

W/m2 W/m  K °C/m or K/m

Figure 1.3 p. 4
Heat Transfer Rates - Conduction
Conduction:
General (vector) form of Fourier’s Law:
q  kT
Heat flux Thermal conductivity Temperature gradient

W/m2 W/m  K °C/m or K/m

Application to one-dimensional, steady conduction across a
plane wall of constant thermal conductivity:

dT T2  T1
qx  k  k
dx L
T1  T2
qx  k Heat rate (W):
Figure 1.3 p. 4 L qx  qx  A
Heat Transfer Rates - Convection
Convection
Relation of convection to flow over a surface and development
of velocity and thermal boundary layers:

Newton’s law of cooling:

q  h Ts  T 

Figure 1.4 p. 6
Heat Transfer Rates - Convection
Convection
Relation of convection to flow over a surface and development
of velocity and thermal boundary layers:

Newton’s law of cooling: External Flow Internal Flow

q  h Ts  T 
Heat flux by Heat K or oC
convection transfer
coefficient
W/m2 𝑊
𝑚2 𝐾

Figure 1.4 p. 6
Heat Transfer Rates - Conduction
Conduction:
General (vector) form of Fourier’s Law:
q  kT
Heat flux Thermal conductivity Temperature gradient

W/m2 W/m  K °C/m or K/m

Application to one-dimensional, steady conduction across a
plane wall of constant thermal conductivity:

dT T2  T1
qx  k  k
dx L
T1  T2
qx  k Heat rate (W):
Figure 1.3 p. 4 L qx  qx  A
Heat Transfer Rates - Convection
Convection
Relation of convection to flow over a surface and development
of velocity and thermal boundary layers:

Newton’s law of cooling: External Flow Internal Flow

q  h Ts  T 
Heat flux by Heat K or oC
convection transfer
coefficient
W/m2 𝑊
𝑚2 𝐾

Figure 1.4 p. 6
Typical values of the convection
heat transfer coefficient
• Process h
(W/m2K)
Gas
– free convection 2-25
– Forced convection 25-250
Liquid
– free convection 50-1000
– Forced convection 100-20,000
Boiling or Condensation 2500-100,000
Heat Transfer Rates - Radiation
Radiation Heat transfer at a gas/surface interface involves
radiation emission from the surface  if T  T  .
s 
and may also involve the absorption of
radiation incident from the surroundings
(irradiation, G), as well as convection

Stefan-Boltzmann Law
𝒒
= 𝝈𝑻𝟒
𝑨 T
Thermal Absolute
K4
radiation temperature
Heat flux
W/m2  : Stefan-Boltzmann constant 5.67×10-8 W/m2  K4 
Heat Transfer Rates - Radiation
Energy outflow due to emission:
E   Eb   Ts4
E : Emissive power  W/m2 
 : Surface emissivity  0    1
Eb : Emissive power of a blackbody (the perfect emitter)
 : Stefan-Boltzmann constant 5.67×10-8 W/m2  K4 

Figure 1.6 p. 9
Energy absorption due to irradiation:
Gabs   G

Gabs :Absorbed incident radiation(W/m2 )

 : Surface absorptivity  0    1
G : Irradiation  W/m2 
Heat Transfer Rates – Solar Irradiation
Irradiation: Special case of surface exposed to large
surroundings of uniform temperature, Tsur

G  Gsur   Tsur4
Figure 1.6 p. 9

If    , the net radiation heat flux from the

surface due to exchange with the surroundings is:
   Eb Ts    G   Ts4  Tsur4 
qrad
Heat Transfer Rates – Solar Irradiation
Alternatively,

  hr Ts  Tsur 
qrad (1.8)

hr : Radiation heat transfer coefficient  W/m 2  K 

hr   Ts  Tsur  Ts2  Tsur2  (1.9)

For combined convection and radiation,

q  qconv   h Ts  T   hr Ts  Tsur 
  qrad (1.10)
Example 1
A square silicon chip (k = 150 W/m K) is of width w = 5 mm on
a side and of thickness t = 1 mm. The back surface is insulated,
and the front surface is exposed to a coolant. If 4 W are being
dissipated in circuits mounted to the back surface of the chip,
what is the steady-state temperature difference between back and
front surfaces?
Example 1
A square silicon chip (k = 150 W/m K) is of width w = 5 mm on
a side and of thickness t = 1 mm. The back surface is insulated,
and the front surface is exposed to a coolant. If 4 W are being
dissipated in circuits mounted to the back surface of the chip,
what is the steady-state temperature difference between back and
front surfaces?
Example 1
Example 2
Air at 40oC flows over a long 25mm-diameter cylinder with an
embedded electrical heater. In a series of tests, measurements
were made of the power per unit length, P’, required to maintain
the cylinder surface temperature at 300oC for different free
stream velocities V of the air.

Air velocity, V (m/s) 1 2 4 8 12

Power, P’ (W/m) 450 658 983 1507 1963

a) Determine the convection coefficient for each velocity

b) If the velocity and convection coefficient are related as
h=CVn, find parameters C and n.
Example 2
Air at 40oC flows over a long 25mm-diameter cylinder with an
embedded electrical heater. In a series of tests, measurements
were made of the power per unit length, P’, required to maintain
the cylinder surface temperature at 300oC for different free
stream velocities V of the air.

Air velocity, V (m/s) 1 2 4 8 12

Power, P’ (W/m) 450 658 983 1507 1963

a) Determine the convection coefficient for each velocity

b) If the velocity and convection coefficient are related as
h=CVn, find parameters C and n.
Example 2
Example 2
Example 2
Example 3
Chips of width L = 15 mm on a side are mounted to a substrate
that is installed in an enclosure whose walls and air are
maintained at a temperature Tsur = 25 °C. The chips have an
emissivity of ε = 0.60 and a maximum allowable temperature Ts
= 85 °C.

What is the maximum operating power of each chip if the heat

rejected from the chips occurs by radiation and natural
convection? The convection coefficient can be approximated by:
h = C(Ts – T∞)1/4 where C = 4.2 W/m2. °K5/4.

If a fan is used to maintain airflow through the enclosure and

heat transfer is by forced convection, what is the maximum
operating power with h = 250 W/m2. °K?
Example 3
Example 3
Example 3