CLIMATOLOGY ASSIGNMENT
SHRUTI JHA
GCAD/19/333
SEMESTER-II C
Q1. Explain the types of shading devices
Ans.
Sun Shading Devices are mechanical equipment that are used either internally or externally
or in between the internal and the external building space.
But why do we use shading devices?
Their primary objective is to create a comfortable internal environment that is cool
during summers and warm during winters.
There are many different reasons to want to control the amount of sunlight that is
admitted into a building. In warm, sunny climates excess solar gain may result in high
cooling energy consumption; in cold and temperate climates winter sun entering south-
facing windows can positively contribute to passive solar heating.
Well-designed sun control and shading devices can dramatically reduce building peak
heat gain and cooling requirements and improve the natural lighting quality of building
interiors.
Internal shading devices External shading
devices
These are generally adjustable shading devices They are places in the exterior
of a building.
and are used to regulate the direct light entering There are three types of
external shading
into the rooms. Devices:
VERTICAL HORIZONTAL EGG-CRATE
SLANTED
VERTICAL FIN
Vertical shading devices
Vertical Shading Devices consist of pilasters, louvre blades or projecting fins in a
vertical position.
They are primarily used for east and west exposures to improve the insulation value of
glass in winter months to act as a windbreak.
Horizontal shading devices
Horizontal Shading Devices are usually in the form of canopies, long verandas, movable
horizontal louvre blades or roof overhangs.
They are used to shade the window during summer months but allow the sunlight to
shine during winter months to keep the building warm.
Egg crate shading devices
They are combinations of vertical and horizontal devices. They are usually in the form
of grill blocks or decorative screens.
They are commonly used in hot climate regions because of their high shading
efficiency.
Q2. What is artificial lighting and natural lighting? The ultimate sources of
daylight is the sun and therefore explain the daylight factor and concepts and
techniques that can be applied for ensuring good natural lighting inside the rooms.
ANS.
Lightning describes the way an area is made known to the human eye through either
natural or artificial light.
NATURAL LIGHTING
Natural light emanates either from the sun, stars or fire, the intensity of these sources
will vary according to the time of day and the location. Buildings are often designed to
optimise the capture of natural daylight.
ARTIFICIAL LIGHT
Artificial light is human-made and can emanate from sources including fire, candlelight,
gaslight, electric lamps and so on. Today however, the term 'artificial lighting' generally
refers to lightning that emanates from electric lamps.
Artificial light is generally easily manipulated to achieve the required lighting outcome.
The light can be increased or decreased, directed, focused and coloured. This
allows lighting to create a range of effects according to the requirements of a space.
The type of artificial light source chosen will depend on the type of space the lighting is
for (office, living room, bathroom. etc); the quality and type of light required for
the space, and the energy consumption of the light fitting.
WHAT IS DAYLIGHTING?
Daylighting is the controlled admission of natural light, direct sunlight, and diffused-skylight
into a building to reduce electric lighting and saving energy.
In architecture, a daylight factor is the ratio of the light level inside a structure to the
light level outside the structure. It is defined as:
DF = (Ei / Eo) x 100%
where, Ei = illuminance due to daylight at a point on the indoors working plane, Eo =
simultaneous outdoor illuminance on a horizontal plane from an unobstructed
hemisphere of overcast sky.
Daylighting is an energy-efficient strategy that incorporates many technologies and design
philosophies. It is not a simple line item, and can vary tremendously in scope and cost. Many
elements of a daylighting implementation will likely already be part of a building design (e.g.
windows and light fixtures), but a successful daylighting system will make use of the following
technology types and construction methods:
Exterior shading and control devices. In hot climates, exterior shading devices
often work well to both reduce head gain and diffuse natural light before entering the
work space. Examples of such devices include light shelves, overhangs, horizontal
louvers, vertical louvers, and dynamic tracking of reflecting systems.
Glazing materials. The simplest method to maximize daylight within a space is to
increase the glazing area.Glazings can be easily and inexpensively altered to increase
both thermal and optical performance. Glazing manufacturers have a wide variety of
tints, metallic and low-emissivity coatings, and fritting available. Multi-paned lites of
glass are also readily available with inert-gas fills, such as argon or krypton, which
improve U-values. For daylighting in large buildings in most climates, consider the use
of glass with a moderate-to-low shading coefficient and relatively high visible
transmittance.
Reflectances of room surfaces. Reflectance values from room surfaces will
significantly impact daylight performance and should be kept as high as possible. It is
desirable to keep ceiling reflectances over 80%, walls over 50%, and floors around
20%. Of the various room surfaces, floor reflectance has the least impact on daylighting
penetration.
Building layout
In a multi-story building that uses windows for natural lighting on lower levels, the amount of
light that enters a space can be limited, so it’s important to consider how the space will be
used. For example, placing offices and common spaces around the perimeter nearest the
windows, and transitional spaces like bathrooms and supply rooms in the centre of the space
will allow occupants to get the most from the natural light.
It also depends on the orientation and form of the building.
