Subtopic : MODE F2F NF2F

SLT SLT

2.1 Linear motion Lecture 1.5 1.5

2.2 Uniformly accelerated motion Tutorial 8 8

(included pre and post lab)
2.3 Projectile motion Exam UPS 5
PSPM 10
At the end of this topic, students should be able to:

2.1 Linear motion 2.2 Uniformly accelerated motion

a) Define a) Derive and apply equations of motion
i. instantaneous velocity, average velocity with uniform acceleration.
and uniform velocity. 𝟏
ii. instantaneous acceleration, average 𝒗 = 𝒖 + 𝒂𝒕, 𝒗𝟐 = 𝒖𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝒔, 𝒔 = 𝒖𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕𝟐 ,
𝟐
acceleration and uniform acceleration. 𝟏
𝒔= 𝒖+𝒗 𝒕
b) Interpret the physical meaning of 𝟐
displacement-time, velocity-time and (Tutorial : C4, PLO4, CTPS3, MQF LOD6)
acceleration-time graphs.
(Lecture : C2,PLO1, MQF LOD1)
2.3 Projectile Motion

c) Determine the distance travelled, a) Describe projectile motions launched

displacement, velocity and acceleration at an angle , θ as well as special case
from appropriate graphs. when θ = 0º (Lecture : C2,PLO1, MQF LOD1)
(Tutorial : C4, PLO4, CTPS3, MQF LOD6) b) Solve problems related to projectile
motion.
(Tutorial : C4, PLO4, CTPS3, MQF LOD6)
Kinematics
Description of the motion of objects without consideration of what
causes the motion (mass or force).

1 dimension (1D) 2 dimension (2D) Projectile

(linear/straight line) motion

Horizontal Vertical uniform Launched Launched at

uniform accelerated horizontally angle 𝜽
accelerated motion 𝜽=𝟎
motion e.g Free Fall
2.1 Linear motion

Distance, Displacement,
o Is defined as o Is defined as
total path shortest
length distance
traversed in (straight line)
moving from between initial
one location to and final point.
another. o Vector quantity.
o scalar o can be positive, start
end start
quantity. negative @ 𝑠
o always zero
end
positive.
SI unit : meter (m) ; basic quantity
Speed, velocity,

o Is defined as o Speed in a
distance particular Magnitude only
traveled per direction
unit time o Is defined as
interval. time rate of
change of
displacement Magnitude ; Direction

o scalar
quantity. o vector quantity.

SI unit : m s‒1 ; derived quantity

Average velocity Instantaneous velocity Uniform velocity
the rate of change of velocity at a specified Velocity always constant
displacement over a finite position or instant of (for object moves with uniform
interval of time. time along the path of velocity, its instantaneous
∆⃗ ⃗ ⃗ motion. velocity equals to the average
= ∆⃗ ⃗ velocity at any time)
∆
1 : initial point ; 2 : final point ∆ → ∆

If the body speeds

9.4 m up or slows down
11.7 m during the
displacement, then
the average velocity
4.3 s
is not the same as
the velocity at a
given instant of time
3.6 s
during the motion
Average velocity Instantaneous velocity
defined by the change between two points Velocity at a point - the slope (gradient) of the tangent line

∆𝒔 𝟗. 𝟒 𝐦 𝟏
𝒅𝒔 𝟏𝟏. 𝟕 𝐦 𝟏
𝒗𝒂𝒗 = = = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟒 𝐦 𝐬 𝒗= = = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟓𝐦 𝐬
∆𝒕 𝟒. 𝟑 𝐬 𝒅𝒕 𝟑. 𝟔 𝐬
Acceleration,
Acceleration
(increasing speed) and Average acceleration,
deceleration
(decreasing speed)
o Is defined as the rate of should not be o Is defined as change in velocity
confused with the
divided by the time taken to make
change of velocity directions of velocity
and acceleration
the change.
o vector quantity
o S.I. unit is m s−2.
o Velocity is vector quantity, ∆
∆
 a change in velocity
may thus involve either o Direction of :
or both magnitude &  Same direction as direction of
direction.
motion if an object accelerates
o An acceleration may due to
(increase in velocity) Fig. a & d
change in:
1) speed (magnitude),  Opposite direction to direction of
2) direction or motion if the object decelerates
3) both speed and direction. (decrease in velocity) Fig. b & c
Acceleration Accelerate in forward direction
(increasing speed / start (increase velocity i.e from 0,5,10,15,20..ms-1)
speeding up) and
deceleration
(decreasing speed/
slowing down)
should not be Decelerate in forward direction
confused with the start (decrease velocity i.e from 20,15,10,5,0 ms-1)

directions of
velocity and
acceleration

Decelerate in opposite direction

start (decrease velocity i.e from -20,-15,-10,-5,0 ms-1)

Accelerate in opposite direction

(increase velocity i.e from 0,-5,-10,-15,-20..ms-1)
start
Instantaneous acceleration, Uniform acceleration
o Is defined as the acceleration at a o An object moves in a uniform acceleration
particular instant of time or position. when
∆
∆ → ∆

The gradient of magnitude of velocity changes at a

v the tangent line at constant rate and along fixed direction.
point Q = the
instantaneous o For object moves with uniform
acceleration at
time, t = t1
acceleration its instantaneous acceleration
equals to the average acceleration at any
Q time.
v1

0 t1 t
Graphical representation of motion
Displacement−time Uniform Stationary or stop
𝒗 (fast) Uniform 𝒗

Displacement, 𝑠
(𝑣 = 0)
Gradient = velocity, returning to
(Slope) starting point

o Horizontal line − zero

velocity /at rest Uniform 𝒗 (slow) moving
away from starting point
/stationary/stop
time, 𝑡
o Straight line slope − Decreasing 𝑣
uniform (constant) increasing 𝑣

Displacement, 𝑠
Displacement, 𝑠

returning to start
velocity
o Curve line − changing
may be increasing or
velocity 𝒗decreasing
Increasing
 Steeper slope  fast 𝑣
time, 𝑡
 Genter slope  slow
time, 𝑡 decreasing 𝑣 returning to start
Graphical representation of motion
Velocity, 𝑣 (m s−1) Forward direction (+𝑣𝑒) opposite direction (−𝑣𝑒)
velocity−time ( )
Uniform 𝒗 (𝒂 = 𝟎)
Gradient = acceleration,
(Slope)

Area under graph = Slow down - rapid deceleration

Accelerates quickly
distance, OR
displacement, Turn back
(change
Accelerates slowly
direction)
stopped
Time, 𝑡 (s)

Speed up
(accelerate)
Speeding up, in opposite Slow down
accelerating direction (decelerate)
Positive slope implies +𝑎 in opposite
Distance travelled, 𝑑 = 50 + 8 = 58 m Negative slope implies −𝑎 Uniform 𝑣 in direction
Displacement, 𝑠 = 50 − 8 = 42 m Horizontal line (zero slope) implies 𝑎 = 0 opposite direction
Steeper slope  greater 𝑎
Graphical representation of motion
acceleration−time (
Area under graph = change of velocity,

Positive Positive
acceleration acceleration
acceleration, a (m s−2)

Zero Zero
acceleration acceleration

Time, 𝑡 (s)

Negative acceleration
Question 1

Average velocity is define as

A. rate of change of displacement.

B. instantaneous rate of change of displacement.
C. rate of change of velocity.
D. rate of change of acceleration.

13
Question 2

Which is correct about uniform acceleration?

A. Object move with a = 0 m s−2

B. Velocity is constant
C. Acceleration changes with time
D. Velocity changes with constant rate

14
Concept : Gradient = acceleration, a
Example (TLO 2.1(c))
Area under graph = Distance or displacement
The velocity-time graph of a car which starts from rest and travels along a
highway is shown in figure below. (i) Determine the displacement of the car
within 10 s. Vector quantity

area under the graph

9 m
Include −

Determine the total distance of the car

within 10 s. scalar quantity

− indicates direction

𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕, 𝒔 = area under the 𝒗 − 𝒕 graph m Ignore −

Example (TLO 2.1(c))
The velocity-time graph of a car which starts from
rest and travels along a highway is shown in figure
below. (iii) Explain qualitatively the motion of the car.
Read from 𝑣 − 𝑡 graph
at time 8 s

0 ‒ 6 s: car moves forwards with increasing

velocity (accelerates).
9
6 ‒ 8 s: velocity decreases with time
(decelerates).
At 8 s: car turns back (change direction).
(ii) Determine the instantaneous velocity and
8 ‒ 9 s: car accelerates in opposite direction.
instantaneous acceleration at time 8 s.
𝒗 = 𝟎 m s‒1 9 ‒ 10 s: car decelerates and finally stop.

𝒂 = gradient of the 𝒗 − 𝒕 graph

𝑣 −𝑣 0−4
= =
𝑡 −𝑡 8−6
𝒂 = −𝟐 m s‒2
TRY TO DO
TUTORIAL
2
Q1 – Q4
2.2 Uniformly accelerated motion
Acceleration is the same throughout a given time.
For uniform (constant) accelerated 4 kinematics equations
motion  velocity changes at a
uniform rate.
Consider the motion for an object
under uniform accelerated motion:
− + 𝟐
① ②
(initial) 𝒂 (final) 𝟐 𝟐
𝒖 𝒗

𝒔, 𝒖, 𝒗, 𝒂 are vector quantities, must taking into

𝑡 =0
𝑠⃗ account direction of these quantities when do
After time, 𝑡 𝑡 =𝑡
substitution into the kinematics equations.
Let Implicit data in problem(s) :
𝑢 = initial velocity
vectors

Initially at rest  𝒖 = 𝟎
𝑣 = final velocity Decelerate or brake  −𝒂 (*𝒂 has negative sign)
𝑎 = acceleration Finally stop  𝒗 = 𝟎
𝑠 = displacement uniform velocity  𝒂 = 𝟎
𝑡 = time taken
Derivation of the 4 kinematics equations
velocity Displacement after time, s = shaded area under the graph
= the area of trapezium
v
1
s u  v t (2)
2
1
u
By substituting eq. (1) into eq. (2): s  u  u  at t
time 2
0 t
1 2
Gradient of 𝑣 − 𝑡 graph = acceleration, 𝑎 s  ut  at (3)
2
v u
a 1 vu
t s  (v  u )( )
Substituting 2 a
v  u  at (1)
into eq. (2)
vu
t v 2  u 2  2as (4)
a
Example (TLO 2.2(a))
A car is moving with velocity of 90 km h‒1 along a straight road. Upon seeing the trafic light turns
red, the driver applies the brakes and slows with an acceleration of 16.5 m s‒2.
(i) How far does the car moves before it stops?

Given : {List out all the data given and convert into SI (ii) How hong does it takes for the car to
unit (if any)} stop?
×
𝑢 = 90 km h‒1 = = 25 m s
×
Find: 𝑡 =? How long refer to time taken
𝑎 = −16.5 m s‒2 Negative because
applies brake and slows
𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡
𝑣=0 Car
stopped 0 = 25 + (−16.5)𝑡
𝒕 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟐 s
Find: 𝑠 =? How far refer to displacement
𝑣 = 𝑢 + 2𝑎𝑠
0 = 25 + 2(−16.5)𝑠
𝒔 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟗𝟒 m
TRY TO DO
TUTORIAL
2
Q5 – Q8
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2.3 Projectile motions

Definition of a projectile
Projectile motion is a form of motion
experienced by an object or particle (a
projectile) that is thrown near the Earth's
surface and moves along a curved
path under the action of gravity
only (in particular, the effects of air
resistance are assumed to be negligible).

The path of the motion is a parabolic arc.

o 3 cases in projectile motions:
General case Special case
Launch vertically or
Launch horizontally Dropped
Launch at angle θ
θ = 0º θ = 90º
(Free fall)

u u
u
 u   90
Note :
u   90 θ is measured
 from horizontal
axis
u
  90
u
u


25
o As the object moves upwards or
downward it also moving horizontally.
o There are two components of the
projectile’s motion:
Horizontal motion Vertical motion
(x direction) (𝒚 direction)
Forces Yes
(present? – Yes or No) (if No Gravity
present, what direction?) (downward)
Acceleration Yes
(present? – Yes or No) (if No (𝒈 is downward
present, what direction?) at 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 m s−2)
Velocity Changing
(constant or changing?) constant (by 9.81 m s−1
each second)

o Horizontal and vertical components of

motion (velocity , displacement ,
acceleration ) MUST be discussed
separately.
u
ax = 0 m s–2
Vertical
uy = u sin θ Displacement,
Resolve 𝒖 into 𝒙 Sy @ Height ay = – g
& 𝒚 components

ux = u cos θ vx At any
position, the

Horizontal Displacement,Sx @ Range θ velocity is

always
vy composed
of 𝒙 and 𝒚
components

Most important concept in projectile motion is that horizontal and vertical V

motions are independent, meaning that they don’t influence one another.
We can analyze them separately, along perpendicular axes. To do this, we separate
projectile motion into the two components of its motion, one along the horizontal
axis (𝑥) and the other along the vertical (𝑦). 27
①Notice that 𝒗𝒙 General case: launch at angle θ
is constant. y
B 𝑎 = −𝑔 ②At every location
The projectile
vy v v = vx during vertical motion,
never the acceleration is
speeds up or
P  ALWAYS, ALWAYS
slows down Q
vx vx −9.81 m s−2 (near Earth)
in the x H  no matter whether the
uy u
direction! sy vy v instantaneous velocity
is positive (upward),
 C (final position)
x negative (downward),
(Initial position) A ux t 
vx or zero (at the highest
sx
point).
R
vy v
T
③Due to gravity which
u = initial velocity , θ = launch angle
acts downwards,. 𝒚
ux = initial component-x (horizontal) velocity
uy = initial component-y (vertical) velocity changes . It slows
Terms used to
describe the
v = velocity at time t down as it rises,
vX = velocity component-x (horizontal) at time t
motion
vy = velocity component-y (vertical) at time t then speeds up as
sx = Horizontal displacement ; sy = vertical displacement it falls.
R = range ; H = maximum height ; T = time of flight 28
o Maximum height, 𝑯 is a characteristic of the vertical part of motion.
o When a projectile reaches maximum height, the vertical component of its velocity is
momentarily zero ( 𝒚 m s−1). However, the horizontal component of its velocity is not zero.

y
vy v v = vx
𝑎 = −𝑔

vx vx
H 
uy u vy v
 x
ux  vx
R v
𝑢
vy

o Range, 𝑹 is the horizontal distance traveled between launching and landing, assuming the
projectile returns to the same vertical level at which it was fired.
o Range depends on the angle 𝜽 at which the projectile is fired above the horizontal.
o The maximum range results when 𝜽 = 𝟒𝟓° 29
Question 1 Question 2

A projectile is launched A ball is thrown upward

at several angles above at an angle, 45° from a
the horizontal. Which of rooftop. If the air
the following angle gives resistance is negligible,
a projectile with which physical quantity
maximum range? will remain constant
during the motion?
A. 0°
A. velocity
B. 15°
B. impulse
C. 45°
C. acceleration
D. 90°
D. kinetic energy
Answer: C 30
Answer: C
o Because projectiles
① 𝒗 = 𝒖 + 𝒂𝒕

②𝒔=
𝟏
𝒖+𝒗 𝒕
Equations of projectile motion
𝟐
move differently in TREAT AND MOTION SEPARATELY
the 𝑥 and 𝑦 𝟏
③ 𝒔 = 𝒖𝒕 + 𝟐 𝒂𝒕𝟐

directions, there are y component

two separate sets of
④ 𝒗𝟐 = 𝒖𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝒔 Quantity x component (Horizontal)
(Vertical)
equations for
modeling projectile Acceleration (a) ax  0 ay  g
motion: one set for
the 𝑥 axis one set Initial velocity (u) u x  u cos θ u y  u sin θ
for the 𝑦 axis
Displacement (s) 1 20 1 2
o x & y don’t talk to sx  uxt  axt  s x  u xt s y  u yt  gt
each other. The subscript “𝑦” or 2 2
o Only variable that go
“𝑥” tells you that the
quantity relates to
0 v y  u y  gt
into both is time, t. motion in the 𝑦 or 𝑥 vx  ux  axt  vx  ux v y2  u 2y  2 gs y
direction.
o Always include +/–
sign to indicate the Velocity at any
time (v)
Magnitude :
v vx 2  v y 2
direction for 𝑠, 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑎
(final velocity at time t)
+𝑦 Direction : *𝜃 is measured from
 vy 
θ  tan  
1 horizontal axis (Between
+𝑥  vx  the velocity vectors and
horizontal)
Special case : launch at angle θ = 0º
+𝑦
u start
u sx
+𝑥
vx
vy v
h sy
𝑺

A
x B end

 Horizontal component along path AB.

velocity, u x  u  v x  constant
displacement,
 Vertical component along path AB.
initial velocity, u y  0
displacement, s y   h 32
Example 2 (Launch at 𝜃 = 0°)
x component y component (Vertical)
FIGURE 1 shows an airplane moving horizontally with a
(Horizontal) Acceleration vector for gravity points
constant velocity of 115 m s−1 at an altitude of 1050 m.
downward in negative direction
The plane releases a “care package” that falls to the 𝒕 =?
ground along a curved trajectory. Package has 𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎 𝒂𝒚 = −𝒈 = −𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 m s−2
plane’s 𝒖𝒙 = 𝟏𝟏𝟓 m s−1
horizontal
𝒖𝒚 = 𝟎 m s−1
velocity at 𝒔𝒙 = ? 𝒔𝒚 = −𝟏𝟎𝟓𝟎 m
instant of 𝒗𝒙 =? 𝒗𝒚 =?
release.

Package travelling 𝟏
𝒔𝒚 = 𝒖𝒚 𝒕 + 𝒂𝒚 𝒕𝟐
① 𝒗 = 𝒖 + 𝒂𝒕 horizontally in 𝑥 direction 𝟐
at instant of release not in −𝟏𝟎𝟓𝟎
𝟏 𝑦 direction
②𝒔= 𝒖+𝒗 𝒕 𝟏
𝟐 = 𝟎 𝒕 + (−𝟗. 𝟖𝟏)𝒕𝟐
𝟏 𝟐
③ 𝒔 = 𝒖𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕𝟐 𝒕 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟔𝟑 s
𝟐

④ 𝒗𝟐 = 𝒖𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝒔 Negative, since

FIGURE 1 upward is positive
and package falls Tips : Always start solve the
downward (below problem from the
Ignoring air resistance, determine the time required for initial point) components that you have
the package to hit the ground. most information given.
Strategy
Breaking this two-dimensional motion into two independent one-
dimensional motions 33
Example 3 (Launch at 𝜃 = 0°)

A bowling ball of mass 8.5 kg travelling at 12.0 m s –1 rolls off a horizontal table 1.5 m high.
(Ignoring air resistance)
(a) Calculate the velocity of the ball as it reaches the floor
(b) What time interval has elapsed between the ball leaving the table and striking the floor?
(c) Calculate the horizontal distance travelled by the ball as it falls.
𝑢 = 12 𝑚 𝑠 ,𝑢 = 0 𝑚 𝑠 Given :
X - component Y- component
Initial : 𝑢 =0𝑚𝑠

As it strike the floor : 𝑆 =? 𝑆 = − 1.5 𝑚

𝑆 = − 1.5 𝑚
𝑎 = 0𝑚𝑠 𝑎 = −𝑔 = −9.81 𝑚 𝑠
As it strike the floor : 𝒗𝒙 =? 𝒗𝒚 =?

34
Example 3 (Launch at 𝜃 = 0°)

A bowling ball of mass 8.5 kg travelling at 12.0 m s –1 rolls off a horizontal table 1.5 m high.
Above x-axis
(Ignoring air resistance)
(a) Calculate the velocity of the ball as it reaches the floor
X - component Y- component
𝑢 = 12 𝑚 𝑠 ,𝑢 = 0 𝑚 𝑠
𝑢 =0𝑚𝑠

𝑆 = − 1.5 𝑚

𝑎 = 0𝑚𝑠 𝑎 = −𝑔 = −9.81 𝑚 𝑠
𝑆 = − 1.5 𝑚 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 2𝑎 𝑆
𝒗𝒙 = 𝒖𝒙 + 𝒂𝒙 𝒕
𝟏𝟐 = 𝒖𝒙 + 𝟎 𝑣 = 0 + 2 −9.81 −1.5
𝒗𝒙 = 𝟏𝟐 m s−1
① 𝒗 = 𝒖 + 𝒂𝒕 `
𝑣 = −5.425 m 𝑠
𝟏
②𝒔= 𝒖+𝒗 𝒕
𝟐
𝟏 Magnitude of velocity 𝑣 = 𝑣 +𝑣 = 12 + −5.425 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟏𝟕m s−1
③ 𝒔 = 𝒖𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕𝟐
𝟐
𝑣 −5.425
Direction of velocity 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 = −𝟐𝟒. 𝟑𝟑° 𝒃𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒘 + 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔
④ 𝒗𝟐 = 𝒖𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝒔 𝑣 12
35
Example 3 (Launch at 𝜃 = 0°)

A bowling ball of mass 8.5 kg travelling at 12.0 m s –1 rolls off a horizontal table 1.5 m high.
(Ignoring air resistance)
(b) What time interval has elapsed between the ball leaving the table and striking the floor?
Given :
𝑢 = 12 𝑚 𝑠 , 𝑢 = 0 𝑚 𝑠
X - component Y- component
𝑢 =0𝑚𝑠

𝑆 = − 1.5 𝑚

𝑆 = − 1.5 𝑚
𝑎 = 0𝑚𝑠 𝑔 = 𝑎 = 9.81 𝑚 𝑠
(c) Calculate the horizontal (b) t = ?
① 𝒗 = 𝒖 + 𝒂𝒕 distance travelled by the ball 1
𝑆 =𝑢 𝑡+ 𝑎 𝑡
𝟏
②𝒔= 𝒖+𝒗 𝒕
as it falls. 2
𝟐 1
𝟏
𝑆 =𝑢 𝑡 −1.5 = 0 𝑡 + −9.81 𝑡
③ 𝒔 = 𝒖𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕𝟐
𝟐
2
= 12 0.553 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟒 𝒎 𝑡 = 0.553 𝑠
④ 𝒗𝟐 = 𝒖𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝒔 36
Example 4 (Launch at 𝜃) x component y component (Vertical)
① 𝒗 = 𝒖 + 𝒂𝒕 (Horizontal)
𝟏
②𝒔= 𝒖+𝒗 𝒕 𝒕 =?
𝟐
𝟏 𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎 𝒂𝒚 = −𝒈 = −𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 m s−2
③ 𝒔 = 𝒖𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕𝟐
𝟐 𝒖𝒙 =? 𝒖𝒚 =?
④ 𝒗𝟐 = 𝒖𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝒔 𝒔𝒙 = ? 𝒔𝒚 = +7.5 m
𝒗𝒙 = 𝟑𝟔𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝟖 𝒗𝒚 = −𝟑𝟔𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝟖
= 𝟑𝟏. 𝟕𝟗 m s−1 =−𝟏𝟔. 𝟗𝟎 m s−1
𝒗𝒙 = 𝒖𝒙 + 𝒂𝒙 𝒕 𝒗𝒚 𝟐 = 𝒖𝒚 𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝒚 𝒔𝒚
A baseball player hits a home run, and the 𝟑𝟏. 𝟕𝟗 = 𝒖𝒙 + 𝟎 (−𝟏𝟔. 𝟗)𝟐
ball lands in the left-field seats, 7.5 m above 𝒖𝒙 = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟕𝟗 m s−1 = 𝒖𝒚 𝟐 + 𝟐 −𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝟕. 𝟓
the point at which it was hit. It lands with a 𝒖𝒚 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟖𝟎 m s−1
velocity of 36 m s−1 at an angle of 28 below
the horizontal (see Figure above). Ignoring air
Magnitude of initial velocity
resistance, find the magnitude and direction
of the initial velocity with which the ball 𝑢= 𝑢 +𝑢 = 31.79 + 20.80 = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟗𝟗 m s−1
leaves the bat.
Strategy Direction of initial velocity
Breaking this two-dimensional motion into two independent 𝑢 20.80
one-dimensional motions 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟐° Above x-axis
𝑢 31.79
TRY TO DO
TUTORIAL 2
Q9 – Q14
END OF TOPIC 2
THE NEXT TOPIC 3 : DYNAMICS OF LINEAR
MOTION

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