Photography Unlocked ExpertPhotography PDF

JOSHUA DUNLOP

PHOTOGRAPHY
UNLOCKED
Photography Unlocked
Unlock The Secrets Hidden Inside Your
Camera
2 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction 6

PART I. UNDERSTANDING EXPOSURE

Chapter 1. Intro to Exposure 14
Getting the Correct Exposure Using Different Shooting Mode 16
Working With Different Exposure Conditions 17
Chapter 2. Aperture 20
What Is the Aperture? 21
How Is Aperture Measured and Changed? 22
How Does Aperture Affect Exposure? 23
What Are the Uses for Different Apertures? 24
Chapter 3. Shutter Speed 26
What Is Shutter Speed? 27
Using Motion Blur and Freezing 27
The Right Speed for the Right Situation 29
Creative Uses for Different Shutter Speeds 30
Chapter 4. ISO 34
What Is ISO? 35
How Does ISO Affect Exposure? 36
How Does ISO Affect the Quality of Photos? 37
Which ISO to Use and When? 39
Chapter 5. Understand F/Stops & Stops in Exposure 44
ISO Stops 44
PHOTOGRAPHY UNLOCKED 3
Shutter Speed Stops 44

Aperture 45
Wait! There’s More! 45
PART II. CAMERA BASICS

Chapter 1. Metering Modes 48
What Each Mode Does 49
Which Modes Should You Use and When 52
Chapter 2. Histograms 56
What Is It and What Does It Tell You? 57
How Do I Read the Histogram? 57
Chapter 3. Shooting Modes 62
Full Auto Mode 64
Program Mode 66
Shutter Speed Priority 68
Aperture Priority 70
Manual Mode 72
Chapter 4. Focus Modes 74
One Shot / AF-S 75
AI Servo / AF-C 76
AI Focus / AF-A 76
Chapter 5. Depth of Field 78
What Is Depth of Field? 79
How Does DoF Work? 79
Effect of Distance From Subject on DoF 81
Creative Uses of DoF 81
Chapter 6. White Balance 84
What Is White Balance? 85
How Do I Control the White Balance? 86
4 TABLE OF CONTENTS
How to Get Perfect Color Reproduction 91

Which Setting Is Best for Me? 93
Chapter 7. Focal Length 94
What Does It Actually Mean? 95
Different Focal Ranges and What They’re Used For 95
How Focal Length Affects Perspective 97
What About My Crop Sensor? 99
Chapter 8. Crop Factor 102
What Is the Crop Factor? 103
How Much Does It Crop? 105
How Do I Know if I’m Using a Crop Sensor? 106
Why You Should Buy Full Frame Lenses 106
Buying the Right Lens for You 107
Chapter 9. Polarising Filters 110
What Do Polarizing Filters Do? 111
How to Use Polarising Filters 114
What to Look For When Buying Polarising Filters 117
Chapter 10. Take Sharper Photos With These Ten Tips 118
PART III. COMPOSITION 101

Chapter 1. The Rule of Thirds 126
What Is the Rule of Thirds 127
How to Use the Rule of Thirds 128
Chapter 2. Visual Weight 132
Which Objects Provide the Most Weight? 133
A Note to Finish 139
Chapter 3. Balance 140
Chapter 4. Eye Lines 148
Chapter 5. Single Point 156
Chapter 6. Triangles 162

Why Use Triangles 163
How to Create a Triangle 163
PART IV. WHAT'S NEXT

Chapter 1. Lens Buying Guide 172
What Is Focal Length 173
What Do the Letters on Your Lens Mean 177
A Note to Finish On 180
Chapter 2. Make Money From Photography 182
1. Sell Prints 183
2. License Through Flickr and Getty Images 184
3. Work With Your Local Paper 185
4. Sell Stock Photography 186
5. Take Club Photography 187
6. Sell Your Photography Gear 188
7. Assist a Photographer 189
8. Teach and/or Blog 190
9. Participate in Photography Competitions 190
6 INTRODUCTION
Introduction
Welcome to our Photography Unlocked E-book. We are excited to

have you here, as I'm sure you are eager to find the delights within.
This treasure trove of information is designed to help you progress
as a photographer. Whether completely new to the photography
field, or a seasoned shooter looking to brush up on some skills -
there is something for everybody.
We all have digital cameras. From point and shoot cameras, across
DSLRs all the way to mirrorless systems. They may differ in areas,
but they all capture images using a lens and a digital sensor.
What you will find here suits all camera types and all models. We
have limited our scope to the settings that are more commonly
found. This helps ensure that we are all on the same page.
You’ll find Photography Unlocked is split into four parts. This is
where you’ll understand exposure, learn camera basics, delve into
the rules of composition and then look at what comes next.
8 INTRODUCTION
Part I is where you’ll learn everything you need to know about

exposure. Using the model of the exposure triangle, we cover the
three main aspects: aperture, shutter speed, and ISO.
The exposure of a scene is paramount in capturing impressive shots.
Here, you’ll see how each setting works together in bringing the
best possible light to your scenes.
You’ll also find out how to freeze moving subjects in your shots or
add motion blur if that’s what you’re looking for. All with great
visual examples to get your images light perfect.
The last area of this section gives you examples of how you can
tie all these different settings together. Moving one may need a
subsequent tweaking of a different setting, based on your scene and
subject.
Part II is the biggest area of our guide - Camera Basics. We run
through all the elements that ensure you get the best from any given
scene.
Here, you’ll not only learn what shooting modes are possible but
how to use them and for which scenario. The shooting modes are
also important, as an aperture or shutter speed priority can help
harness a dynamic scene easily.
We cover histograms, and what you need to spot to ensure your

scene isn’t over- or underexposed.
As focus modes, such as AI SERVO, can be confusing, we added
those and when they may be the thing that brings out the best of
your preferred scene.
Next, we have a look at what depth of field is and how it relates to
focal length. These are both very important to help you understand
what your lenses do to your scene. This is very helpful, even if you
feel you have a good grasp on lenses in general.
Understanding the white balance setting on your camera will ensure
that you capture the light correctly in each image. This helps keep
the realism of the scene and cuts down on any post-production.
10 INTRODUCTION
If you’re still a little confused about crop factors and full-frame

cameras, we have an area for that too. It will be the last thing you’ll
read on the matter.
Polarising filters with great examples are the next thing you’ll find.
These are great for removing reflections and distracting glares from
scenes.
We finish this section off with ten tips on how to gain sharper
images. This might be the list you’ve been searching for a long time.
Part III revolves around the rules of composition. This is how you
arrange the elements in your scene to create the most interesting
images possible.
First, we run through the well-known rule of thirds. You’ll find out
when to use it and when it is possible to break this guide, leading to
dynamic photography.
Next, you’ll learn about visual weight. This refers to sizes, shapes,
and colors in your scenes. Balance comes shortly after, showing
you how you can add or remove tension from scenes with a few
examples.
We have also included areas on eye lines, single point compositions,
as well as triangles. All three of these help to make your scene more
compelling.
Part IV is what comes next after you learned the basic ideas in the
first three parts. We provide a lens buying guide, ensuring that you
get the glass that you need, not what you want.
After that, we look at nine ways you can make money from your
photography. And then you’re all set. This book provides the
foundation to which you base yourself, and hone your skills from
practice, patience, and perseverance.
12 UNDERSTANDING EXPOSURE
PART I
UNDERSTANDING
EXPOSURE
Perhaps the most confusing thing about your camera is

learning how to capture a perfect exposure. Shutter speed,
aperture, and ISO combine to produce an exposure. This
chapter will walk you through how to do that expertly and
effortlessly.
Chapter 1
Intro to Exposure
EXPOSURE IN 3 STEPS
1. Light passes through the aperture of the lens into the camera.
2. The shutter speed decides how much of that light is going to be
recorded onto the camera’s sensor.
3. The ISO determines how much the exposure is increased.
Every photo has an exposure. The more you understand about

exposure, the better your photos will be.
Once you start to grasp the effects of each aperture, shutter speed
and ISO on a photo, you’ll be able to use them correctly and
creatively.
This section covers how to create the right exposure for any
situation. We’ll also take you through the negative consequences of
each exposure factor.
As well as affecting the exposure...
The aperture affects the depth of field.
The shutter speed determines whether there’s motion blur or
freezing.
ISO produces digital noise/grain. This, in turn, affects the quality

of the image.
All of this combines to produce an exposure like the one below.
The aperture is f/10 resulting in a medium depth of field and the
sharp feel of this photo.
The shutter speed is 1/100 of a second, meaning that I could take
the photo comfortably without motion blur.
The ISO is only 100 which has resulted in very little noise.
Getting the Correct Exposure Using

Different Shooting Modes
Every modern camera will have an exposure meter built into it. This
will be displayed on the screen similarly to the image above.
Different modes use this meter to automatically create the correct
exposure. When the ‘needle’ is in the centre, the photo will be
exposed correctly.
Priority Modes
Aperture Priority will hold the needle in the centre (unless you’ve
moved it manually). As the aperture changes to allow more light
in, the shutter speed will also change. It will allow less light in,
maintaining an even exposure.
The shutter priority mode will do the same thing, only the other
way around. If the shutter speed is changed, the aperture changes

accordingly and automatically.
Manual Mode
Manual mode allows you to change both the aperture and shutter
speed at the same time without conforming to a certain point on
the exposure meter.
This mode tends to be used by more experienced photographers
because it gives them more control over the photo.
The light meter will still move to indicate how well exposed a photo
will be.
Working With Different Exposure

Conditions
Daylight
The photo on the next page has excellent lighting conditions so you
can use fast settings on your camera. The photo below was taken at
1/60 of a second, at an aperture of f/4 and ISO 200.
Night
Photos of scenes at night are best taken using a tripod. This way
you can create long exposures and play with the light without
producing blur. The photo below was taken using a 6 second
exposure, a narrow aperture of f/13 and an ISO of 100.
Indoors
I regularly use a flash indoors, bouncing it off a wall or a ceiling to
create a more natural effect. The settings used below were 1/200 of
a second, f/2.8 and ISO 200, with a flash bouncing off the ceiling.
Event
Due to the lighting conditions at events, and the fact that you’re
not often allowed to use flash, you’ll often have to boost the ISO.
Additionally, artists on stage tend to move around quite fast; a fast
shutter speed will also be required.
This results in a wide aperture with a narrow depth of field, a high
ISO, and some pretty cool lighting conditions like the photo on the
right.
Image taken at 1/125, f/4 and ISO 6400.
Chapter 2
Aperture
Aperture is the first of three combining factors which create an

exposure. Understanding aperture is a good way of getting to grips
with taking a well exposed photo.
There are also negative and creative effects of different apertures.
This section will teach you what they are and how to use them to
your advantage.
What Is the Aperture?
The best way to understand aperture is to think of the way in which

the pupil of your eye changes size to let in different amounts of
light.
The wider it gets, the more light it lets in.
Together, the aperture, shutter speed and ISO produce an exposure.
The diameter of the aperture changes to allow more or less light
onto the sensor, depending on the situation.
Aperture can also be used for creative effects.
How Is Aperture Measured and Changed?

Aperture is measured using something called the f-stop scale. On
your camera, you’ll see ‘f/’ followed by a number.
The number denotes how wide the aperture is.
This, in turn, affects the exposure and depth of field (we’ll tackle
this later in this section). The lower the number, the wider the
aperture.
This may seem confusing. Why a low number for a high aperture?
The answer is simple and mathematical, but first you need to know
the f-stop scale.
The scale is as follows:
f/1.4, f/2, f/2.8, f/4, f/5.6, f/8, f/11, f/16, f/ 22.
The most important thing to know is this:
From each number to the next, the aperture decreases to half its size
allowing 50% less light through the lens.
This is because the numbers come from the equation used to work
out the size of the aperture from the focal length.
You’ll notice that, on more modern cameras, apertures exist
between those listed above. These are third stops. Between f/2.8
and f/4 for example, you’ll also get f/3.2 and f/3.5. They are there
to increase the control that you have over your settings.
Things are about to get a little harder - if you get confused, skip
this. We’ve already covered the most important part.
Say for example, you have a 50mm lens with the aperture of f/2. To
find the width of the aperture you divide the 50 by the 2, giving you
a diameter of 25mm.
You then have to take the radius (half the diameter), times it by
itself to create the radius squared and times that by pi. The whole
equation looks something like this: Area = pi * r².
Here are a couple of examples:
A 50mm lens with an aperture of f/2 is a lens opening 25mm wide.
Half of this is 12.5mm. Using the equation above (pi * 12.5mm²)
we get an area of 490mm².
A 50mm lens with an aperture of f/2.8 is a lens opening 17.9mm
wide. Half of this is 8.95mm. Using the equation above (pi *
8.95mm²) we get an area of 251.6mm².
It doesn’t take a genius to work out that half of 490 is less than 251.
This is due to rounding error. The area of f/2.8 will still be exactly
half of f/2.
This is what the aperture scale looks like in reality:
It’s a little confusing. But, like I said, as long as you remember the f/
stop scale and know that every time the f/number changes by one
stop, you’re either halving or doubling the exposure, you’ll be fine!
How Does Aperture Affect Exposure?

The way in which aperture changes correlates with the exposure.
The larger the aperture, the more exposed the photo will be. The
best way to demonstrate this is by taking a series of photos, keeping
everything constant except the aperture.
All the images below were taken at ISO 200, 1/400 of a second and
without flash. Only aperture changes throughout, starting at f/1.4,
all the way through to f/22.
The main creative effect of aperture isn’t exposure however, but
depth of field. We will tackle DoF later in this e-book.
f/1.4 f/2 f/2.8
f/4 f/5.6 f/8
f/11 f/16 f/22
What Are the Uses for Different Apertures?

The first thing to note is that there are no rules when it comes to
choosing an aperture. It depends on whether you are going for
artistic effect or accurately reproducing a scene in a photo.
To best make these decisions, it helps to have a good knowledge of
traditional uses for the apertures listed below.
f/1.4: This is great for shooting in low light, but be careful of the
shallow DoF. Best used on shallow subjects or for a soft focus effect.
f/2: This range has much the same uses as f/1.4, but an f/2 can be
picked up for a third of the price of an f/1.4.
f/2.8: Still good for low light situations, but allows for more
definition in facial features as it has a deeper DoF. Good zoom

lenses usually have this as their widest aperture.
f/4: This is really the minimum aperture you’d use when taking
a photo of a person where there is decent lighting. Autofocus can
be temperamental, so you are risking the face going out of focus in
wider apertures.
f/5.6: Good for photos of 2 people. Not very good in low light
conditions though, so best to use a bounce flash.
f/8: This is a good aperture for large groups. It will ensure that
everyone in the frame remains in focus.
f/11: This is often where your lens will be at its sharpest. It’s great
for portraits.
f/16: Shooting in the sun requires a small aperture and this is a
good ‘go to’ point.
f/22: Best for landscapes where noticeable detail in the foreground
is required.
As I said before, these are only guidelines. Now that you know
exactly how the aperture will change a photo, you can experiment
and have fun with it!
Chapter 3
Shutter Speed
What Is Shutter Speed?

Without going into unnecessary detail as to how shutter speed
works, it can be summarized as the exact amount of time that your
camera records an image for.
More often than not you will be taking a photo within a fraction of
a second. Any longer results in a blurred image in most situations.
Shutter speed uses ‘stops’ in the same way as aperture, but is a lot
more straightforward. Working out half of an exposure is a lot
simpler with shutter speed than aperture. You just take the current
speed e.g. 1/200, and halve it, which, for this example, would give
1/400.
All that you need to remember is that the second number has to
‘double’ to halve the value as these are fractions e.g. for 1/200, the
‘200’ is doubled to give half the value.
Using Motion Blur and Freezing

Provided you’re not doing it for creative effect, you will want to
choose a shutter speed fast enough to prevent motion blur.
Motion blur is also affected heavily by the focal length of a lens.
Telephoto lenses require a fast shutter speed to capture an image
without blur. Even the slightest movement of the camera will be
magnified by the lens.
A wide angle lens requires a slower shutter speed. The details in the
image are a lot smaller.
As a rule of thumb, the average person can take a sharp, blur-
free image by setting the speed to a fraction of a focal length. For
example, to take a photo at 30mm, you would set the shutter speed
to 1/30 of a second. Any slower and motion blur is likely to occur.
It’s worth noting, however, that this rule is only relevant to full
frame cameras. For a crop sensor, due its magnifying effect, you
would be better off choosing a speed of 1/45 of a second.
There are always exceptions to the rule, such as image stabilization
in your lens which allows use of a slower shutter speed.
As you become more experienced, you’ll gradually improve on vital
skills such as holding your camera in the way that suits you best,
increasing (among other things) your stability.
Here is an example of creative motion blur:
Freezing is much less of a worry when taking photos. It occurs

when a photo is taken at such a high shutter speed (1/500 and
above) that the exact moment at which the photo is taken is
captured, without any movement blur.
I personally don’t like shooting at these speeds as the images
produced tend to look flat. Instead, when shooting a fast moving
object, I like to include a small amount of motion (it may as well

have been sitting still otherwise). This can work, as demonstrated
in the photo on this page, where the subject is moving through the
frame.
The Right Speed for the Right Situation

Fast speeds to capture a telephoto image
Because the image below was taken using a telephoto lens, it was
important to have a fast shutter speed (1/640). I avoided camera
shake by using a tripod and remote release for the camera. This
means that I can let the camera sit still without moving when taking
a photo.
Capturing a fast moving object in a low light situation

When doing event photography, the artist you’re shooting is likely
to be moving around on stage. This leads to both low light and a
fast shutter problems.
This can be counteracted by a wide aperture and high ISO. It’s a
compromise really, but does allow you to capture the image without
any unsightly blur.
Creative Uses for Different Shutter Speeds

Creative Blur
With a remote trigger for the camera and a tripod to hold it steady,
you can play around with speeds. You can create interesting images
with blur being the main point of interest.
Creative Blur With Flash

Adding a flash to a photo with blur results in the subject being
frozen in the frame. You can then move the camera around to
capture the light and blur for artistic effects.
Panning
Panning is where you move your camera to complement the
movements of the subject, resulting in an image where the
background is blurred, but the subject is not.
This shot was taken from the side of the road, aimed at the tuk-tuk
moving from right to left.
Light Painting
For light painting, all you need is a long exposure and a light source.
The photo below was taken on a 30-second shutter, during which
time the model moved around in the scene.
This allows the light to move exactly where you want it and is great
for creative shooting at night.
Light Graffti
A long exposure coupled with a moving, constant light source
allows you to add ‘graffiti’ to the image.
Long Exposures for Low Light Situations

Because this photo was taken in the evening, a slow shutter speed
was used to gain an even exposure. This can only be made possible
with a tripod or somewhere flat to lay the camera.
The second photo requires a long shutter, but for a different reason.
I had to wait for a passing car to come into the frame and the timing
can be very difficult.
Chapter 4
ISO
ISO is the last of the three factors which determine the exposure of
a photo, along with aperture and shutter speed.
What Is ISO?
The ISO (International Standards Organization) determines the
sensitivity of the sensor in your camera, which in turn affects the
exposure of your photos.
The ISO scale typically starts at 100. It continues to double from
this point to the boundary of your camera’s capabilities: 100, 200,
400, 800, 1600…
The starting and ending points of this range and how well the
camera handles the ISO depend solely on the camera that you’re
using. Most modern cameras have many more points at which you
can set the ISO. These fall in between those I’ve mentioned, in
the same way you will find third stops in the aperture and shutter
speed.
The International Standards Organization are responsible for
setting this widely used standard.
All you need to know is included in the information that follows.
How Does ISO Affect Exposure?

ISO is one of three determining factors of a photo’s exposure,
along with aperture and shutter speed. These two affect the lens and
exposure time respectively, with ISO directly affecting the sensor (or
film).
To be more specific, the ISO determines how well exposed a photo
will be by changing the sensitivity.
The ISO scale is similar to shutter speed in the sense that, when
doubled, the exposure is also doubled. They are proportional to
one another e.g. a low ISO number would give a low exposure and
a high ISO would give a high exposure. It’s much simpler then
aperture.
This is much easier to demonstrate using actual photos. The
aperture and shutter speed remain constant throughout these
photos with only the ISO changing allowing a clear view of its
effect.
100 200
400 800
1600 3200
As you may have noticed by now, nothing affects the exposure in

one single way. There are consequences to using different ISOs.
How Does ISO Affect the Quality of Photos?

As a general rule, the lower the ISO value, the better the quality of
the photo. Doubling ISO effectively doubles the exposure which, in
turn, doubles the digital noise.
This noise reduces the detail of a photo, giving the image a grainy,
uneven appearance.
Lower number = Lover sensitivity = Finer quality photos
To best demonstrate how the ISO affects the image quality, I’ve
taken another series of photos, displayed below. For the purpose
of this experiment, I have altered the shutter speed and aperture
between photos, rather than simply changing the ISO.
I did this to give the pictures an even exposure, allowing for easier
comparison of the difference in quality.
100 200 400
800 1600 3200
As you can see, the higher the number, the stronger the unsightly
noise becomes.
You can use noise reduction software to correct this. But it only
really smooths out the noise, which can result in an airbrushed

effect on faces.
This reduces the detail in a photo, like the one below (cropped to
1% of actual image).
It has its uses but apply it with a light hand and after considering
the photo’s purpose. Cameras with larger sensors handle noise
better since they allow more light into a photo.
As technology continues to improve, the difference between sensor
size and noise is reducing. What used to be a big problem is much
less of a one in high quality cameras.
All cameras are different so I suggest taking yours into low light
conditions in order to discover the maximum ISO that you’re able
to use effectively.
Enhancing the exposure in post production has the same effect as
increasing your ISO. Make sure you get the exposure right in the
camera the first time around to avoid this.
Now that you know what the ISO does, let’s take a look at
situations where it might be used.
Which ISO to Use and When?

ISO 100-200
Your photos will have the most detail and the best quality. This is
great for shooting in daylight as there is no need to boost the ISO
any higher. Shooting at 1600 in bright conditions would be a waste,
resulting in easily avoidable grain.
ISO 200-400
For slightly darker conditions, such as in the shade or indoors where
it is brightly lit.
ISO 400-800
I like to use this range when shooting indoors as it helps to produce
a slightly darker tone. The exposure is well lit and retains its detailed
background.
ISO 800-1600
Event photographers frequently have no choice but to use this
range. Live events often happen in low light conditions where flash
is not allowed.
ISO 1600-3200
Again, event photographers will use this range for live gigs. It’s also
used in extreme low light conditions where using a tripod is not an
option. ISO 3200 is the highest I tend to push my camera to as I’m
not a fan of digital noise (grain).
ISO 3200+
This range is reserved for extra low light conditions and artistic
effect. With most cameras, it’s impossible to avoid a grainy result in
this range.
Chapter 5
Understand F/Stops &
Stops in Exposure
In photography, a ‘stop’ is the measurement of exposure, depending

on the shutter speed, ISO, or aperture.
Increasing the exposure by one stop doubles the exposure.
For example, your aperture is f/4, shutter speed is 1/100 and ISO is
100. If you keep the aperture at f/4, the shutter speed at 1/100, but
increase the ISO to 200, you will increase the exposure by one stop.
Doubling the ISO makes the exposure twice as sensitive, hence the
jump in single stops.
It can get a little bit confusing, but it’s really important that you
learn this. As your skills as a photographer improve and you start to
shoot in manual more often, you’re in charge of looking after how
the camera exposes. Knowing what a stop is for the shutter speed,
ISO, and most importantly, aperture, will affect how you change
each one.
Let me make this simple for you. You’re shooting at f/2.8, at 1/100
of a second, with an ISO of 200, but you want a shallower depth of
field. You know that widening your aperture to f/2 will produce a
shallower depth of field, but it will also double the amount of light
that’s entering your lens.
You have jumped one stop with your aperture, and made the
exposure too bright. You have to counteract this with shutter speed
or ISO. To do this, you can halve the ISO to 100, or double the
shutter speed to 1/200 of a second.
To briefly summarize, increasing the exposure by a stop will double
the exposure, and decreasing the exposure by a stop will halve it.
If only it were that simple though…
ISO Stops
Let’s start with the easiest to understand, which is ISO. One stop
up from ISO 100 is 200, but one stop up from that is 400.
The intervals aren’t equal, but they all have one thing in common.
They’re doubled from the stop before.
Shutter Speed Stops

The majority of the time when using your camera, you will be
shooting at a fraction of a second. If you shoot at a speed of 1
second or longer, the same principles as above apply. Simply double
the time from 1 second to 2, then from 2 seconds to 4.
To achieve the same effect when shooting at a fraction of a second,
such as 1/200, halve the number after the fraction (200 in this case).
If you’re new to photography, don’t worry, this will soon become
second nature. 1/100 is twice as long as 1/200, so that’s one stop,
and the exposure is doubled. 1/50 is twice as long as 1/100, and so
on.
Aperture
I’m afraid this is where things get a little bit complicated, and
somewhat mathematical. If you use the logic that I’ve explained
above, then you would probably assume that f/2 is half the
exposure of f/4, but sadly this is not so.
f/2 actually allows in four times as much light as f/4. You may be
scratching your head at this, but it will all become clear if you can
just stick with it.
The aperture scale does not take on the same principles as shutter
speed or ISO because of how the measurement is taken.
If you’ve read the section on Aperture, you should be familiar with
how this works. If not, head back over there for a quick recap before
reading on.
Wait! There’s More!

You will have noticed with your aperture, shutter speed, and
ISO, that there are more intervals than just doubling and halving
exposures.
These are third stops, which give you more control over your
exposure. For example, between f/2.8 and f/4, you will also find
f/3.2 and f/3.5.
This doesn’t have to be complicated at all, and you shouldn’t think
too much of it. Just knowing what it does will help you work it out
in time.
46 CAMERA BASICS
PART II
CAMERA
BASICS
There’s so many dials, buttons, joysticks and switches on a

camera, it’s hard to know what to do with them all. And then
there’s all the information that’s displayed on your screen.
What do you do? Well, this chapter covers all of that and
more so you can start understanding your camera today.
Throw out your camera manual!
48 CAMERA BASICS
Chapter 1
Metering Modes
All digital cameras (with the inclusion of a few analog models)

can tell how much light is found in your scene. This is done by an
onboard light meter.
This allows you to ‘meter’ your scene, giving you advice on what
your exposure should be.
Through the automatic setting, the camera will choose the best
settings based on the metering mode you choose.
This is also the same when using aperture or shutter priority. Only
manual mode gives you full control, allowing you to disregard the
advice.
There are four metering modes you can set your camera to. Each
one has its specific uses.
What Each Mode Does

Evaluative / Matrix / Pattern / Multi-zone Metering
Modes
This mode is usually the default setting that your camera chooses. It
is complex and the most modern metering system.
Here, the mode collects data from several points in your scene.
It combines the results to find the best settings for the correct
exposure.
The points this light meter uses range from several to over a
thousand. All areas, bright and dark, are taken into account.
To show an entire scene with an overall exposure, choose this mode.
However, it will reduce the contrast in your image.
This is best used for sweeping landscapes or interesting interiors. It
isn’t something you can use for capturing silhouettes.
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Average Metering
This metering mode is similar to the Evaluative metering mode only
less complex.
The camera’s light meter gives no weight over any areas in your
scene. It takes a ‘blanket’ reading rather than pin-pointed readings.
This isn’t a favorite of many photographers as it isn’t as intelligent
as other modes. It can lead to incorrect exposures due to
misreadings of what is in your scene.
For example, a bright sun is overlooked, ensuring it will be captured
in an overexposed manner.
Center-Weighted Average
In this system, the meter looks at 60-80% of the frame. It is best
suited for subjects that sit in the center of the frame.
Originally, this mode came from a consequence of focusing screens
used in early SLRs.
It is often seen as a larger partial metering mode. It is best used for
subjects captured in the center, that take up over 60% of the frame.
Partial Metering Mode

This particular mode collects data from a small, circular region at
the center of the frame. It covers roughly 10-15% of any given scene.
Partial metering is a great choice for headshots and portraits. As
long as the subject is in the center of the frame, as this is the priority
area.
Spot Metering Mode

This mode looks at approximately 5% of the entire frame. It
pinpoints a very small object or subject for the best exposure.
As this mode has the smallest meter area, it is best used for smaller
52 CAMERA BASICS
subjects. You would use this to single out a solitary subject to draw
focus to it.
Spot metering mode tends to be more of an advanced metering
mode to use. The area is smaller, which demands practice.
In addition, this mode ignores the rest of the scene. Here, you
might encounter an unattractive over- or underexposure.
Which Modes Should You Use and When

From having a clearer idea of what each mode does, you should
start to imagine the situations they are best suited to.
For me, I bounce between Evaluative and Spot metering modes.
Evaluative / Matrix / Multi-zone Metering Modes
Evaluative is reliable when it comes to working out the settings for
an entire scene. It is intelligent in its approach and works well for
my street and landscape photography.
This image was taken when the sun was almost setting, in the height
of summer. The light, as you can see, is harsh and strong on the sky,
but not on the pier.
By using evaluative metering, the light is balanced. The highlighted
areas are not over-blown, and the shadows aren’t too dark.
If I were to use a different metering mode, it would be because I

want a different mood or feel than presented in this image. Perhaps
to add more contrast, or add more details into the clouds.
However, this comes at a price. In this instance, the shadow would
have no details as a result.
The next image shows a lighthouse in a state of twilight. The sky
is much lighter than the water, so the evaluative mode is the best
metering mode.
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It keeps the sky dark and the water light, respectively. While doing
so, it retains their details.
The lighthouse is the most important detail. As it is off center, both
Partial and Center-weighted metering modes’ would not work as
well.
In the following image we see light rays burst through a forest
setting. Evaluative works here by keeping some strength from the
sun while retaining light in the rest of the scene.
Spot Metering Mode

Spot metering allows me to capture musicians and concert
photography events well. With this, I don’t need to worry about the
rest of the scene. The solitary subject is the most important aspect.
This image of the seagull was captured using Spot Metering mode.
Here, the bird is the most important aspect of the scene. Because of
this, it needs to be exposed correctly.
The bird is a smallish object, which is acceptable for this type of
metering.
You can see from the overcast and overexposed sky that it wasn’t
taken into account. As it was lighter than the seagull, the Spot
Metering mode pushed out the details.
The next image is of a musician playing guitar on stage. We see a

silhouette of his head and hair from the one light beam behind him.
The Spot Metering mode allowed the metering of the hair, right in
the center of the frame. This way, it retained the overall darkness of
the scene.
It correctly exposed the tiny area the scene was metered for.
Otherwise, the beam of light would have spread out over a wider
area.
56 CAMERA BASICS
Chapter 2
Histograms
Camera LCD displays are pretty bad at accurately representing

what the photo looks like. This is why you should be using
Histograms.
Histograms give a mathematical representation of how well exposed
a photo is. This helps you to get the best photo possible when out
on a shoot.
What Is It and What Does It Tell You?

The histogram shows a scientific review of the exposure after you’ve
taken the photo. It essentially tells you how evenly exposed a photo
is.
LCD screens aren’t very good at telling you this information. Their
effectiveness tends to be largely based on the ambient lighting
conditions you’re in and the brightness of the screen itself.
You’ll find an option to view the histogram in all cameras. Some
compacts that don’t rely on the viewfinder to compose a photo will
also show you the histogram in real time.
How Do I Read the Histogram?

A histogram is mapped out by brightness on a grayscale. Black is on
the left, white is on the right and all the different shades of gray lie
in between.
In a standard jpeg image there are 256 different recorded values of
brightness. 0 is pure black and 255 is pure white.
These 256 values are mapped out in a histogram and each pixel
from the image is assigned a value.
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Let’s have a look at what that looks like:
This image has been correctly exposed as the majority of pixels lie
distant from the black and white values in the histogram.
What may appear to be black in the photo is actually just a very
dark shade of grey.
When taking a photo at night, your results may be very different.
It’s usually best to stay away from the pure black or pure white
values.
Having pixels in these ranges means that your photo has either been
over- or underexposed and needs to be retaken as there is detail
missing.
These details can’t be recovered in Photoshop. They are no longer a
shade of a color, but pure black/white.
Have a look at an overexposed image and an underexposed image
with their respective histograms.
Overexposed
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Underexposed
It’s also possible to see your histograms in 3 channels of color – red,

green and blue (also known as RGB).
For the correctly exposed image that I showed you first, the
histogram looks like this:
Using this version of the histogram is most important when

shooting brightly colored objects. It’s possible to blow
out (overexpose to the extent that information is lost) the
corresponding channel of color without it appearing in the main
histogram.
Now that you understand how histograms work, you’ll find
yourself using them more and more when taking photos.
They’re a great way of making sure that you’re getting it right in
the camera, and decrease the level of dependence on a computer to
finish off your photos.
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Chapter 3
Shooting Modes
Shooting modes aren’t often understood by camera users,

particularly after the purchase of their first SLR, which can show in
the quality of their work.
There are also a lot of misconceptions about which mode you
should be using when, as well as a lot of bias towards not using
manual mode. When you understand exactly what each mode does,
it becomes a lot clearer which one to use.
What Does the Camera Control
This may seem like a silly point to talk about, because we all know
that the camera covers exposure (namely aperture, shutter speed
and ISO) but it also covers a lot more.
You have the ability to alter the way your camera looks at a scene
using metering modes and focus points.
You can change how it takes a photo with the burst mode, focus
points and focus mode; and how much light it lets in with the
exposure compensation.
Different modes give you different options. It’s up to you to decide
how much control you want.
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Full Auto Mode
What the camera What you control:

controls: • Choose between
• Shutter Speed RAW or JPEG
• Aperture • Burst Fire Mode
• ISO
• White Balance
• Focus Mode
• Exposure
Compensation
• Focus Points
• Metering Mode
• Flash Exposure
Compensation
This mode is most commonly used by people who don’t know

what they’re doing but simply want to take a photo of a scene as
they see it through the viewfinder.
I can understand the frustration, but unless you’ve just taken the
camera out of the box, you have no excuse. You need to learn how
to use your camera to produce the best possible results.
It’s a common misconception that, because it’s intelligent, your
camera will automatically adjust itself to how you would anyway.
This is far from true.
You’ll end up taking bright photos, with harsh pop-up flash, that
look like you used an old phone to take them.
Full Auto does a pretty lousy job of making your photos look as
you’d like them to. It’s still much better than using a pocket camera
on full auto, but won’t produce the best photos.
When you can’t control the aperture, shutter speed and ISO, the
camera has to ‘guess’ what you’re doing, and often gets it wrong.
Exposure is one thing, but there’s a lot more to it than that. Full
Auto doesn’t allow you to meter the photo, which can result in
certain areas being darker or brighter than is desirable.
I quite often use spot metering. The extra direction for where my
camera should expose can make a huge difference to the end result.
This is just one of the many negative factors – I strongly suggest
avoiding this mode.
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Program Mode

controls: • ISO
• Shutter Speed • White Balance
• Aperture • Focus Mode
• Exposure
Compensation
• Focus Points
• Metering Mode
• Flash Exposure
Compensation
• Choose between
RAW or JPEG
• Burst Fire Mode
This is similar to Full Auto in that it takes control over the exposure
(or most of it here), only it allows the user a lot more control at the
same time.
This is typically used by people who know a little bit more about
their cameras and want to be able to influence a lot more features,
such as ISO and WB.
All of this extra control CAN make for much better photos, so long
as you know what you’re doing.
As this mode is really only one step away from using a priority
mode, you’ll often find people who know what they’re doing with a
camera using it, it’s just that they can’t operate it fast enough.
I may switch between aperture priority and shutter speed priority
at a blink of an eye. The same goes for flash and no flash and other
equivalent switches.
This is because I’m experienced with my camera. It’s second nature

to me, and I can choose my settings at speed.
The camera can only ever guess at the correct settings. You may find
that your photos are coming out blurry or noisy because it doesn’t
know what to do.
To get the best results, you need to control the exposure yourself,
and tell the camera what it should be doing. I used to use this mode
when I first started.
It worked fine when I was taking photos of still life. As soon as I
took photos of moving objects, or indoors without a flash, it wasn’t
so reliable and produced blurred results.
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Shutter Speed Priority

controls: • Shutter Speed
• Aperture • ISO
• White Balance
• Focus Mode
• Exposure
Compensation
• Focus Points
• Metering Mode
• Flash Exposure
Compensation
• Choose between
RAW or JPEG
• Burst Fire Mode
I use this mode as much as I use aperture priority and manual

mode because of the type and amount of photography I do. A lot
of photographers will tell you that they only ever shoot in manual
mode, but I personally disagree.
When shooting in good light on a priority mode, you’re simply
relieving yourself of the extra effort to set the other parameters
(such as aperture when you’re shooting on shutter speed priority)
which are determined by exposure compensation.
You can fix an underexposed photo in post production, but there’s
nothing you can do about a blurry one. When I’m shooting a fast
moving object, I switch to shutter speed priority.
However, when there’s plenty of light and no fast moving objects,
shutter speed becomes somewhat irrelevant. You’re much better off
setting the camera to aperture priority and choosing a setting which

would affect your depth of field or sharpness.
Shooting fast moving objects or long exposures are really the only
real reason I use shutter speed priority.
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Aperture Priority

controls: • Aperture
• Shutter Speed • ISO
• White Balance
• Focus Mode
• Exposure
Compensation
• Focus Points
• Metering Mode
• Flash Exposure
Compensation
• Choose between
RAW or JPEG
• Burst Fire Mode
When you have lots of available light you can choose an aperture
which will allow you to affect the depth of field for creative
purposes, and produce more interesting results.
You can also set your lens to its sweet spot, usually around f/8 to
f/11, which is where it will be at its sharpest. If I’ve got lots of light
available and I’m not trying to creatively control my DoF, I tend to
set the aperture to around f/8.
I’ll even increase the ISO if I have to, so long as it’s not producing
too much noise.
You wouldn’t want to use this mode if the shutter speed priority
mode appeals more to your shooting.
Also, if the lighting is dark or inconsistent, you’ll want to use
manual so that you can constantly adjust your exposure to best suit
what you’re shooting and where.

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Manual Mode
What the camera • Shutter Speed

controls: • Aperture
• Exposure • ISO
Compensation • White Balance
• Focus Mode
• Exposure
Compensation
• Focus Points
• Metering Mode
• Flash Exposure
Compensation
• Choose between
RAW or JPEG
• Burst Fire Mode
Manual gives you all the control you could possibly want out of
your camera as it leaves everything up to you. This is great... so long
as you know what you’re doing.
More often than not, if I’m using a flash, I’ll set my camera to
manual. I like to be able to control the amount of ambient light in
my photos. Also, when it’s dark out and I’m using longer exposures
on a tripod, the added control on manual allows you to decide
exactly how you want your photos to expose.
The same is true for when you’re shooting landscapes and you’ve
got plenty of time to take the photo exactly how you want it.
There are many uses for manual mode, perhaps more than any
other mode. Once you master it, you’ll be able to see how much it
can improve your photos.
When Not to Use Manual Mode

There’s not many reasons why you wouldn’t want to use it, but
there are reasons why other modes would work just as well.
If you’re shooting in sunny daylight, you know that your aperture
is going to take priority over your shutter speed and can set it
accordingly. If you’re using manual mode, you then set the shutter
speed so that the exposure compensation meets in the middle.
This is basically doing exactly the same as aperture priority mode.
You might as well use that instead.
74 CAMERA BASICS
Chapter 4
Focus Modes
Understanding focus modes is key to getting the photo that you

want in a hurry. It’s the difference between the photo being in and
out of focus.
You’ve probably struggled to focus in the past and not been entirely
sure why it just won’t lock on exactly what you want it to.
This section will tell you everything you need to ensure you never
lose focus again.
One Shot / AF-S

This is the simplest of all of the focus modes and does exactly what
it says on the tin – it focuses for one shot.
You would typically shoot in this mode when capturing a subject
that isn’t moving. The camera will only focus once when you
depress the shutter button halfway.
This is the mode that you would use if you wanted to use the
focal lock of the camera to focus on the subject and then move the
camera to recompose the frame.
The camera will not refocus in this mode until you lift up the
shutter button and depress it again.
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AI Servo / AF-C
This is often referred to as continuous focus. It will focus when
you partially depress the shutter, but will monitor movement in the
frame and make any necessary adjustments in focus between the
shots.
There’s no need for you to remove your finger from the shutter
button.
This mode is useful when shooting a moving subject, at sporting
events for example. You will not be able to use the camera’s focal
lock to recompose a shot in this mode.
You’ll find that the camera will continually try to focus.
AI Focus / AF-A
This is probably the least understood mode and it’s actually a
mixture of the 2 modes previously described.
When the camera detects only slight movement it will act as though
it’s on One Shot / AF-S mode and will allow you to use the focal
lock feature.
When the camera detects more movement, the focus mode will start
acting like AI Servo / AF-C mode instead and track the subject.
This may sound like the best focus mode to use, but I typically
like to set it to one of the other modes. I usually know what I’m
shooting and therefore how much movement to expect.
This mode does come in handy when you’re shooting still objects
that are likely to move without much notice, such as a bird on a
perch.
78 CAMERA BASICS
Chapter 5
Depth of Field
This section goes hand in hand with the section on Aperture.

Depth of Field is controlled by the Aperture. Please read that
section first.
Depth of Field has positive and negative effects on your photos.
Knowing exactly what it does and how to control it is essential to
taking the best possible photos.
This section teaches you all about how to use Depth of Field (DoF)
to your advantage and how much is right for different situations.
What Is Depth of Field?

DoF is the distance between the closest objects in focus and the
furthest point of focus. The distance can be increased or decreased
by changing the aperture of the lens.
You’ll often see shallow DoF used creatively in photos as it can force
focus onto a certain part of the photo.
How Does DoF Work?

DoF is controlled by the width of the aperture in the lens. For those
of you that don’t understand aperture, I strongly suggest you go
back and read that section first.
The wider the aperture is, the shallower the depth of field and vice
versa. Have a look at the diagram that explains this.
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To really get a strong sense of why this is, have a look at the diagram
I made below. The wide aperture, which spans the full width of the
lens, takes in light at a much wider angle, which in turn means that
the light has less distance to travel before going out of focus.
A narrow aperture, on the other hand, stays in focus for much

longer as the light has further to travel to go out of focus.
In this infographic, we can see how much of a scene falls into focus
when choosing an aperture. A wide aperture will give you a shallow
depth of field, whereas a narrow aperture gives you the opposite.
The depth of field is how much of your scene will have a sharp
focus, as designated by the yellow lines. It is interesting to know
that when you focus on any given subject the depth of field range
falls equally in front of and behind the point of focus.
That’s not all that affects DoF though, there’s also the focal length
and distance from subject.
Effect of Distance From Subject on DoF

The best way to demonstrate this is not with a diagram, but with
your own hand. Take your arm and stretch it out in front of your
face with your hand as far as you can reach.
Looking at your hand you’ll notice that you can still work out a lot
of detail behind it without moving your eyes away.
Now, gradually move your hand closer to your face all the time
focusing on it and you’ll notice that your peripheral vision will get
more and more out of focus.
The same effect is present when using a camera lens.
Creative Uses of DoF

Shallow DoF is often used to create a point of focus on one single
subject in a photo. This can be hugely effective and has become
quite common with the increased availability of cheap wide
aperture lenses.
I recommend playing around with shallow DoFs, but be careful not
to overdo it as your photos will start to become boring and similar.
It’s an easy effect to achieve. This means that a lot of people are
using it. It can be very effective, but try to go further than this to
put yourself above the rest.
Extremely Shallow DoF Shot at f/1.4
Using an aperture this wide creates really nice, soft photos. When
shooting in the evening sun, it makes them look a lot warmer.
Notice how the water droplets are sharp, but the head and eyes are
soft. It’s also fun to play around with the focal plane when the DoF
is this shallow. In this photo, the subject sits behind the point of
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focus to create interest. I was able to achieve this easily as I wasn’t

too close to the subject, and the lens used was only about 50mm.
Medium DoF Shot at f/5.6

With an aperture of f/5.6, you can clearly make out the detail of the
whole body, as well as some of the background.
In situations like this where there is depth to the photo, it’s
important to consider the aperture before shooting. You’ll want to
keep as much of the subject in focus as possible.
Deep DoF Shot at f/22

For many ‘scene’ shots, you’re going to want to keep as much of the
scene in focus as possible.
This means using a narrow aperture and a deep DoF, allowing the
viewer to explore details throughout the entire photo.
I chose this image as an example since you can clearly see that there’s
a lot of depth to it and plenty of aspects over which your eyes can
wander.
84 CAMERA BASICS
Chapter 6
White Balance
If you’ve ever taken photos indoors without a flash, and wondered

why everyone looks so orange, then this section will definitely help
you.
White balance can be hard to master at first, but once you
understand it a little more, it becomes intuitive.
What Is White Balance?
White Balance (WB) determines how accurately the colors in your

photos come out. Specifically, it determines how ‘hot’ or ‘cold’ an
image feels.
Setting your WB accurately will prevent nasty color cast which can
give your image an unnatural appearance.
Different color casts come from ‘white’ not being a true white in
different lighting situations.
This section will teach you how to deal with that.
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How Do I Control the White Balance?

Modern digital cameras give you the option to change the WB
manually as well as giving you an auto white balance (AWB).
AWB is often suitable for daylight situations, but in most others
doesn’t perform well. The most common example for this is when
shooting indoors in tungsten light.
Canon in particular are notoriously bad at getting the color right on
Auto mode, often resulting in the color coming out far too warm.
In a typical digital SLR (and some advanced compacts) you will
have this kind of scale of white balance to choose from:
Auto
Good if you don’t know what you’re doing. Works well in sunlight,
but not suitable in most situations.
Daylight
Auto mode can be good in daylight, but not perfect. I would
typically use this balance in daylight. Most people tend to stick to

auto because they’re worried about forgetting to change the WB
when they go back indoors (we’ve all done it).
Shade
Auto mode makes photos look a little cold in the shade so using this
preset will be a lot more accurate.
Cloudy
Again, this is pretty self explanatory as to when you’d use it.
Tungsten
This light comes from incandescent bulbs found in your home. If
left on auto instead, your photos will come out very warm with an
almost orange color cast.
Fluorescent
This comes from tube lighting found in offices and hospitals. It’s
a very cold light and can make your photos appear blue. This also
explains why offices have that nasty sterile feel.
Flash
This compensates for the somewhat cool light of the camera’s flash.
Custom
This is used for setting the white balance accurately using a grey
card – more about this in a moment.
Temperature
This is for experienced professional photographers.
All of these modes simply define the extent and direction to which
your camera adjusts the color of the photo it’s taking.
To demonstrate how these modes affect the temperature of a photo,
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I took a photo of the Hungarian Parliament with the sun setting

behind it, with no sun shining directly onto its facade.
You’ll see that the ‘Shade’ setting is most accurate for that situation.
Auto
Photo comes out quite cold.
Cloud
Very good, but still a little colder than the environment actually
was.
Daylight
Not bad, but the camera was trying to compensate for a much
brighter environment so it overcompensated.
Flash
Worked surprisingly well, it’s a more accurate auto mode for this
sort of lighting.
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Fluorescent
Far too cold looking, this setting is intended for much warmer light
and has cooled the photo accordingly.
Shade
Very accurate, it captures the spring evening perfectly.
Tungsten
Again, this setting is intended for much warmer light.
How to Get Perfect Color Reproduction

First things first, you need to learn about grey cards.
Grey cards are used to determine which white balance should be
used by your camera as they are made from 18% grey which is a
neutral hue.
They work by taking a photo of the card that fills the whole frame
of your camera and then setting this as the white balance inside
your camera. The camera sees a difference between the result and
the neutral hue and determines the balance from that.
A grey card is used over white because, if you overexpose any color
enough, it’ll eventually come out as white and WB is all about color,
not brightness.
As the grey photo was taken in the same lighting environment as
the rest of your photos will be, the camera knows exactly how much
to adjust the balance.
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Custom
This is where you would take the photo of the grey card and set
it as your white balance. This is the most accurate way possible to
capture color on the cheap and I fully recommend it.
Color Temperature / Kelvin
This is for professional photographers who are used to using
expensive color temperature meters in studio conditions and setting
the WB value manually.
The value is set in kelvins – named after the man who created the
scale. For example, sunlight is approximately 5200K and tungsten is
approximately 3200K.
After extensive experience with WB, you’ll be able to start judging it
for yourself.
Which Setting Is Best for Me?

You basically have 5 options:
1. You can spend all your time shooting in auto mode
and hope for the best. This is alright if you’re still
trying to get to grips with exposure, but after that I
recommend you move on.
2. You can try and use the preset modes inside your
camera to get accurate results. This is certainly a step
in the right direction, but they’re still just ballpark
figures and won’t always produce correct results.
3. You can shoot in custom mode. This is the most
popular choice by professional photographers. It
will take some time to get used to it and it requires
carrying around a grey card.
4. You could use a light temperature meter. This is very
accurate, but can cost a lot of money. It’s not really
an option for most.
5. You can shoot in RAW. For those of you who don’t
know, RAW is an uncompressed file format that
allows you to change things on a computer after the
photo has been taken. One of the changeable aspects
is white balance.
6. With the information above you should be well on
your way to capturing the perfect colors every time.
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Chapter 7
Focal Length
Knowing what focal length means, especially in relation to your

camera, is very important when it comes to buying lenses.
This section will leave you well informed as to what different lenses
do, which ones are right for you, how to use them creatively, and all
the technical speak you’ll need.
What Does It Actually Mean?

The focal length of your lens essentially determines how ‘zoomed
in’ your photos are. The higher the number, the more zoomed your
lens will be.
It is often misunderstood that the focal length is measured from the
front or rear of the lens. In reality it describes the distance between
the point of convergence in your lens to the sensor or film in your
camera.
Take a look at the diagram below that explains this.
Different Focal Ranges and What They’re

Used For
Ultra Wide Angle 14-24mm
These lenses are often considered specialty items and the range is
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not often included as part of a kit lens. They create such a wide
angle of view that they can look distorted as our eyes aren’t used to
seeing that sort of range.
They’re often used in event and architectural photography for
cramming a lot into a photo when shooting in a confined space.
Wide and ultra wide lenses are about ‘putting yourself in the middle
of it all’, not just about getting the whole of a scene in.
These lenses are not particularly suitable for portraits. They
enhance the perspective so much that facial features are often given
an unnatural appearance.
Wide Angle 24-35mm
This is where you’ll find most kit lenses for full frame cameras
will start. 24mm is roughly the point at which the distortion that
appears to stretch the side of the image stops appearing unnatural.
They are widely used by photojournalists because they are wide
enough to include a lot of the context, yet still look realistic.
Standard 35mm-70mm
It’s in this range at about 45-50mm that the lens will reproduce
what our eyes see (excluding peripheral vision). I personally like
to use this range when shooting on the street or in situations with
friends in a close setting such as at a dinner table or the pub.
A standard lens such as a 50mm f1.8 is an excellent, inexpensive
addition for a camera and will provide excellent results.
Prime lenses (lenses with a fixed focal length – they can’t zoom)
will always provide better results than your kit lens as the lens is
built with a single purpose in mind. It does one job well rather than
multiple jobs poorly.
Mild Telephoto 70-105mm

This range is often where kit lenses will stop and you’ll start to
get into the range of telephoto lenses and portrait primes (around
85mm).
This is a good range for portrait lenses. The natural perspective
of the lens will separate the face from the background without
completely isolating it.
Telephoto 105-300mm
Lenses in this range are often used for distant scenes such as
buildings or mountains. They’re not suitable for landscapes because
of the way they will flatten the perspective of a scene.
Lenses in higher ranges than this are used predominantly for sport
and animal photography.
How Focal Length Affects Perspective

To give you a better idea of how the focal length affects the
perspective of a photo, I’ve taken 4 photos of the same subject at
different focal lengths and compared them below.
The subjects (3 soup cans) are kept in the same position (about 10
inches apart from one another) in every photo.
It’s worth noting that these photos are shot with a crop sensor so
the actual focal length will be higher than listed – something I will
explain further in a moment.
To say that the focal length changes the perspective is, however,
quite misleading. You see, it’s actually the distance from the subject.
The focal length is an indicator of the distance from the subject,
so they stay framed mostly the same.
The difference arises because the focal length is getting longer
98 CAMERA BASICS
(zooming in), as the camera moves further away. Remember, it’s

the distance from the subject, and the focal length is just used to
compensate for this.
24 mm
70 mm
135 mm
300 mm
What About My Crop Sensor?

Shooting on a crop sensor has what’s known as the ‘crop factor’.
This essentially means that any full frame lenses (EF, FX, etc.) that
you put onto a crop sensor body will have a cropping effect.
The actual factor is approximately 1.6. In real terms, this means that
if you shoot at 35mm, the actual result you’ll get will be closer to a
50mm image.
The way this works is demonstrated in the diagrams on the next

page.
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What you’re effectively doing is zooming in on an image, avoiding

the widest part of the scene.
Even lenses built for crop cameras such as the EF-S and DX ranges
will still give this effect because lenses are listed by their actual
length, not their field of view.
These lenses will not work on a full frame body without a heavy
vignetting effect. The image will not project onto the whole of the
sensor.
That’s it! Now, here are two example shots on the next page, taken
at very different focal lengths.
The first is shot at 24mm and the second at 300mm (both on a crop
sensor).
24 mm
300 mm
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Chapter 8
Crop Factor
A friend of mine was asking me advice on which lens she should

buy the other day.
My reply was ‘get a 50mm 1.8, unless you’re shooting on Nikon, in
which case you should get a 35mm as the angle will work better on
your crop sensor’.
She then asked me, ‘What's a crop sensor?’
The lack of knowledge about the type of camera she was using
surprised me, but looking back, I remember a time when I didn’t
know either.
This section is about setting it straight and helping you to make the
right choice when it comes to buying a lens.
What Is the Crop Factor?

The crop factor is something which is common to most digital SLR
cameras these days as they use smaller sensors than more expensive
cameras.
Professional cameras have a sensor the same size as a 35mm piece of
film. Any old lenses used on film bodies, using the same mount, still
work on digital SLRs.
The problem with this is that the technology proved big and
expensive and drove the price of cameras up. To fix this, camera
manufacturers started building new cameras with smaller sensors,
which would take the old lenses as well as new lenses, designed to
mimic the same focal length.
When you put a lens meant for a full frame camera onto a body
with a crop sensor, the crop factor is produced.
It’s called the crop factor because you’re effectively cropping the
image. Imagine you’ve printed out a photo, but suddenly the paper
104 CAMERA BASICS
is half the size, you have to cut parts out, which would crop the
image.
This isn’t the best analogy, so have a look at the diagram below. In
both images, the lens is meant for a full frame camera. On the left,
you can see the projection of that image as if it falls onto a crop
sensor – a lot of the image is missed at the sides.
The image on the right shows you what this is effectively doing –
it’s taking a regular full frame sensor and bringing it closer to the
lens, cropping out part of the image.
As you can see, a lot of the image is lost when you use a full frame
lens. Let’s look at it from another angle. In the image above a
circular lens produces a circular image, which the sensor crops in a
size-dependent manner.
Full frame sensors are all the same size, whereas crop sensor sizes
tend to vary between manufacturers, For the sake of this diagram,
know that it’s not to scale.
How Much Does It Crop?

There are two main sizes from crop (APS-C) sensors. Those used by
Nikon, Sony and Pentax, and the one used by Canon.
The main difference is that Canon’s is slightly smaller and magnifies
the image by 1.6, rather than 1.5.
This means that, if you put a 50mm lens designed for full frame
cameras onto a crop sensor body, the focal length would effectively
be 80mm, whereas it would be 75mm on the other sensor.
These magnification differences don’t make a big difference at this
end of the scale, as the lenses are designed accordingly. All you need
to know is which sensor you’re using so that you can work out the
crop factor when you want to buy a full frame lens.
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How Do I Know if I’m Using a Crop Sensor?

This is pretty easy to answer – if you look for your camera body
brand new at the moment, can you buy it for less that $2000? If so,
the chances are you’re using a crop sensor.
Full frame cameras are expensive and aren’t that common in
relation to the number of crop cameras. If you walked into a store
and paid less than $2000 for it, then you’re likely shooting on a crop
sensor.
Another great way of telling is by looking at the kit lens that came
with your camera. These lenses are designed to work with your
camera body providing a smaller lens projection, resulting in a focal
length shorter than a full frame camera – starting at 18mm, rather
than 24mm.
There will also be your camera brand’s marking on the camera to
indicate which body it was made for. Here are the most popular
markings for crop sensors:
• Canon — EF-S
• Nikon — DX
• Sony — DT
• Pentax — DA
• Sigma — DC
• Tamron — Di-II
If one day you decide to upgrade to a full frame camera, these lenses
will no longer work, so buy carefully.
Why You Should Buy Full Frame Lenses

If you only ever bought a prime lens, you’ll know why. Lenses made
for professional, full frame cameras are usually much better quality.
You can still buy high quality lenses for crop sensor cameras, but if
you want to be using the best lenses out there, full frame lenses are
the way to go.
These lenses have been around since well before digital cameras
were popular, providing the speed and accuracy you’d expect for the
price.
Prime lenses in particular are only really made for full frame
cameras. 50mm is a great focal length to use with a full frame
camera, but doesn’t work so well on a crop sensor because it’s
unnaturally zoomed.
If you’re a Nikon user and want to buy an f/1.8 lens, I would
recommend the 35mm over the 50mm. The resulting images will be
much more natural.
You may have concerns about the perspective appearing compressed
at longer focal lengths but this isn’t something you need to worry
about as it’s not the lens that compresses the image, but the distance
from the subject.
That being said, when you start using much wider angles, the barrel
distortion at the edges becomes much more significant. Cropping
this out won’t change the perspective, but you will notice the
difference initially.
Buying the Right Lens for You

The first thing that’s worth mentioning here is a realistic warning.
If you’re going to replace your kit lens but you’re not planning to
upgrade your body for a few years, buy a crop sensor lens.
The field of view that you lose in the shorter focal lengths is
quite big. Have a look at the photos on the following page for
comparison.
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The first photo was taken at 18mm and the second at 24mm, both
on a crop sensor. If you shoot wide often, or even at all, you’re
going to want to keep the extra few millimeters.
18 mm
24 mm
Notice the position of the balconies on the left hand side of the
image.
I would thoroughly recommend prime lenses, no matter which
body you’re using. They’re sharper and better quality for the price
than alternatives, such as an all-in-one wide angle to telephoto.
The best advice I could give is to carefully consider what you want
to do with your photography, whether you’re going to be upgrading
the body soon, or shoot really wide angles, and then choose the lens
that’s right for you.
110 CAMERA BASICS
Chapter 9
Polarising Filters
Polarizing filters are great for shooting in direct sunlight as they

remove glare from non-metallic objects, in turn creating more
naturally saturated colors.
The effect created by a polarizing filter is one of the only effects that
can’t be replicated in post-production. This section teaches you
how to use them properly.
What Do Polarizing Filters Do?

There are 2 types of polarizing filters; linear and circular. Linear are
traditionally used in film photography, whereas circular is used in
digital, as these are designed not to confuse the camera’s autofocus.
When you attach the circular filter to the end of your lens, you’ll
find that you can still rotate the filter, which affects the direction
in which the light is polarized. When shooting in direct sunlight,
you’ll often find that your images come out harsh and feel
overexposed.
Think of it as being in the sun with no sunglasses on. It can be hard
to see. Polarizers work by allowing in light from a certain direction
only, removing glare from photos.
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Have a look at these photos. The first one was taken without a
filter and you can see the sun reflected strongly off the windows,
overexposing the whites. This has made the finer details less clear,
weakening the overall quality of the photo.
Now have a look at a similar photo below, taken with a polarizing

filter. The glare from the windows has been removed and they
become less distracting. The sky is softer and not as contrasted, as
the polarising filter only affected the windows.
In the first image, it sat over the blue sky. Overall, the polarized
photo is much easier to look at.

Polarizing filters also remove haze from photos, which has the
greatest effect when a photo is taken of a distant subject or scene.
This makes the sky look much bluer. All the colors are more vibrant
and saturated.
Have a look at the 2 photos below – the first image has the
polarising element over the sky.
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How to Use Polarising Filters

Polarizing filters produce their best results when they’re orientated
90° away from the sun. This is a great way to get the best out of
your filter. You’ll need to be careful when taking a photo of a wide
angle scene.
The sky’s polarization isn’t even and you’ll start to see a change in
the blue color as it gets further from the sun. The filter proves least
effective when the sun is behind the lens. It’s not always going to be
useful on a bright, sunny day.
Polarizing filters are usually quite thick and darken your image, so
when you’re using them make sure your shutter speed is still high
enough to take the photo handheld.
They work best in direct sunlight, so this shouldn’t really be a
problem. If it is, I recommend increasing your ISO from 100 to
200.
A polarising filter needs to fit the situation you are in. It’s also
important when using a circular filter to have it rotated correctly.
Have a look at the 2 images below.
The first photo has been rotated incorrectly and you can see
an obvious fade in the sky. The second photo has been rotated
correctly and looks more natural.
This can create a pretty cool effect, but in some cases, it can be
better not to use a filter. It’s not always appropriate to use a
polarizing filter.
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Polarizing filters are very beneficial in removing reflections from

glass and water. They are incredibly effective at this and are often
used when taking photos of lakes. They allow you to see much
further in.
Consider the images on this and the next page. The first photo is
not polarized and the reflections from the surrounding actually add
detail to the photo.
The second photo is polarized. You’ll notice they are darker, and
while cutting out the detail, lets you see more of the intended scene.
Photo without the
polarizing filter
Photo with the

polarizing filter
Photo without the

polarizing filter
Photo with the

polarizing filter
What to Look For When Buying Polarising

Filters
Make sure you have the right size – have a look at the end of your
lens or on the inside of your lens cap. If you’ve got a digital camera,
make sure it’s circular polarizing. Go for the best quality you can
afford.
There’s no point buying a $1500 lens and then putting a cheap
piece of glass in front of it, I personally use high-end Hoya filters.
And lastly, buy a case to put it in when you’re not using it to save it
from dust and scratches.
118 CAMERA BASICS
Chapter 10
Take Sharper Photos With
These Ten Tips
Taking sharper photos is easy when you know how, and these ten
timeless tips will help you in your efforts.
All very simple, and no Photoshop involved.
1. Fast Shutter Speed
When trying to take a sharp photo, the last thing you want is
motion blur. This is the most important step, so make sure you get
it right.
I mentioned previously about shutter speed; as a rule of thumb, a
sharp, blur-free image can be taken by setting the speed to a fraction
of a focal length. For example, if you want to take photo at 30mm,
you would set the shutter speed to 1/30 of a second - any slower and
you’re likely to get motion blur.
It’s worth noting that this rule is only relevant to full frame
cameras. For a crop sensor, due to the magnification effect, you
would be better off choosing a speed of 1/45 of a second.
If you’re having trouble holding your camera steady and taking
sharper photos, I suggest shooting in burst mode and picking an
image from the middle with the least camera shake.
120 CAMERA BASICS
2. Use a Tripod
When a fast shutter speed isn’t an option and your subject is
stationary, it’s best to use a tripod.
This holds the camera steady and the various spirit levels on a good
tripod will ensure that your photo will still be level on uneven
ground.
3. Focus Correctly
There are a few ways to fix dodgy focus; the first is to take the
camera off auto selection and manually select the points at which
you want to focus on.
Alternatively, you can use your camera’s focal lock, which will also
help when you want a shallow depth of field.
When taking a photo of a person, I recommend focusing on their
eyes. That’s where our eyes are naturally drawn to. In focus eyes will
generally produce an acceptable photo like the one below.
This photo has an incredibly shallow DoF, with an aperture of f/
1.4, but the photo appears to be in good focus.
When using a camera on a tripod, I like to switch my camera to live
view mode and digitally zoom in 10X to where I want to focus,

then focus manually. This way I know that the focus will be exactly
as I want it.
That’s how I focused on the Milky Way below.
4. Use a Good Lens

Your image quality will only ever be as good as the lens it passes
through.
When buying your first camera, I recommend upgrading to an
inexpensive prime (can’t zoom) lens as soon as you can.
You’ll notice a vast improvement in quality, as prime lenses
are designed with only one job in mind. They don’t have to
compromise to cover a range of focal lengths.
I recommend a 50mm or 35mm 1.8, which can be picked up for
less than $150.
5. Keep Your Lens Clean
A good lens is no good if it’s covered in dirt. Clean it at the
beginning of every day that you use it and put a filter on to keep it
safe.
122 CAMERA BASICS
Dirty lenses have a noticeable effect on your photos.

6. Image Stabilization
If you’re lucky enough to have stabilization in your lens, turn it on.
This will allow you to shoot at slower shutter speeds and narrower
apertures.
If you use a tripod, remember to turn image stabilization back off as
it will have a negative effect trying to stabilize when it doesn’t need
to.
7. Use Your Base ISO

Set your camera ISO to as low as it will go – usually between 100-
200 – where you will get the sharpest photos.
As I mentioned in the ISO section, the higher the value, the more
noise there will be. If you want really clear, crisp photos, you’ll need
as little noise as possible.
8. Find Your Lens' Sweet Spot
The sharpest point in your lens is likely to fall between f/8-f/11. If
you don’t understand aperture, I suggest you go back and read that
section again.
Using a wide aperture gives you a shallow depth of field, which

produces a lot of blur. When you get to about f/8, you’ll find
that your images are much crisper as the majority of what you’re
shooting will be clearly focused.
9. Use The Light
The more light the better really isn’t true– you don’t have to use it
all. When I can’t use daylight and still want a really sharp photo, I
use an off camera flash and bounce it off a wall or ceiling to give the
photo a feel of good natural lighting.
Lighting is key to taking a sharp photo. In the photo below, the sun
was behind the berries, so I used a flash to fill in with light areas that
would have otherwise been silhouettes.
10. Shoot in RAW
Shooting in RAW has many advantages. It still allows you to
adjust a lot of settings after you’ve taken the photo, one of which is
sharpness.
When done properly, this can add fantastic final detail to a photo.
Just be careful not to overdo it, as photos that are too sharp are a
strain to look at.
124 COMPOSITION 101
PART III
COMPOSITION
101
Once you understand exposure and your camera, it’s time to

move on to the art of taking great photos, and for that, we
need to learn all about composition.
This is undoubtedly the most important section of this book,
so I hope you enjoy it!
126 COMPOSITION 101
Chapter 1
The Rule of Thirds
This is one of the most common composition techniques, and for a

reason; it works. Photos that are correctly composed using the rule
of thirds have depth and interest. There’s a good balance between
your subject(s) and the background.
Once you start playing around with this rule, you’ll start to see it
more naturally and your photos will begin to improve.
What Is the Rule of Thirds

This basic composition rule is used by photographers, artists and
designers to create better composition.
The rule basically dictates that photos should be split into 9 equal
segments created by 2 equally-spaced horizontal lines and 2 equally-
spaced vertical lines.
Important features within the frame should intersect with these
lines at some point.
128 COMPOSITION 101
Now, before we go any further, I’d like to say that the term ‘rule’ in
photography is used very loosely. You should never follow a rule if it
doesn’t work for your photo.
In photography, rules are made to be broken. But it’s always best to
know the rule you’re going to break before breaking it.
This is what the rule of thirds looks like:
How to Use the Rule of Thirds

The rule of thirds is a great way to make your average day-to-day
photos look a little more interesting.
Consider this comparison on the next page. By moving the subject
off center, the image gains depth.
130 COMPOSITION 101
In the following photos, instead of merely taking a symmetrical

photo, which would have been easy (and boring), I decided to
intersect the horizon with the ‘third line’ in the frame.
This change in perspective again adds depth to the photo, grabbing
your attention with an interesting foreground.
When you’re taking a photo of someone and trying to follow the

rule of thirds, I find it best to place the subject to the side of the
frame so that they’re facing into the photo, not out.
There are exceptions where the background might be particularly
interesting with a nice bokeh or depth of field, but in general, it’s
best to have them looking into the frame.
I also tend to line up the eyes with one of the guide lines, as it
creates good balance in the photo.
Finally, when you’re framing a photo, look for natural lines in the
frame and try to line these up with third lines. The photo below has
the subject looking inwards, creating depth and interest, as well as
vertical lines that line up with one third of the photo.
This helps to maintain a good balance in the photo and ensure that
the space to the right of the subject is not wasted.
132 COMPOSITION 101
Chapter 2
Visual Weight
Visual weight incorporates a lot more than just the size of an object
in a scene. Visual weight is determined by the way in which we look
at the photo, specifically the aspect we see first and spend the most
time looking at.
If you understand the visual weight of different objects in a scene,
you’ll be able to use your knowledge effectively to encourage the
viewer to see your photo in a certain way.
Which Objects Provide the Most Weight?

Eyes
The single most effective way of adding visual weight to a photo is
to include eyes. The first thing viewers will see in the photo is the
eyes and then, if they’re looking away from the camera, where the
eyes are looking.
This is a great method of forcing the viewer to look at certain
aspects of a photo in a desired order.
134 COMPOSITION 101
Consider the first photo on this page as an example; notice how

your eyes briefly glance over the people before alternating between
the drink in their hands'.
Now look at the photo again, only this time with the girls cropped
out. The majority of your time spent looking at the photo is
looking at what is in their hands at the bottom of the frame.
This is vitally important to remember when composing your shots

as a subject can be completely changed by the addition of a few sets
of eyes.
Without the eyes, there’s a lot less to look at; the viewer spends less
time looking at your photo.
Of course, that doesn’t mean that you have to include eyes to make
a photo interesting. It just works well in this example.
Size, Color & Contrast
Size and color play a large part in drawing your viewer’s attention
to a certain aspect of the frame, as they can be manipulated to stand
out from a distance.
When an object occupies a large proportion of the frame, it
becomes difficult to ignore, but is a lot less subtle than the addition
of a pair of eyes. When this large object is also bright or contrasting
in color, the tendency to stand out is greater as it can appear out of
place.
Consider the next photo, for example, the complementary colors of
the water and poolside work well together.
They contrast against each other which makes the image stand out
greatly. Both sides weigh the same, so the balance actually weighs
out to be roughly the same visual weight.
136 COMPOSITION 101
Writing
Writing in photos holds a great amount of weight as the viewer
immediately becomes suspicious of what the photographer wants
them to see. This can be very useful but, at the same time, a bit
obvious.
If you were to use writing purely for its shape and colors, it’s best
to use a foreign language. The photo below is a good example of
deeper meaning and how we interact with words. Here, the boy
stares at the graffiti, hopefully foreshadowing a future mood.
I also recommend you don’t caption your photos. Text in (or in

this case, alongside) photos, conveys visual weight that encourages
your viewer to think in a certain way. While this is useful in a photo,
when you add a caption, you’re taking away from the viewer's
imagination.
The photo below is actually a lot stronger because the writing was
included inside the photo rather than existing alongside it.
You'll also notice the shape and style of the text juxtaposes against
the rigid, straight lines of the buildings.
Cuteness, Horror, Erotic, Novelty

We’ve covered what I consider to be the three top weighing objects
to include in a photo but there’s plenty more that will attract the
viewer to certain parts of your photo.
Everyone loves looking at photos, and there are billions of them out
there, each serving an individual purpose.Some good photography
may have you engrossed for hours, spotting new parts that you’d
missed before. Others are designed to produce a few seconds of
entertainment, which is often where you’ll find these sorts of
weights.
That’s not to say that the points covered in the subheading can’t be
used for other purposes. They can prove very effective when used
properly but also happen to be found in the majority of image sites
offering light-hearted entertainment.
Visual weight is a great way to add creativity to your images.
138 COMPOSITION 101
Consider the below image. It is a juxtaposition of movement at

stillness.
The car is presumed still, while the background it moving. In fact,

it is the opposite. This proves that the perspective of a scene can be
altered to create a new meaning.
Multiple Points of Interest
Events provide many points of interest, which forces you to think
of what is really the most important aspect of the scene.
This is where the focus needs to fall. In the scene, we see the archer,
then the second female archer and further in the background, the
crowd.
This is where the focus needs to fall. In the scene, we see the archer,
then the second female archer and further in the background, the
crowd.
Changing the focus to the 2nd archer giver her precedence.
Focusing on the crowd makes their reaction more important than
the act of the actual archer.
The first thing we notice is archer holding the arrow in his mouth.
His eyesight brings you past the second archer, over the crowd and
out of the scene.
He stands out as he is in focus, but it sets the meaning of the
whole scene. On top of this, loosening the arrow from teeth is very
unusual, and brings the viewer's attention to it.
A Note to Finish
What I mean to say is that the more subjects or objects you include
in the photo, the more complicated the composition can become.
This, in turn, can make the photo more interesting.
The biggest thing to take away from this section is that size doesn’t
matter, it’s the actual content that makes the biggest difference.
The more subtle you make your photographic composition, the
more interesting the results can become. I hope this has helped to
clear things up for any of you who were wondering.
140 COMPOSITION 101
Chapter 3
Balance
Balance is at the base of every composition; it determines whether

the photo is pleasing and harmonious to look at, or uncomfortable
and unresolved. If you look at balance in a literal sense, the basic
analogy of weighing scales comes to mind.
If you divide the photo in half, you can place objects in different
parts of the scene to make the photo appear either balanced or
unbalanced.
When a photo is largely asymmetrical, its balance becomes less
stable. But an obvious balance such as symmetrical scenes tends to
be somewhat boring.
I like the following photo. It is balanced and unbalanced at the same
time. There is certainly a visual weight between the two sides of the
frame.
There is also the touch of blue color in the painting, where the rest
of the scene is more muted. You'll find the same colors in and out of
the scene on the wall.
142 COMPOSITION 101
The size conflict draws the viewer's eyes back and forth between the
couple and the painting, yet they never rest. A harmonious tension.
Along with placement, we have size and visual weight, which can
balance the photo, depending on the positioning. You may have a
small and a large object, which would be impossible to balance at
equal distances from the center of the photo.
If you place the smaller object to the far edge of the frame and the
larger object slightly off center, the balance becomes a lot better
resolved. Just like it would be in real life with actual weights on a
scale.
Negative space also plays a large part in balancing an image.
Balanced or unbalanced?
Balanced or unbalanced photos are determined by the eyes of the
viewer. It’s up to the photographer to decide how they want a
viewer to perceive their photograph.
Simply put, deciding between balance and unbalance is the same as
deciding between tension
and harmony. Each degree of choice has different effects and
applications.
Let's have a look at some unbalanced photos and their uses.
If you’re looking to add dynamic tension to your photos, you’re
going to immediately find that the tension itself acts as a technique
for unbalancing a photo.
In the photo on the next page it would be hard to find the center
of gravity as the image extends outwards from the frame of the
photo in so many contrasting directions, with the small detail in the
bottom left and corner providing a further distraction.
Horizons help with a sense of balance, which this photo is missing.

You may also want to unbalance a photo in order to direct the
viewer's attention to a certain feature of the photo, but this should
be approached with caution.
If you chose a position for your subject that proves too unusual, the
unbalancing technique becomes too obvious and, consequentially,
much less effective.
If you have a look at the photo below, you’ll notice the balance
leaning towards the right of the photo, which leads your eyes to
wonder what’s in the rest of the photo.
144 COMPOSITION 101
Your interest is drawn towards the balloon on the left and the
mountain in the middle. These make the photo more interesting
and increasing the time someone will spend looking at it.
Asymmetrical & Symmetrical
Symmetrical images are split down the middle, using either
horizontal or vertical lines. They can add stability to your scene, or
create a dynamic tension.
You will find that there are many ways lines are used in these
compositions. Horizontal lines express stability and the balance
comes from their association with the horizon.
These contrasting lines can separate two areas of different contrasts
or exposures.
Vertical lines represent strength through objects that are subject to
gravity. Or try to escape it.
You will find these in converging line scenes, that aim to lead your
eye through an environment.
Diagonal lines are another great way to create balance through a
feeling of action or movement.
These dynamic lines act as leading lines, pulling the viewer from
one side to another.
I would consider the image on the next page mostly unbalanced,
with the main visual weight of the subject at the bottom of the
frame.
The horizontal line implies a solid base and the three cows add the
tension. These act as a weight for the left, middle and right sides of
the photo but not enough to make it feel completely balanced.
The second image is very stable due to its symmetry. The lines from
the road, railings, trees, and road marking drag viewers to the center
of the frame.
They are protected by the strength of the objects that surround
that single focus point. As it is symmetrical, you can enter the scene
from any direction and its the same process and endpoint.
146 COMPOSITION 101
Size & Visual Weight

Lastly, you should consider the positioning of your subjects in
terms of height within the frame.
In the photo below, the person's face on the left balances out the
weight of her hand on the right. Even though the hand is clearly
bigger and in focus, the overall size of the hand coupled with
horizontal life creates a force, pushing on the left side of the image.
Different composition techniques have different effects on the

visual weighing of objects in your scene. The better you understand
them, the better your balance will be.
Negative Space
What you choose not to include in your scene is just as important as
what you incorporate. The negative space in your scene emphasizes
the main subject of your scene.
By removing details or subjects from one part of the frame, the
viewer’s eyes search around for that focal point.
The more negative space you add, the force is greater. It offers
you some breathing room and stops the scene from feeling too
cluttered.
Because of these, they can be used to balance or unbalance your
scene. It depends on what you capture.
A Note To Finish
As photographers, we spend a great deal of time creating awesome
images, using different compositional techniques that the viewer is
unlikely to pick up on.
At times it can prove frustrating when a viewer doesn’t appreciate
the hard work you had to employ to produce your perfect image,
but that’s not what’s important. The creation of a photo that you
and your peers can identify as ‘good’ is the main thing.
The more aware you are of the potential effects of balance on
your photos, the better your photography will be. It pays to think
about how you want to portray your image before picking up your
camera.
The degrees of balance is at the heart of every photo and can’t be
ignored. Use balance wisely and remember that any technique used
to excess loses its worth.
148 COMPOSITION 101
Chapter 4
Eye Lines
When taking photos of people, you’re taking photos with eye lines.
It is of vital importance to understand the effect that these can have
on the way your photo is viewed.
Eye lines have the capacity to focus our attention on another part of
the photo, as well as produce tension alongside other photographic
elements.
When we say ‘eye-lines’, we’re talking about the implied lines
produced when we follow a person’s line of sight.
These lines are similar to horizontal, vertical and diagonal lines and
can be used to make up other elements such as dynamic tension and
triangles.
Our eyes are naturally drawn to faces, eyes in particular due to the
equivalent way in which we interact with people in life.
A face is about the strongest visual weight that can be included in a
photo.
Natural curiosity is the source of our desire to follow eye-lines
because, as a viewer, we want to know whether we share the same
interest in whatever has taken the subject’s attention.
This allows us to relate to the subject, conveying a greater
understanding of the photo.
Eye-lines are an important element of the structure of an image.
They can be used to great effect but, when used poorly or left
unused, can prove detrimental to a photo.
The effects of eye-lines vary depending on where the eyes are
looking, with one of the strongest being eyes that are looking
straight into the camera.
When an image like this is viewed, we’re forced to focus on the eyes,
and we’re not directed to explore the photo as much.
150 COMPOSITION 101
Have a look at the photo below where the man is looking straight
into the lens of the camera.
His eyes look quite dramatic, and carry a great deal of emotion.
Human faces are very expressive with the eyes being one of the
strongest ways of displaying emotion.
When the subject is looking elsewhere in the frame, you’ll notice
that you spend less time looking at them because they tell you less
about the subject.
What’s more important here is the point at which the subject is
looking, directing us to explore that area too. It’s up to you whether
you want the model to be the subject, or where they’re looking as
the true point of interest.
The photo on the next page uses the eye-line to make up a
photographic element. The woman's eyes point you towards the
man on the left-hand side of the image.
Even though her eye line does reach something in the frame, it
results in a feeling of unresolved tension and ambiguity, which is
another great technique at your disposal.
I’ve mentioned it a few times already, but not actually shown
you how to do it, and that’s using the eye-lines as a photographic
element.
In the photo below, the eye-line of the model allows our eyes to
exit the frame of the scene. This creates tension, as she isn't looking
towards the lead room in the scene.
152 COMPOSITION 101
The viewer's eyes catch her glance, and leave the frame on the right,
alongside the model’s.
The great thing about using an eye-line as one of the lines is that
you can choose where you want your viewers to look first, and then
to any secondary subjects.
You can use this to your advantage as you show them where to start
and, in the same vein, you’re choosing where you want it to end as
well.
When there are conflicting eye-lines in a photo, you can use selective
focus to choose its true subject. This works in two ways. You’re
making it clear who you want the attention to be on and you’re
encouraging the viewer to explore the areas they find less important.
Here, the eye-line and look of disapproval of the eagle on the left
helps to focus the viewer's attention onto the eagle on the right.
When you have more than one set of eyes in a photo, and they’re
looking at one other, linear back and forth motion is created
between the two subjects. The more interesting the facial expression
is on each subject, the better this works, as seen in the photo on the
next page.
This creates an equal balance of importance between the two

subjects, and you can then use other elements to manipulate the
focus of the viewers' attention.
The lighting and facial expression on the right lead me to spend
more time looking at that subject.
In the photo on this page, you can still tell which direction the
subject is looking in, but it’s less important because it’s out of the
frame and covered up by the framing.
154 COMPOSITION 101
Where multiple eye-lines exist in a photo, and they’re looking all

over frame, we’ll tend to look at this photo for longer in an attempt
to decide what everyone is finding so important.
Neither of the women in the photo below is looking in the same
direction, which is unusual for two people who aren’t moving. Your
eyes move around the frame, starting with the eyes that you can see
best, on the woman on the right.
These lines extend in a different direction, introducing an element

of dynamic tension alongside an unresolved appearance.
When it comes to taking good photos of people, a lot comes down
to anticipation and knowing how you want the photos to come
out.
In this last photo, the subject needed to be the main focus. This is
because it was shot at a very wide aperture, blurring the background
in the process.
At the same time, the photo appears to be posed, however it was

much more candid. The camera raised and focused, which made
the subject notice and turn towards the camera.
The end result was a very natural looking photo with the visual
weight in all the right places. It’s just a case of being prepared and
having a rough idea of the end result you’re looking for in your
head.
156 COMPOSITION 101
Chapter 5
Single Point
Working with a single point of interest in a photo is one of the

most basic forms of composition available, so quite a common
occurrence and it pays to know how to approach it
A single point can provide interest to an otherwise plain photo;
they’re usually fairly small and contrasting to the rest of the photo.
A photo doesn’t need to have any points of interest to be successful
though, just have a look at the most expensive photo in the world as
an example.
The decision you have to make when working with a single point is
where you want it to lie within the frame, the justification it has to
be there, and the effect it has on your photo.
When you place a single point in the center of a frame, such as a
person’s face, it needs no justification for being there but is by no
means interesting.
Have a look at the following photo as an example. This is the reason
that the rule of thirds is so popular when it comes to taking photos
of people.
When the subject is slightly off center, you can experiment with

what’s in the rest of the frame, allowing you to make the photo as a
158 COMPOSITION 101
whole more interesting.

If you’re going to have your single point of interest in the center, it
helps to make sure that the surrounding area is still interesting to
look at.
Positioning like this is often seen as ‘boring’, but it doesn’t have to
be. A strong sense of balance exists in the photo, with equal weight
on either side.
Here’s a similar photo, again of a person, but this time with
surrounding detail to make the photo interesting.
Placing your point of interest slightly off center creates a more

dynamic photo with varying degrees of interest that are dependent
on what you do with the rest of the frame.
In an ideal world we’d be able to move the subject around the frame
as we wish, allowing for the addition of more interesting elements,
but often constraints are enforced by where we’re shooting,
preventing this.
Simply putting someone slightly off center is going to make a
massive difference when you have justification for doing so, such as
a more interesting background.
The closer to the edge of the frame your single point lies, the more
careful you’ll need to be about the placement because the further
out you go, the more unusual it will appear. It helps if the rest of
the frame is interesting, but for different reasons.
These are generally much more powerful photos and can evoke
thoughts and feelings better than centrally positioned photos but,
again, are to be used with caution. Over-doing this effect will leave
your photos feeling boring and uninspired - less is more.
Have a look at the next photo. To evoke the feeling of aloneness in
a great expanse, there is a large amount of water and a single boat
closer to the edge of the photo.
160 COMPOSITION 101
It conveys the feeling exactly as I desired, and turns a boring photo

into an interesting one.
When you’re trying to decide exactly where to place the point in
a frame, you’ll usually find that your natural instinct will tell you
which position makes it feel the most natural; some areas will feel
boring, others unbalanced.
You can use this feeling of unbalance to your advantage though - it’s
an additional feeling that can be evoked with photography. If this
works for the sort of photo you’re looking for, that’s a good thing.
I find the photo below to be unbalanced. The bird’s position at the
left of the frame draws our eyes all the way to the side of the frame.
This photo is also ambiguous in being straight or not. There is no

horizon to base the photo's level on.
For something to be considered a point of interest, it must contrast
with the rest of the frame in some way, whether that’s in size, color,
tone or shape.
There is no greater contrast in color than that found between black
and white, displayed to be true in the next photo.

This photo hasn’t been cropped or photoshopped to add a large
amount of black area, but represents the true nature of the lighting
in the club at that time.
The implied presence of a crowd gives the feeling of depth, and the
lighting is dramatic. We’re just as drawn to the blank space as we are
to the white detail as our curiosity leads us to explore this region of
the photo.
Where you choose to place a single point in a frame is entirely up
to you but hopefully now you will be aware of the implications of
such placement.
Just remember, there are no rules to photography, only guidelines,
so take any education on composition with a pinch of salt.
162 COMPOSITION 101
Chapter 6
Triangles
Triangles are present in almost everything we see in one way or

another. It’s just a case of distinguishing them and knowing what to
do with them.
They make great compositional tools as they’re easy to make and
manipulate and are remarkably common.
Triangles are a great way of combining different compositional
techniques such as lines and paths, which can be used to create a
more interesting photo.
The best part about triangles though, is their ability to make a
photo feel stable or unstable (as desired).
Why Use Triangles

It’s not so much a case of why you should be using triangles in
your composition, as you’ll come to realise that their inclusion is
inevitable, but more about how to use them properly.
Triangles offer a reliable method of grouping together three points
in a photograph and allow you to organise these to portray a certain
feeling such as stability, aggression, instability, etc.
When you understand this, you can use them as ‘invisible’ features
of a photo capable of evoking a strong feeling to the viewer.
How to Create a Triangle

So long as you have 3 points of vague interest in a photo that aren’t
on the same line, you can easily create a triangle.
It’s not about having 3 clear lines that join up (that would be too
obvious) but about grouping points of interest.
If you take a look back through some of your photos, you’ll
probably realise that a lot of the photos you’ve taken contain
164 COMPOSITION 101
triangles but whether you’ve used them to their maximum potential

is another thing.
Implied Triangles
One of the most common types of triangle that you’ll come across
is the implied triangle. As you’ll rarely see physical triangles in
photography, the shape is almost always implied, which is usually
incorporated without the viewer noticing.
The more you know about composition, the easier it is to start
deconstructing what makes a photo good which you can use to
make your own photos better.
The photo below, for example, has only 1 physical line, but the
shape of the roof and the angle of the building’s sides make us see a
full triangle.
Orientating a triangle so that its base lies at the bottom of the

frame and the apex at the top makes the triangle appear very stable,
much like a pyramid, which is often observed in architectural
photography.
When you start to change the angles inside a triangle, as well as it’s
orientation, your photo will appear less stable. Extreme examples
will have the apex at the bottom of the photo but we’ll get to that in
a moment.
Have a look at the photo below as an example of a less stable triangle
– notice how all three palm trees as the points of the triangle.
Converging Triangles
Whether they’re straight or diagonal lines, when they go far enough
into the distance, you’ll start to notice convergence. This is where
you’ll begin to see a lot of triangles.
These triangles can appear in the frame or outside of the frame. It
depends on the distance you have to work with. The wider the angle
of the lens, the more likely you’ll be to have the lines converge inside
of the frame.
Photos often converge outside of the frame when you’re shooting
photos of buildings and their height makes the lines converge
towards the top. It wouldn’t make sense to include the space that
the lines may have converged in if they had carried on.
When lines converge within the frame it’s much easier to see and
often you’ll find this occurring more than once.
166 COMPOSITION 101
Notice how we were only working with 2 actual lines in the photo
below? This is because you can use the frame of the photo as one of
the sides of your triangle as I’ve demonstrated below.
Unstable Triangles
If you want to create an unstable feeling in a photograph, a quick
and easy way to do this is to include an upside down triangle, or at
least a triangle with a weird orientation.
Not only is there a triangle with its apex at the bottom of the
photo, but the ground of the photo isn’t level either. This adds to
the feeling of instability as well as creates new triangles where they
wouldn’t otherwise have been present.
Triangles like this are excellent at drawing the attention to

something seemingly insignificant or bland, making the photo more
interesting.
3 Figure Shots
You’ll often see triangles without even realising it in 3 figure shots
containing multiple subjects.
Take the photo below for example. There are 3 subjects, each with
the same visual weight, initially leading you to look at each subject
for the same amount of time, before going back to whatever drew
you in the most.
This sort of shot works well, but be careful about trying to force
this effect. When you have 3 subjects who are the same height and
heads appear in a line, for example, it won’t work as well.
Focus Attention
Triangles act in a similar way to arrows when their apexes converge
at a certain point; your eyes are drawn down their edges onto the
subject in question.
This is arguably quite a similar effect to diagonal lines, only this
168 COMPOSITION 101
involves 2 or more physical lines and 1 implied line.

Have a look at the photo below and notice that your attention
is drawn to the subject’s eyes as that is where the apexes of the
triangles converge.
Multiple triangles can be used to create this effect, you just need to
be careful with where you point them.
Here the triangular shape of the light adds interest to the
background, but I feel that this ultimately takes away from her face.
Interesting Background
I wanted to include this extra little section at the bottom in an
attempt to analyze what I like about the photo below. I really like
this photo but it’s hard to know exactly why without delving a little
deeper.
The lighting is good, the color and grain is spectacular but, most
importantly, I feel it was the inclusion of so many diagonal lines,
creating a large number of triangles in the frame (in both the
background and the foreground), that made it so good.
I count at least six triangles which kept me staring at the photo for
ages. Subtle differences in angle and viewpoint can make a huge
difference to your photos.
170 WHAT’S NEXT
PART IV
WHAT'S NEXT
To finish up the book, we’re going to have a look at some of

my top advice for buying lenses for your camera, as well as a
beginner’s guide to making money from photography.
172 WHAT’S NEXT
Chapter 1
Lens Buying Guide
Whether you shoot with Canon, Nikon or Sony, or use solely third
party gear, this chapter is designed to give you the best available
information to help guide your lens buying decisions.
To make sure you know what you’re doing when the time comes to
replace that old kit lens, I’m going to walk you through focal length,
aperture and what all those little letters on your lens mean.
What Is Focal Length

Different focal lengths have different uses in different situations but
it’s all about choosing the right lens for you.
Ask yourself which lens you currently use the most and what you
like to take photos of. This will give you a good idea of what sort of
lens you’ll want.
Below I have compiled a list of focal length ranges taken from my
section on focal length.
Ultra Wide Angle 14-24mm
These lenses are often considered specialty items and the range is
not often included as part of a kit lens.
They create such a wide angle of view that they tend to appear
distorted due to our eyes’ natural range being much less.
These lenses are often used in event and architectural photography
to fit a lot into a photo when shooting in a confined space.
Wide and ultra wide lenses are about putting yourself in the middle
of it all, not just about getting the whole of a scene in.
These lenses are not particularly suitable for portraits as they
enhance the perspective so much that the facial features can appear
unnatural.
174 WHAT’S NEXT
Wide Angle 24-35mm

This is where you’ll find that most kit lenses for full frame cameras
start. 24mm is roughly the point at which the distortion that
appears to stretch the side of the image stops appearing unnatural.
They are widely used by photojournalists. They are wide enough to
include a lot of the context but maintain a realistic ‘look’.
Standard 35mm-70mm
It’s in this range at about 45-50mm that a lens will reproduce what
our eyes actually see (excluding peripheral vision). I personally like
to use this range when shooting on the street or in situations with
friends in a close setting such as at a dinner table or the pub.
A standard lens such as a 50mm f1.8 is an excellent, inexpensive
addition to a camera which provides excellent results.
Prime lenses (lenses with a fixed focal length – they can’t zoom)
will always provide better results than your kit lens as the lens is
built with a single purpose in mind. It does one job well rather than
multiple jobs poorly.
Mild Telephoto 70-105mm
This range is often where kit lenses stop and you’ll start to enter the
range of telephoto lenses and portrait primes (around 85mm).
This is a good range for portrait lenses as the natural perspective
of the lens will separate the face from the background without
completely isolating the face.
Telephoto 105-300mm
Lenses in this range are often used for distant scenes such as
buildings or mountains. They’re not suitable for landscapes because
of the way in which they flatten the perspective.
Lenses in ranges higher than this are used mainly for sport and
animal photography.
These lengths vary depending on what type of camera you’re using
and it’s worth noting that the majority of camera users are using a
crop sensor camera.
This decreases the size of the sensor, cropping the image. What this
effectively means is that a photo you’ve taken on a crop sensor at
50mm is going to look more like 75mm (more zoomed).
Kit lenses typically range from around 18-55mm on a crop sensor
lens - these won’t fit on a full frame camera.
If you’re looking to upgrade to professional quality gear, you’ll still
want to find a focal length as close to that as you can. If you step
your lens up to 24mm, you’re going to be losing a lot of the wider
angles.
If it’s unlikely that you’re going to be upgrading to a full frame,
professional camera in the near future, I would strongly suggest that
you upgrade to a better quality crop sensor lens.
176 WHAT’S NEXT
Using the Right Aperture

When buying a lens, you should try to find one with as wide an
aperture as you can afford it to go without sacrificing the focal
length that you want.
They’re not cheap. For example, I spent over £1,000 on my 35mm
f/1.4. The lens I use the most is my 24-70mm f/2.8 as it allows a
good zoom range and a very wide maximum aperture.
I can let loads of light into the lens and achieve a shallow depth of
field.
My lens is an f/2.8 meaning that, no matter where I’m focusing, I

can still set my aperture to f/2.8. This isn’t something that you can
do with every lens.
A typical Canon kit lens will have the marking f/3.5-5.6, which
means that the maximum aperture will change throughout the
zoom range.
The aperture will stop at f/3.5 at 18mm, narrow to f/4 at 24mm,
then f/5 at 39mm and finally f/5.6 at 47mm. These stops
progressively allow less light into the lens, with a total difference of
1 1/3 stops.
This means that f/5.6 allows less than half the amount of light into
the lens as f/3.5 does.
As you can see, this will really hold you back when shooting in low
light. I recommend that the first upgrade you think about when
looking for a new lens is one that allows a wider maximum aperture
that doesn’t change throughout the focal length.
Full Frame Crop Image Silent Wave Pro Lens Low

Sensor Stabilisation Motor Dispersion
Glass
Canon EF EF-S IS USM L ED
Nikon FX DX VR SWM / AF-S - ED
Sony No extra DT Not in Lens SSM G ED

writing
Sigma DG DC OS HSM EX APO
Tamron Di Di-II VC USD SP LD
What Do the Letters on Your Lens Mean

Well they’re acronyms and they vary between cameras, but they all
essentially mean the same thing. The table above demonstrates what
these letter mean by brand.
With the exception of the crop sensor marking, addition of letters
tends to give a more expensive and better quality lens.
For those who don’t understand what the terms above mean, here’s
some definitions, along with some extras that aren’t listed above.
MF
Manual focus only. This is typically only found on very cheap l, or
much older lenses. The acronym is the same throughout brands.
178 WHAT’S NEXT
II
This is the version of the lens that you’re using. Lenses that have
been around for a long time and have become very popular aren’t
usually replaced completely.
The lens designer will take the lens and find ways to improve it,
re-releasing it under the marking of II – version 2. The higher the
number, the newer the lens.
Full Frame
These lenses will still fit crop sensor cameras, but you’ll end up with
the crop factor that I mentioned earlier on in this book.
These lenses are specifically designed for full frame cameras and
project a larger image onto the larger sensor present inside the full
frame camera.
Crop Sensor
These markings tell you that they’re built for a smaller camera
with a smaller sensor. You’ll find that the focal length has also been
adjusted accordingly.
It also means that the projection from the lens is much smaller and
will not work on a full frame camera. If you were to put it on a full
frame camera, you’d get a very heavy vignetting effect.
Image Stabilisation
We all know what this is, it’s a way of stabilising the camera or lens
so that you’re able to take photos at slower shutter speeds.
Different cameras have different techniques and locations for this
but they all do essentially the same thing.
Silent Wave Motor
This is a much faster focus motor with clear advantages. It’s also
fairly silent and the end of the lens doesn’t tend to move when
focusing.
This presents the added advantage of being able to put a filter on
the end of your camera without having to worry about it rotating as
you focus.
Pro Lens
Most lens manufacturers produce lenses to a price, so your kit lens
won’t usually be very good quality - I have found this to stand
especially true in my experience of Canon kit lenses.
180 WHAT’S NEXT
Stepping up to pro lenses, you’ll find a difference in quality and,

usually, a wider maximum aperture which is very useful for low
light situations.
Low Dispersion Glass
This is used to reduce nasty chromatic aberration that is produced
by cheap glass.
You’ve probably seen it before, but may not have known what
exactly it was called, but here’s an exaggerated example of it – notice
the blue on the face.
A Note to Finish On
If you’re looking to improve the physical quality of your images, the
best way to do this is to replace your kit lens (or don’t buy one to
begin with) as soon as possible.
Prime lenses are always going to provide better quality images at
low cost and are therefore excellent cheap alternatives to kit lenses.
Buy the best lens that you can afford for the focal length range that
you use the most and you won’t have too many complaints.
Don’t worry if you’re using a crop sensor camera and you’re buying
a full frame lens, just work with what you’ve got. If you’re a good
photographer, these obstacles won’t be a hurdle in taking great
photos.
182 WHAT’S NEXT
Chapter 2
Make Money From
Photography
With help from this post you should be able to start earning money
from your photography as soon as today... if everything goes to
plan.
I hope to reveal a few lesser known ways for a photographer to make
money and find work.
Whether you’re finally getting around to setting up a portfolio or
struggling to find the work you’re ready for, this post should help
you out.
1. Sell Prints
If you’re any good at photography (which I’m sure you are after
following this book) and you take a lot of photos, there’s a good
chance that you’ve taken some really good ones by now - so good
that people are going to want to buy them.
So why not sell them? This can be easy and inexpensive, or more
difficult, depending on which method you choose.
Obviously, the easiest way for anyone to sell prints is to sell them
online through a third-party seller who will do all of the legwork:
processing the order, printing and sending out the photos and
providing you with a commission.
There’s no reason why you can’t go through all your best photos
right now and upload them to a site such as ImageKind and start
earning money from the prints you sell.
Another way, which is a little harder, is to print them yourself and
sell them through shops and restaurants.
If you’ve taken plenty of nice photos from your area, you can
approach a cafe or a restaurant and come to an arrangement where
they display and sell your photos.
184 WHAT’S NEXT
All you have to do is print them and give them a commission. They
get artwork, you get money.
At the very least, you will have your photos displayed for thousands
of people to see.
The third option is to sell your own prints and digital files through
your website.
2. License Through Flickr and Getty Images

A little while back, something very interesting happened on Flickr
which has helped thousands of people to start earning money from
their photos.
If you have a Flickr account, you can now license your photos
through Getty images so that when people see them they can pay to
use them, earning you money.
Flickr members can turn on a “Request to License” link on
their photo pages. The link will show right next to the licensing
information. When a request is made, Getty Images reviews the
photographer’s work.
If it’s suitable for the program, they’ll contact the Flickr member
and help handle details like permissions, releases and pricing.

I would recommend only showing your best photos on Flickr,
rather than full albums, in order to impress the nice people at Getty
Images.
This is something that everyone here should be doing, and you can
learn more about how it’s done here.
3. Work With Your Local Paper

I’ve had a few friends who have started out like this, contacting
their local paper and working with them to earn money from their
photography.
There are two main ways that you can go about this. Firstly, if you
have a strong portfolio of images and an established relationship,
you’ll find yourself in a position where they will be contacting you
when they need a photographer (and they will need one).
From here, so long as you have the aspiration, you can expand your
portfolio and move onto bigger and better things.
The second way you can work with them is to go out yourself and
capture local events or new stories.
186 WHAT’S NEXT
You’d be surprised how easy it is to get a press pass for local events.
I’ve done it before and people haven’t even asked to see a portfolio
or who I work for.
You can then take these photos to local papers and start to earn
money (always charge them, they have a budget for this sort of
thing) and get published.
Pick up the phone and call your local paper today. In my experience,
a phone call is a lot harder to ignore than an email.
4. Sell Stock Photography
We’ve all heard of stock photography before, and it’s similar to

what Getty is doing with Flickr, only you go about it in a slightly
different way.
Instead of waiting for your photos to be found, you can submit
them to a whole variety of stock photography websites where you
add keywords to ensure that people will find them.
If you have something that someone is looking for, they will buy it.
When I say buy, I really mean license, because you can continue to
sell photos time and time again, making a good living if you have a
large portfolio.
Commissions vary depending on the site you use but here are a few
to consider: iStock, BigStock, and ShutterStock.
5. Take Club Photography

This is a very specific type of photography that’s listed here for
a reason rather than just a generic ‘find work’, and that reason is
because it’s easy to get into. Seriously.
If you ever go to a nightclub, and I mean a proper one, not some
bland chain club where they charge you an arm and a leg to get in.
I’m talking about local clubs with well established promoters.
These promoters all want photos from their club nights and you
can be the one to provide them. It’s worth the promoter paying for
a photographer to come along and take photos. These photos end
up on Facebook and are used to promote their club.
If you go to many clubs you’ll probably notice that the majority of
the photographers are in their early 20s and living locally - students
188 WHAT’S NEXT
perhaps. You don’t have to have the greatest experience in the world
to get work.
If you want to expand your photography before you start looking
for work, go down to a club night with your camera anyway.
I have NEVER been stopped from going into a club with my
camera because the bouncers just don’t care, and neither do the
promoters.
As a little added bonus if you enjoy this sort of thing, you can start
going to gigs for free.
6. Sell Your Photography Gear

There’s a bit of an ongoing joke with photographers that the best
way to make money from photography is to sell your camera. And
yes, earning money from photography can be hard, but I think I’ve
shown you enough possibilities in this section that hopefully you
don’t do that.
That said, I’m sure there is plenty of photography gear you have
lying around that you’re don’t use anymore.
I’ve got old film cameras that I don’t use simply because I have so
many and at least three lenses that haven’t been using in the past six
months (I’ve upgraded).
There’s no point in having these lying around, collecting dust. You
might as well sell them to make some money or, if you’re feeling
really generous, you could give them to a friend who’s starting out.
Another great way to make money is to go to flea markets and look
for old cameras. Then take these to shops or sites like eBay and earn
a profit.
It helps to know what you’re talking about to make money this way.
7. Assist a Photographer
Assisting a photographer is one of the best ways to find work and
start making money fast.
You will need a strong portfolio if you’re expecting to go and work
at events like weddings with a camera. High-end work, such as
fashion photography, might mean that you won’t get behind the
camera. But you’ll still have the opportunity to gain experience and
money.
Photographers often need assistants on jobs and you should expect
to be compensated for your time. The biggest advantage of all is
that you don’t have to look for the work; it comes to you.
The hardest part about getting started in photography, is finding
people who are willing to pay you the money you want for the work
you’re good at.
If you’re assisting a photographer instead, they have all of this set up
and you will start to learn how it’s done. Take some time now and
find local working photographers in your area.
Contact them, asking if they would like an assistant. Offer to do the
190 WHAT’S NEXT
first time for free if you like. If you’re any good they will want you
back.
8. Teach and/or Blog

Starting a blog is a great way to get your photos seen. Not only that,
but you can also make money from your website.
I would also suggest teaching. Not everyone can learn from the
internet. If you have the ability to teach, you can reach out to those
people and show them how it’s done one-on-one.
A good teacher can make a good living, whether it’s from group
classes, or one-on-one sessions.
9. Participate in Photography Competitions

I think this is one that most people seem to forget about, probably
because they think that they’re not good enough - I assure you, you
are.
I went to the house of one of my models and up on the wall was a
pretty terrible photo of her when she was younger. It looked like it
had been taken by a friend in a playground.
It turns out that some photographer won $2500 for it in Canada.

My jaw dropped. I couldn’t take my eyes off the thing, it was just
so… average.
It doesn’t take long to enter a competition at all and, if you’re stuck
for which to enter, I suggest this website.
At the very least, it will get your work out there and maybe even
critiqued if you’re lucky.
192
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Joshua Dunlop

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What are the main components of exposure?

What are the main components of exposure?

What are some factors that affect depth of field?

What are some factors that affect depth of field?

JOSHUA DUNLOP

PART I. UNDERSTANDING EXPOSURE

Shutter Speed Stops 44

PART II. CAMERA BASICS

How to Get Perfect Color Reproduction 91

PART III. COMPOSITION 101

Chapter 6. Triangles 162

PART IV. WHAT'S NEXT

Welcome to our Photography Unlocked E-book. We are excited to

Part I is where you’ll learn everything you need to know about

We cover histograms, and what you need to spot to ensure your

If you’re still a little confused about crop factors and full-frame

Perhaps the most confusing thing about your camera is

Every photo has an exposure. The more you understand about

ISO produces digital noise/grain. This, in turn, aﬀects the quality

Getting the Correct Exposure Using

way around. If the shutter speed is changed, the aperture changes

Working With Different Exposure

Aperture is the first of three combining factors which create an

What Is the Aperture?

The best way to understand aperture is to think of the way in which

Aperture can also be used for creative effects.

How Is Aperture Measured and Changed?

How Does Aperture Affect Exposure?

f/4 f/5.6 f/8

f/11 f/16 f/22

What Are the Uses for Different Apertures?

definition in facial features as it has a deeper DoF. Good zoom

What Is Shutter Speed?

Using Motion Blur and Freezing

Freezing is much less of a worry when taking photos. It occurs

object, I like to include a small amount of motion (it may as well

The Right Speed for the Right Situation

Capturing a fast moving object in a low light situation

Creative Uses for Different Shutter Speeds

Creative Blur With Flash

Long Exposures for Low Light Situations

How Does ISO Affect Exposure?

As you may have noticed by now, nothing aﬀects the exposure in

How Does ISO Affect the Quality of Photos?

800 1600 3200

really smooths out the noise, which can result in an airbrushed

Which ISO to Use and When?

In photography, a ‘stop’ is the measurement of exposure, depending

Shutter Speed Stops

Wait! There’s More!

There’s so many dials, buttons, joysticks and switches on a

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Spot Metering Mode

The next image is of a musician playing guitar on stage. We see a