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    Penck

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    Deepak Rati
    Penck proposed an alternative model of geomorphological evolution called the Penck cycle. This model rejected Davis's concept of discrete stages of erosion and instead viewed landscape development as a continuous process determined by the interplay of uplift and erosion rates. Key aspects of Penck's model include: 1) landscapes start as featureless surfaces that uplift; 2) uplift rates vary over time from slow to accelerating to decelerating; 3) landforms reflect changing uplift/erosion dynamics through three phases of development, declining, uniform, and increasing relief.

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    Penck

    Uploaded by

    Deepak Rati
    3K views3 pages
    Penck proposed an alternative model of geomorphological evolution called the Penck cycle. This model rejected Davis's concept of discrete stages of erosion and instead viewed landscape development as a continuous process determined by the interplay of uplift and erosion rates. Key aspects of Penck's model include: 1) landscapes start as featureless surfaces that uplift; 2) uplift rates vary over time from slow to accelerating to decelerating; 3) landforms reflect changing uplift/erosion dynamics through three phases of development, declining, uniform, and increasing relief.

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    Penck cycle of erosion

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    penck

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    Penck proposed an alternative model of geomorphological evolution called the Penck cycle. This model rejected Davis's concept of discrete stages of erosion and instead viewed landscape development as a continuous process determined by the interplay of uplift and erosion rates. Key aspects of Penck's model include: 1) landscapes start as featureless surfaces that uplift; 2) uplift rates vary over time from slow to accelerating to decelerating; 3) landforms reflect changing uplift/erosion dynamics through three phases of development, declining, uniform, and increasing relief.

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    3K views3 pages

    Penck

    Uploaded by

    Deepak Rati
    Penck proposed an alternative model of geomorphological evolution called the Penck cycle. This model rejected Davis's concept of discrete stages of erosion and instead viewed landscape development as a continuous process determined by the interplay of uplift and erosion rates. Key aspects of Penck's model include: 1) landscapes start as featureless surfaces that uplift; 2) uplift rates vary over time from slow to accelerating to decelerating; 3) landforms reflect changing uplift/erosion dynamics through three phases of development, declining, uniform, and increasing relief.

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    of 3

    PENCK CYCLE OF EROSION

    Introduction:

    German scientist Walther Penck rejected the Davisian model of


    Geomorphological cycle based on time. He presented his own model of ‘Morphological system’
    or ‘Morphological Analysis’ for the explanation of landscape development.

    Penck criticized the assumption of Davis’s cycle of erosion. Davis told that erosion starts
    only after completing the upliftment of the landmass and within very short period time. Penck
    also expressed disagreement with the stage concept of Davis.

    According to Penck the landscape is the result of relative intensity of the degradational
    process, phase and rate of upliftment and the rate of erosion. In the place of ‘stage’ penck used
    the term ‘Entwickelung’ means development.

    Penck used the term ‘primarumpf’ to represent the characteristic landscape before upliftment.
    According to penck ‘primarumpf’ is an initial surface or a primary peneplain that either newly
    emerged surface from below sea level or peneplain type of landscape, converted into featureless
    landmass by upliftment.

    Penck has said that the upliftment and degradation is a continuous process. He also said that
    the landforms are an expression of the phase and rates of upliftment in relation to the rates of
    degradation.

    The landscape started to develop with the upliftment of ‘primarumpf’, a unique featureless
    landscape. But the rate of upliftment is varying. In the beginning of uplift is characterized by
    exceedingly slow upheaval of long duration. Then the rate of upliftment is accelerated and
    ultimately it stops after passing through the intermediate phases of uniform and decelerating
    rates and upheaval.

    Basic premises of penckian model:

    Following are the basic premises of penckian model of landscape development.

     The morphological characteristics on the earth surface are a result of competition


    between crustal movement and denudational process.
     Landscape development is also time dependent.
     Upliftment and erosion are always co-existent.

    There are three phases through which landscape development passes.


    Aufsteigende Entwickelung: This phase is characterized by accelerating rate of landform
    development. Initially the rate of upliftment of land is very slow but after sometime rate of
    upliftment increases. Due to increase of upliftment, channel gradient also increases that leads to
    increase the flow velocity and kinetic energy of the river. Thus river started to degrade their
    valley with accelerated rate of down cutting. But the rate of upliftment is more than the valley
    deepening, resulted to formation of deep and narrow V shaped valley. As the rate of upliftment
    is more than the valley deepening by river thus, increasing both maximum altitude and
    maximum relief. The valley side slope becomes convex, but this convexity is reduced due to
    parallel retreat of the slope. With the passage of time and accelerated upliftment and
    degradation. ‘primarumpf’ is surrounded by series of benches, called a ‘piedmont trappen’.

    Gleichformige Entwickelung: It means uniform development of landscape. This phase is


    divided into three phases.

    Phase a: This phase is also characterized by accelerating rate of upliftment. Absolute height is
    also increasing, because the rate of erosion is still lower than the upliftment. But the relative
    height is increasing in lower rate. Because the rate of valley deepening and lowering of summit
    due to weathering became equal. The valley sides attained straight slope. Thus this phase is
    called the phase of uniform development.

    Phase b: Absolute relief neither increases nor decreases. Though the rate of upliftment is still
    continues, but the lowering of divide summits due to denudation become equal to the rate of
    valley deepening by river. Thus, relative relief also remains constant.

    Phase c: This phase is characterized by totally absence of upliftment of landscape. Now


    landscape started to decrease in height due to rapid rate of erosion. Relative relief also remains
    constant. Because, the lowering of land became equal to valley deepening by the river.

    Absteigende Entwickelung: It means waning development of the landscape. This phase is


    characterized by progressively decline of landscape. Absolute relief decreases rapidly because
    absence of upliftment of the land. This phase is dominated by lateral erosion instead of down
    cutting by the river, due to decrease in channel gradient and kinetic energy of the river. Thus the
    relative relief also decreases.

    In this phase the valley side slope consists of two segments. The uppermost part of the valley
    with its steep angle, termed as Gravity Slope or Boschungen. Whereas the lower segment of the
    valley with gentle slope is termed as Wash slope or Haldenhang.

    In the advance stage of this phase the gravity slope are reduced and formed a steep side conical
    hill, called inselberg. Eventually this inselberg also consumed and total area dominated by a
    series of concave wash slope. Such extensive surface produced at the end of this phase is called
    Endrumpf.

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