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Coal and Petroleum - Class 8 - Notes - PANTOMATH

Global fossil fuel consumption has significantly increased since 1800, with coal previously being the dominant source but now being surpassed by crude oil and natural gas. Coal formed from forests buried underground millions of years ago and provides coke and coal gas as products. Petroleum formed from organisms buried at sea bottoms and is refined into fuels like LPG, petrol, diesel, and lubricating oil. Natural gas also formed from buried organisms and is supplied through pipelines as CNG. However, fossil fuels are exhaustible and their increased use contributes to air pollution and global warming.

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Coal and Petroleum - Class 8 - Notes - PANTOMATH

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sourav9823

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Coal and

Petroleum

Global fossil fuel consumption

Global primary energy consump on by fossil fuel source, measured in terawa -hours (TWh).

120,000 TWh
Natural gas

100,000 TWh

80,000 TWh

Crude oil

60,000 TWh

40,000 TWh

20,000 TWh Coal

0 TWh
1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2017
Source: Vaclav Smil (2017). Energy Transi ons: Global and Na onal Perspec ve & BP Sta s cal Review of World Energy

Class VIII- PANTOMATH

By Sourav Kr. Singh- 9823554471
Coal and Petroleum - Class 8 : Notes - PANTOMATH

Coal and Petroleum

List of some Natural and Man-made Materials:

Natural Man -made

Wood Paper

Rubber Balloon

Silk Cloths

Leather Belt

Metal Spoon

Nylon Net

Fur Sweater

Natural Resources:
The resources which are obtained from nature, are called as natural resources.

Types of Natural Resources:

(i) Inexhaustible Natural Resources
(ii) Exhaustible Natural Resources

1. Inexhaustible natural resources:

The resources which are available in large quantities in nature and will not be depleted even after
continuous usage are known as Inexhaustible natural resources.
Examples are sunlight, water, wind, etc

2. Exhaustible Natural Resources:

The resources which are available in limited quantities in nature and will get depleted after continuous
usage, are known as Exhaustible natural resources.
Examples are forests, coal, natural gas, etc.

Class VIII- PANTOMATH By Sourav Kr. Singh- 9823554471 1/7

Coal and Petroleum - Class 8 : Notes - PANTOMATH

In this chapter we will discuss the some exhaustible natural resources Like Coal, Petroleum and
natural Gases.

Fossil Fuels:
Some of the exhaustible natural resources like coal, petroleum, etc. are formed from dead remains of
the living organisms. These kinds of resources are known as fossil fuels.

1. Coal:
(i) It is a hard like stone substance and black in color.
(ii) It has many uses since old times like it was used as heat source to cook food, to produce steam to
run train and other engines, in thermal power plants to produce electricity etc.

Coal

History of Coal:
Before 300 million years, there were forests existing on the earth. As a result of some natural disasters
like ﬂoods, these forests got buried in the earth. Eventually, layers of soil got deposited over them and
compressed them. The high pressure and temperature over this buried forest converted them into coal.

Carbonisation:
(i) The process of conversion of dead plants or vegetation into coal is known as carbonisation.
(ii) It is being found that coal mainly contains the carbon and on burning in air produces carbon
dioxide gas.

Some products obtained from coal:

(a) Coke:
It is hard, porous and black in color. It is the purest form of carbon.

Class VIII- PANTOMATH By Sourav Kr. Singh- 9823554471 2/7

Coal and Petroleum - Class 8 : Notes - PANTOMATH

Coke

Applications: In manufacturing of steel, extraction of metals, etc.

(b) Coal Tar:
It is thick black colored liquid having foul smell. It is mixture of about 200 substances.

Coal Tar

Applications: The by-products obtained from coal tar are used in manufacturing of synthetic dyes,
drugs, explosives, perfumes, etc. Interestingly, naphthalene balls used to repel moths and other insects
are also obtained from coal tar.

(c) Coal Gas:

(i) It is obtained when coal is processed to obtain the coke.
(ii) Coal gas was used for street lighting for the ﬁrst time in London in 1810 and in New York around
1820. Now a days, it is used as a source of heat rather than light.

Coal Gas

Applications: It is mainly used as fuel in many industries.

Class VIII- PANTOMATH By Sourav Kr. Singh- 9823554471 3/7

Coal and Petroleum - Class 8 : Notes - PANTOMATH

2. Petroleum:
In past, many organisms were living in the seas. When these organisms got dead, their bodies got
settled at the bottom of the sea and eventually layers of sand and clay got deposited over them. After
millions of years, the absence of air, temperature and pressure converted them into petroleum.

Petroleum and natural gas deposits

Refining of Petroleum:
Petroleum is a dark oily liquid and has foul smell. It contains many constituents like petroleum gas,
petrol, diesel, lubricating oil, paraffin wax, etc.
Process of refining petroleum:

Class VIII- PANTOMATH By Sourav Kr. Singh- 9823554471 4/7

Coal and Petroleum - Class 8 : Notes - PANTOMATH

Reﬁning:
It is the process of separating the various constituents of petroleum and is carried out in a petroleum
reﬁnery.

A petroleum reﬁnery

Different constituents of petrol and their uses:

No. Constituents of petroleum Uses

1 Liqueﬁed Petroleum Gas (LPG) As fuel for home and industry

2 Petrol As fuel for automobiles and as solvent for dry cleaning

3 Kerosene As fuel for stoves, lamps, etc.

4 Diesel As fuel for heavy motor vehicles, generators, etc.

5 Lubricating Oil For lubrication

6 Parafﬁn Wax In ointments, candles, vaselines, etc.

7 Bitumen For making paints, surfacing roads, etc.

Class VIII- PANTOMATH By Sourav Kr. Singh- 9823554471 5/7

Coal and Petroleum - Class 8 : Notes - PANTOMATH

3. Natural Gas:
(i) It is another signiﬁcant fossil fuel. And it is really convenient to send it through pipes.
(ii) In our country, natural gas has been found in Tripura, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and in the Krishna
Godavari delta.

Compressed Natural Gas (CNG):

When natural gas is stored under high pressure it is termed as CNG.

Advantage: It causes less pollution. Moreover, it can be used directly at homes and factories for
burning and other purposes as it can be easily be transported through pipes.

Applications:
(i) It is used as fuel in automobiles.
(ii) It is used as a starting material for manufacturing of many chemicals and fertilizers.
(iii) Currently, there is a huge network of pipelines in Vadodara and some in some areas of Delhi used
for supplying CNG.
(iv) It is used as a starting material for manufacturing chemicals and fertilizers.

Limitations of Natural Resources:

Fossil fuels like coal, petroleum, etc. needs millions of years to get transformed from dead bodies to
fuels. But, currently their demands are so high that after few hundred years there will be scarcity of
these resources.
In addition, too much of air pollution is caused when these fuels are burnt. And these fuels are also
responsible for the problems associated with the global warming. Hence, it is very much important to
use these fuels wisely.

Class VIII- PANTOMATH By Sourav Kr. Singh- 9823554471 6/7

Coal and Petroleum - Class 8 : Notes - PANTOMATH

Some preventive measures to save fuels by Petroleum Conservation Research Association

(PCRA)
(i) Drive vehicles at average and constant speed.
(ii) When not necessary shut down the vehicle’s engines.
(iii) Make sure pressure in tyres is correct.
(iv) Always keep vehicles under good condition.