Multicast Routing in Ad-Hoc Networks

8303900 Advanced Topics in Broadband Networks

Multicast Routing in Ad Hoc Networks

Jani Peltotalo
Mark Borst
Sami Peltotalo

26.11.2004
Outline
Multicasting in general
Classification of multicast routing protocols
Multicast Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (MAODV)
On-Demand Multicast Routing Protocol (ODMRP)
Flooding
Performance comparison
Conclusions
What is Multicast?
Unicast Broadcast
Multicast
Multicasting
Advantages
Enhanced Efficiency
Optimised Performance
Disadvantages
Best Effort Delivery
No Congestion Avoidance
Duplicates
Out-of-Sequence Packets
Design Issues for Multicasting in MANET
Robustness
allow mobility of nodes
achieve high packet delivery ratio
Efficiency
bandwidth scarce
Control overhead
control packets kept to a minimum
Quality of Service
main parameters: throughput, delay, jitter, and reliability
Dependency on unicast routing protocol
desirable to be independent of unicast routing protocol
Resource management
limited battery power and memory
Classification of Multicast Routing Protocols
Based on initialisation of the multicast session

source vs. receiver initiated
Based on topology maintenance mechanism
soft state vs. hard state
Based on topology
tree based vs. mesh based
Trade off: efficiency vs. reliability
Source vs. Receiver Initiated
Source initiated Receiver initiated

Nodes on
Multicast Intermediate Nodes Receiver
Tree/Mesh
Source Intermediate Nodes Receiver

JoinReq
Propagation of
JoinReq
JoinReq
Propagation of
JoinReq
JoinRep
Propagation of
JoinRep
JoinRep
JoinAck
Propagation of JoinRep Propagation of
and Establishment of JoinAck
Forwarding State
Soft State vs. Hard State
Soft state Hard state

periodic control packet flooding control on link failures
high packet delivery ratio low packet delivery ratio
high control overhead low overhead
efficiency vs. reliability efficiency vs. reliability
Tree Based vs. Mesh Based
Tree based Mesh based

single path multiple paths
more efficient more robust, especially with high
shared tree or source tree mobility
efficiency vs. reliability efficiency vs. reliability
Shared tree vs. source tree

shared tree
core node
more scalable
single point of failure
per-source tree
performs better
MANET WG in IETF
Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (manet) WG

http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/manet-charter.html
Multicasting not in charter of MANET WG
out of scope
routing area WG
Plans to deal with it again
Many Different Protocols
Multicast Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance
Vector (MAODV) Protocol Overview
Multicast extensions to AODV (RFC 3561, Experimental)

On-demand / reactive
Shared tree based
Source or receiver initiated
Hard state
Sequence numbers for updates
Group leader maintains tree
Vector (MAODV) Protocol Messages
RREQ (Route Request)

discovers route towards the tree
broadcast
RREP (Route Reply)
tells route
unicast
MACT (Multicast Activations)
activates route
unicast
GRPH (Group Hello)
periodic
tells group leader address, sequence number and hopcount
broadcast
Vector (MAODV) Protocol Operation
Explicit route repair when tree breaks

by downstream node
just running the same protocol
Route selection
shortest path
freshest sequence number
Node (sender or receiver) finds the tree
On-Demand Multicast Routing Protocol
(ODMRP) Overview
Also usable for unicast

Mesh based
On-demand / reactive
Source initiated
Soft state
Supports location-aware routing
On-Demand Multicast Routing Protocol
(ODMRP) Messages and Operation
Join Query
initiated by source
asking receivers to speak up
broadcast
Join Reply
receivers reply
broadcast
Source finds receivers
Periodic refreshing of mesh

Flooding
Very little control messaging

Basically every node forwards data
Classical approach
every node broadcasts once
not terribly efficient
Optimisations towards efficiency
reduces redundant broadcasts
Optimisations towards reliability
broadcast multiple times
Performance Comparison
between MAODV, ODMRP and Flooding
Metrics for performance studies (RFC 2501)

Packet delivery ratio
Number of data packets transmitted per data packet delivered
Number of control packets transmitted per data packet delivered
Number of control packets and data packets transmitted per data packet
delivered
Experiments
Node mobility
Multicast group size
Number of senders
Traffic load
Multiple multicast groups
Metrics in next slides
Packet delivery ratio
Routing overhead
Effect of Mobility
Effect of Multicast Group Size
Effect of Number of Senders
Effect of Network Traffic Load
Effect of Multiple Multicast Groups
Qualitative Comparison of
MAODV, ODMRP and Flooding
Route setup Route maintenance Data forwarding Traffic

Protocol Reliability Scalability
overhead overhead overhead concentration
Flooding Low Low High High Low Low
ODMRP Moderate Moderate Moderate High Low Low
MAODV High Highest Low Low Highest High
Open Problems
Scalability
related also with the MANET itself
Address configuration
different groups should not use same address
QoS
bandwidth/delay constrained applications
(MANET QoS support framework first)
Applications
Have we found a killer application?
Security
How to stop an intruder from joining an ongoing multicast session?
Power control
How can battery life be maximised?
Future Directions
Hybrid protocols for medium mobility networks

Stateless protocols for supporting multiple small groups
Goals to achieve
Reliability
Lower transmission overhead
Various flooding variants
MANET WG considers flooding protocols
Conclusions
Wired multicast protocols not suitable for MANET

MANET multicast protocols are being proposed and investigated
Mesh-based protocols seem to outperform tree-based protocols in higher
mobility situations
Flooding is a good alternative in specific situations
Lots of open issues remaining
References
C. Siva Ram Murthy and B. S. Manoj: Ad Hoc Wireless networks -

Architectures and Protocols (Chapter 8), 2004
T. Kunz and E. Cheng: Multicasting in Ad-Hoc Networks: Comparing
MAODV and ODMRP, 2004
K. Viswanath, K. Obraczka and G. Tsudik: Exploring Mesh- and Tree
Based Multicast Routing Protocols for MANETs, 2004
C. Cordeiro, H. Gossain and D. Agrawal: Multicast over Wireless Mobile
Ad Hoc Networks: Present and Future Directions, 2003
S. Lee, W. Su and M. Gerla: On-Demand Routing Protocol in Multihop
Wireless Mobile Networks, 2001
E. Royer and C. E. Perkins: Multicast Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance
Vector (MAODV) Routing, Internet Draft (draft-ietf-manet-maodv-00),
2000
Y. Yi, S. Lee, W. Su and M. Gerla: On-Demand Multicast Routing
Protocol (ODMRP) for Ad Hoc Networks, Internet Draft (draft-yi-manet-
odmrp-00), 2003

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8303900 Advanced Topics in Broadband Networks

Multicast Routing in Ad Hoc Networks

 Based on initialisation of the multicast session

 Source initiated  Receiver initiated

Source Intermediate Nodes Receiver

 Soft state  Hard state

 Tree based  Mesh based

 Shared tree vs. source tree

 Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (manet) WG

 Multicast extensions to AODV (RFC 3561, Experimental)

 RREQ (Route Request)

 Explicit route repair when tree breaks

 Also usable for unicast

 Source finds receivers

 Periodic refreshing of mesh

 Very little control messaging

 Metrics for performance studies (RFC 2501)

Route setup Route maintenance Data forwarding Traffic

 Hybrid protocols for medium mobility networks

 Wired multicast protocols not suitable for MANET

 C. Siva Ram Murthy and B. S. Manoj: Ad Hoc Wireless networks -

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Based on initialisation of the multicast session

Source initiated Receiver initiated

Soft state Hard state

Tree based Mesh based

Shared tree vs. source tree

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (manet) WG

Multicast extensions to AODV (RFC 3561, Experimental)

RREQ (Route Request)

Explicit route repair when tree breaks

Also usable for unicast

Source finds receivers

Periodic refreshing of mesh

Very little control messaging

Metrics for performance studies (RFC 2501)

Hybrid protocols for medium mobility networks

Wired multicast protocols not suitable for MANET

C. Siva Ram Murthy and B. S. Manoj: Ad Hoc Wireless networks -