Lecture 8 Heat Transfer by Conduction 7

1. Heat is conducted in solids, liquids, and gases by the transfer of the energy of
motion from one more energetic molecule to an adjacent less energetic one.
2. Fourier’s law is the basic relationship for heat transfer by conduction.
3. Resistance to heat transfer is proportional to thermal conductivity.
4. Air has low thermal conductivity.
5. Metals have higher thermal conductivity than non-metals.
6. Ice has a thermal conductivity much higher than water.
7. The thermal conductivity of gases is higher than the thermal conductivity of
solids.
8. Thermal conductivity is a weak function of temperature.
9. In all cases, thermal conductivity varies with temperature gradient.
10. At steady state, the rate of heat transfer is always zero.
11. At steady state, the temperature at various points in a system does not
change with time
12. At steady state, the temperature at various points in a system may change
with position.
13. The temperature gradient is positive.
14. For the same heat transfer rate, the slope of the temperature gradientin
insulating materials is smaller than in non-insulating materials.
15. The temperature distribution in a plane wall varies linearly with distance in
the wall if there is no heat generation in the wall and the thermal conductivity is
constant.
16. The temperature distribution in a cylindrical wall varies logarithmically
with the distance in the wall if there is no heat generation in the wall and the
thermal conductivity is constant.
17. The arithmetic mean area differs from the logarithmic mean area by less
than 1.4% if A2/A1 < 1.5.
18. In a composite wall at steady state, the heat transfer rate in each layer
depends on the thermal conductivity of the layer.
19. The temperature drop in a plane wall is inversely proportional to the
resistance.
20. The slope of the temperature gradient in each layer of a composite plane
wall depends on the thermal conductivity of the layer.

Lecture 9 Heat convection 8

1. The rate of heat transfer by convection is calculated using Newton’s law of
cooling.
2. The heat transfer coefficient depends on the physical properties of the fluid,
the flow regime, and the geometry of the system.
3. The units of the heat transfer coefficient are W/m 8C.
4. The overall heat transfer coefficient has the same units as the local heat
transfer coefficient.
5. The resistance to heat transfer by convection is proportional to the heat
transfer coefficient.
6. The heat transfer coefficient in gases is usually higher than in liquids.
7. The heat transfer coefficient is lower in viscous fluids than in water.
8. The heat transfer coefficient in forced convection is higher than in natural
convection.
9. The heat transfer coefficient in nucleate boiling is higher than in film
boiling.
10. The heat transfer coefficient in dropwise condensation is higher than in film
condensation.
11. The movement of a fluid in natural convection results from the differences
in the density of the fluid.
12. Fouling increases the overall heat transfer coefficient.
68 8 Heat Transfer by Convection
13. Liquid velocities higher than 1 m/s are usually used to reduce fouling.
14. A thermal boundary layer develops on a fluid flowing on a solid surface
when the temperature of the fluid is different from the temperature of the
solid surface.
15. Temperature gradients exist in the thermal boundary layer.
16. The Prandtl number represents the ratio of thermal diffusivity to momentum
diffusivity.
17. The Prandtl number relates the thickness of the hydrodynamic boundary
layer to the thickness of the thermal boundary layer.
18. The Grashof number represents the ratio of buoyancy forces to viscous
forces.
19. The Grashof number in natural convection plays the role of the Reynolds
number in forced convection.
20. The fluid properties at the film temperature are used in calculating the heat
transfer coefficient outside various geometries.
21. In heat exchangers, counterflow gives a lower driving force than parallel
flow.
22. The logarithmic mean temperature difference is used in heat exchangers as
the driving force for heat transfer.
23. The arithmetic mean of T1 and T2 differs from their logarithmic mean
by more than 1.4% if T1=T2 < 1:5.
24. In the case of multiple-pass heat exchangers, the logarithmic mean temperature
difference must be multiplied by a correction factor.
25. In a plate heat exchanger, the surfaces of the plates have special patterns to
increase turbulence.
26. Plate heat exchangers are suitable for viscous fluids.
27. Because the distance between the plates in a plate heat exchanger is small,
liquids containing particulates may clog the heat exchanger.
28. A shell and tube heat exchanger cannot be used in high pressure
applications.
29. Scraped-surface heat exchangers can handle viscous fluids.
30. Fins are used on the outside surface of a heat exchanger pipe when the heat
transfer coefficient on the outside surface of the pipe is higher than the heat
transfer coefficient inside the pipe.

Lecture 11 Unsteady State Heat Transfer 10

1. If the temperature at any given point of a body changes with time, unsteady
state heat transfer occurs.
2. Thermal diffusivity is a measure of the ability of a material to transfer
thermal energy by conduction compared to the ability of the material to
store thermal energy.
3. Materials with high thermal diffusivity will need more time to reach equilibrium with
their surroundings.
4. The Biot number (Bi) expresses the relative importance of the thermal
resistance of a body to that of the convection resistance at its surface.
5. If Bi, the external resistance is negligible.
6. If Bi > 40, the surface temperature may be assumed to be equal to the
temperature of the surroundings.
7. If Bi, the internal resistance is significant.
8. If Bi Bi, the temperature of the body may be assumed to be uniform.
9. Problems with Bi are treated with the lumped capacitance method.
10. The Fourier number (Fo) has dimensions of time.
11. The Heisler charts give the temperature at the center of an infinite slab,
infinite cylinder, and sphere when FO > 0:2.
12. The Gurney-Lurie charts give the temperature at any point of an infinite
slab, infinite cylinder, and sphere when FO > 0:2.
13. Thermal penetration depth is defined as the distance from the surface at which
the temperature has changed by 10% of the initial temperature difference.
14. Until the thermal penetration depth becomes equal to the thickness of a finite
body heated from one side, the body can be treated as a semi-infinite body.
15. A cylinder of finite length can be treated as an infinitely long cylinder if the
two ends of the cylinder are insulated or if its length is at least 10 times its
diameter.

Lecture 10 Heat exchanger

Lecture 12 17

1. The moisture content of air is also called the humidity ratio or absolute
humidity.
2. The humidity ratio of a given air-water vapor mixture increases as
the temperature of the mixture increases.
3. The humidity ratio of an air-water vapor mixture is independent of the
partial pressure of water vapor in the mixture.
4. The relative humidity of an air-water vapor mixture is also called percentage
saturation or percentage absolute humidity.
5. The relative humidity of an air-water vapor mixture is independent of the
temperature of the mixture.
6. The wet bulb temperature of an air-water vapor mixture is higher than
the dry bulb temperature.
7. The wet bulb temperature of an air-water vapor mixture is approximately
equal to the adiabatic saturation temperature.
8. During an adiabatic saturation process, the sensible heat of an air-water
vapor mixture decreases but its latent heat increases.
9. The wet bulb temperature of an air-water vapor mixture is equal to the dry
bulb temperature when the relative humidity is equal to 100%.
10. The dry bulb temperature of an air-water vapor mixture is equal to the dew
point temperature when the relative humidity is equal to 100%.
11. When a saturated air-water vapor mixture is cooled, some water vapor will
condense.
12. The humid heat of an air-water vapor mixture contains the sensible heat
of dry air and the latent heat of the water vapor.
13. The humid volume of an air-water vapor mixture is equal to the inverse of
the density of the mixture.
14. The properties of an air-water vapor mixture can be determined from a
psychrometric chart if two independent property values are known.
15. Every psychrometric chart is drawn for a specific barometric pressure.
16. The wet bulb lines coincide with constant enthalpy lines.
17. The psychrometric ratio is a function of the heat and the mass transfer
coefficients.
18. The psychrometric ratio of an air-water vapor mixture is equal to the humid
heat of that mixture.
19. The relative humidity of air can be determined if its dry bulb and wet bulb
temperatures are known.
20. When air is cooled below its dew point temperature, both sensible heat and
latent heat are given off.

Lecture 13 15
1. Ammonia (R 717) as a refrigerant in industrial refrigeration systems has a
wide range of evaporating and condensing temperatures, but its vapors are
toxic and form flammable mixtures with air.
2. Tubing in ammonia refrigeration units is made of copper.
3. A disadvantage of ammonia as a refrigerant is its low value of latent heat of
vaporization.
4. The higher the value of the latent heat of vaporization of a refrigerant the
lower the required refrigerant flow rate for a given refrigeration load.
5. Refrigerants containing chlorine may reach the upper atmosphere, react
with ozone, and deplete the ozone layer.
6. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are replacing chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) as
refrigerants.
7. HFC-134a is used in refrigeration systems with moderately low
temperatures.
8. Refrigerant 404a is used in refrigeration systems with low temperature
applications.
9. Compressor, evaporator, condenser, and expansion valve are the main
components of a mechanical refrigeration system.
10. Expansion of the refrigerant in the expansion valve of a Carnot cycle takes
place at constant entropy.
11. Compression of the refrigerant in the compressor takes place at constant
enthalpy.
12. Evaporation of the refrigerant in the evaporator takes place at constant
pressure.
13. The condenser is at the low pressure side of a mechanical refrigeration system.
14. The latent heat of vaporization of the refrigerant is absorbed from the
surroundings of the evaporator.
15. Refrigerant vapors leaving the evaporator may be superheated.
16. Liquid refrigerant leaving the condenser may be subcooled.
17. The coefficient of performance (COP) is equal to the ratio of the refrigeration effect
to the net work input.
18. COP is always less than one.
19. The higher the temperature difference between condenser and evaporator,
the higher the COP.
20. Refrigeration load includes heat transferred into the refrigeration space by
conduction through the walls and by air entering into the space, heat
removed from the product, heat generated by the product, heat generated
by lights, motors, and people
21. Water evaporation from the surface of the product can result in considerable weight
loss in blast air freezers.
22. Individually quick frozen (IQF) products can be produced in belt freezers
and fluidized bed freezers.
23. Cryogenic freezing results in frozen products with large ice crystals.
24. The rate of freezing in plate freezers is high.
25. Water activity of a frozen product is only a function of temperature.
26. Bound water does not freeze.
27. Bound water affects water activity of a frozen product.
28. As water in a solution changes to ice, solute concentration increases and
freezing point decreases.
29. Heat capacity and thermal conductivity below the freezing point change
significantly with temperature.
30. Thawing is slower than freezing because the thermal conductivity of ice is
lower than that of water.