MAN AND COLOUR

LIGHTING: ARRANGEMENT
Colours have a power over humans. They can create
feelings of well-being, unease, activity or passivity, for Forms of Lighting for Internal Areas
instance. Colouring in factories, offices or schools can
enhance or reduce performance; in hospitals it can have a symmetrical lighting -,
Direct, ©
is preferred for all general

positive influence on patients' health. This influence works illumination of work rooms, meeting rooms, rooms in
heavy
indirectly through making rooms appear wider or narrower, public use and circulation zones. The required level of
thereby giving an impression of space, which promotes a illumination can be achieved with relatively little electrical
yellow
power: standard values for specific loadings are given on p.
feeling of restriction or freedom > ©
- ®. It also works
147. When designing a lighting system, an angle of
directly through the physical reactions or impulses evoked
green passive by the individual colours (2) and (3). The strongest impulse
>
illumination between 70° and 90° should be tried first.
/y\ Goethe's natural colour circle:
/J\ Bright and dark colours and effect comes from orange; then follow yellow, red, green,
Downlights (wall floods, louvre lighting) (2) can ,

red-blue-yellow triangle are ^— their effect on humans provide uniform wall illumination while the effect on the
basic colours (from which all and purple. The weakest impulse effect comes from blue,
rest of the room is that of direct lighting. Wall floods on a
colours can be mixed); green-
orange-violet triangle shows
greeny blue and violet (i.e. cold and passive colours).
Strong impulse colours are suitable only for small areas
'
-|
\ Direct symmetrical
illumination © Wall flood; direct
illumination power supply rail -> ©
can also give uniform wall
colour mixtures of the first illumination over the required area, depending on the
in a room. Conversely, low impulse colours can be used for
rank separation between the lamp and the wall; up to 500 Ix can
large areas. Warm colours have an active and stimulating
be achieved. Fluorescent lamps and halogen filament lamps
effect, which in certain circumstances can be exciting. Cold
can also be used.
colours have a passive effect - calming and spiritual. Green
causes nervous tension. The effects produced by colour
Wall floods for ceiling installation -> @ can be sited so as
to provide low room light or illumination of one wall. These
also depend on brightness and location.
can also make use of halogen filament lamps and
Warm and bright colours viewed overhead have a fluorescent lamps.
spiritually stimulating effect; viewed from the side, a
warming, drawing closer effect; and, seen below, a
Downlighting with directed spotlights -> using a
regular arrangement of lamps on the ceiling and swivelling
©
lightening, elevating effect.
reflectors can give different lighting levels in the room.
Warm and dark colours viewed above are enclosing or Halogen filament lamps are most suitable, in particular
dignified; seen from the side, embracing; and, seen below, those with low-voltage bulbs.
2 \ Light and heavy colours The colour circle's twelve suggest safe to grip and to tread on. Wall flood on a power supply £N
(not the same as bright segments
Cold and bright colours above brighten things up and
rail; partial room illumination ^-^ Indirect lighting -» © can give an impression of a bright
and dark colours -> (2)): room free of glare even at low lighting levels, although the
create a 'heavy' feeling are relaxing; from the side they seem to lead away; and, room must be sufficiently high and careful ceiling design is
seen below, look smooth and stimulating for walking on. needed to give the required luminance. Energy
Cold and dark colours are threatening when above; cold consumption in this form of lighting is up to three times
and sad from the side; and burdensome, dragging down, higher than for direct lighting so combinations are often
when below. used (e.g. 70% direct, 30% indirect) providing the room
White is the colour of total purity, cleanliness and order. height is adequate (h>3m) -> ®. Fluorescent lamps are
White plays a leading role in the colour design of rooms, usually used in direct/indirect lighting, but they may also be
breaking up and neutralising other groups of colours, and combined with filament lamps.
thereby create an invigorating brightness. As the colour of Ceiling and floor floods -> - ® ©
are employed to
order, white is used as the characteristic surface for illuminate ceiling and floor surfaces. They usually use
warehouses and storage places, for road lines and traffic halogen filament or fluorescent lamps, although high-
© Dark colours make a room
heavy: rooms seem to be
Bright colours give a lift:
rooms seem higher with markings -> (8). pressure discharge lamps are also a possibility.
lower,
coloured
if ceilings are heavily emphasis on walls and
light ceilings
(?) Directional spotlights (fT) Indirect lighting Wall lights -> ®
are principally used for decorative wall
lighting and can also incorporate special effects (e.g. using
colour or prisms). To a limited extent, they can also
filters
be used for the illumination of ceilings or floors.
Wall floodlights and spotlights on power supply rails
->©-@ are particularly useful in sale rooms, exhibitions,
museums and galleries. With wall floodlights, typical
requirements are for vertical illumination levels of 50lx, 150lx
or 300lx; filament and fluorescent lamps are usually preferred.
For spotlights, the basic light emission angles are 10° ('spot'),
30° ('highlight') and 90°('flood'). The angle of the light cone
can be varied by passing the light through lenses (sculptured
and the spectrum of the light can be
lenses, Fresnel lenses),

© Long rooms seem shorter

if end cross walls stand
White as a dominant colour,
e.g. in laboratories, factories
Dark elements in
®a° bright wall give a
front of Aq\ Bright elements in front of
a dark background seem (7) Direct/indirect lighting (jf) Ceiling floodlighting
varied using UV and
and colour filters. Shading can
IR filters
be arranged by means of louvres and anti-glare flaps.
out heavily etc. powerful effect lighter, particularly when
over-dimensioned
Brightness of surfaces

Values between theoretical white (100%) and absolute black (0%)

white paper 84 light brown approx. 25 grass green approx. 20 asphalt, dry approx. 20
chalky white 80 pure beige approx. 25 lime green, pastel approx. 50 asphalt, wet approx. 5
citron yellow 70 mid brown approx. 15 silver grey approx. 35 oak, dark approx. 18
ivory approx. 70 salmon pink approx. 40 grey lime plaster approx. 42 oak, light approx. 33
cream approx. 70 full scarlet 16 dry concrete, grey approx. 32 walnut approx. 18
gold yellow, pure 60 carmine 10 plywood approx. 38 light spruce approx. 50
straw yellow 60 deep violet approx. 5 yellow brick approx. 32 aluminium foil 83
light ochre approx. 60 light blue 40-50 red brick approx. 18 galvanised iron sheet 16
pure chrome yellow Wall light; direct/indirect
50 deep sky blue 30 dark clinker approx. 10 (IT) Floor floodlighting /^q\
(1 1
) Wall flood on power supply 12
Spotlight on power supply
lighting
pure orange 25-30 turquoise blue, pure 15 mid stone colour 35
rail rail

26
144
»

LIGHTING: ARRANGEMENT LIGHTING: ARRANGEMENT

Geometry of Lighting Arrangements Lighting Quality Characteristics
The spacing between light fittings and between the light Any good lighting design must meet functional and
fittings and the walls depends on the height of the room ergonomic requirements while taking cost-effectiveness
-©-© into account. In addition to the following quantitative
The preferred incidence at which light strikes objects and quality criteria, there are qualitative, in particular
wall areas is between 30° (optimum) and 40° >©-(§). architectural, criteria which must be observed.
The shading angle of downward lighting lies between
30° (wide-angle lighting, adequate glare control) and 50° Level of illumination
(narrow-angle lighting, high glare control) A mean level of between 300 Ix (individual offices with
®, and .

L.VAVr.V.V/AVAV//////AV//.V.V.V.V.'.V.V ........ V.*.V.'.V.V.V " between 30° and 40° in the case of louvred lighting. daylight)and 750 Ix (large rooms) is required in work areas.
f

Higher illumination levels can be achieved in uniform

/^P)
Downlight/wall floodlight,
distance from wall
It,

'/3h © Downlight, distance from

wall: a = 1
/3h
Correct arrangement of lights in relation to work position: light
general lighting through the addition of lighting at
20 Ix necessary for the recognition of critical features. 20 Ix is the from the side workplace positions.
minimum value of horizontal illuminance for internal areas, except
work areas Light direction
ii (T) .

200 Ix work areas appeardull with illuminance E < 200 Ix, therefore 200 Ix is Ideally, light should fall on a working position from the side.
the minimum value of illuminance for continually occupied work
areas The prerequisite for this is a wing-shaped light distribution
O O 2000 Ix 2000 tx is recommended as the optimum illuminance for work areas
curve (p. 142).
the lowest perceptible change in illuminance is by factor of 1.5;
therefore, the gradation of nominal illuminance levels for internal
Limitation of glare -->©-©
I
© areas is:

20, 30, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 300, 500, 750, 1000, 1500, 2000 etc.
Direct glare, reflected glare and reflections from monitor
screens should all be limited. Limiting direct glare is
b
achieved by using lights with shading angles > 30°.
1
€ o (T?) Range of illuminance values for internal areas
Limiting reflected glare is achieved by directing light
from the side onto the working position, in conjunction with
recommended the use of matt surfaces on the surrounding areas. * (2).
Downlight/wall floodlight, Downlight, separation
separation between lights:
b = 1-1 .5a
between lights: b 2a =-
illuminance

20
Working surfaces, monitor screens, keyboards and paper should 1 Limiting reflections from monitor screens requires the
correct positioning of the screen. Lighting which
30 50 paths and work areas in the open air
have matt surfaces
50 100 150 for orientation in rooms for short-stay periods nevertheless still reflects on a screen must have a
100 150 200 for work areas not in constant use luminance of < 200 cd/m 2 in these areas.
200 300 500 for visual tasks of iittle difficulty
Distribution of luminance
300 500 750 for visual tasks of moderate difficulty
3 L < 400 cd/m?
The harmonic distribution of luminance is the result of a
500 750 1000 for visual tasks with higher demands, e.g office work for ceilings and walls careful balance of all the degrees of reflection in the room
750 1000 1500 for visual tasks of great difficulty, e.g. fine assembly work -> ©. Luminance due to indirect lighting must not exceed
1000 1500 2000 for visual tasks of considerable difficulty, e inspection
g.
400 cd/m 2 .

1
over 2000 additional lighting for difficult and special visual tasks
\
Colour of light and colour rendering
L 30°- 40°
«
30° -40°
> Recommended illuminance values in accordance with CIE
The colour of the light is determined by the choice of lamp.
(Commission International de t'Ectairage) A distinction is made between three types: warm white light
©g \ Angle of inclination of
directional spotlights and
Angle of inclination of
spotlights illuminating
/—^
"***"
Lights which can generate
it jYrriVtV.v.Vt%v////////AVAv//A\v.v.*.v.v
1 (colour temperature under 3300K), neutral white light
floodlights: u = 30°-40° objects and walls: « = U) Luminance of indirect (3300-5000 K) and white daylight (over 5000 K). in offices,
identifying letters: IP example IP 44 [3J reflections should have low
(optimum) 30°-40° (optimum) luminance levels in the lighting most light sources are chosen in the warm white or neutral
first identifying digit 0-6 degree of protection against contact and foreign bodies critical incidence range white ranges. For colour rendering, which depends on the
second identifying digit 0-8 degree of protection against ingress of water spectral composition of the light, stage 1 (very good colour
rendering) should generally be sought.
first area of protection first area of protection
digit digit
Calculation of point illuminance levels .
(§)
no protection no protection
The illuminance levels (horizontal E h vertical E ),
v , which are
1 protection against large foreign 1 protection against vertical drops
bodies (>50 m) of water generated by individual light sources, can be determined
2 against medium-sized foreign
2 against drops of water at an from the luminous intensity and the spatial geometry
incidence of up to 15
bodies (>12 mm) (height h, distance d and light incidence angle a) using the
3 against water splashing
3 against small foreign bodies
4 against water spraying
photometric distance principle.
l<2.5 mm!
5 against water jets
4 against granular foreign bodies
reflection
(<1 mm) 6 against ingress of water due to reflection

Illumination of objects flooding

factor (%) factor IV
(j^) (8 ) Wall illumination, spotlight
5 against dust deposits
7 against dipping in water lighting materials

6 against entry of dust aluminium, pure, highly polishec 80 to 87 plaster, light 40 to 45

8 against immersion in water
aluminium, anodised, matt 80 to 85 plaster, dark 15 to 25
aluminium, polished 65 to 75 sandstone 20 to 40
(13) Types of protection required for lightin aluminium, matt 55 to 76 plywood, rough 25 to 40
aluminium coalings, mat! 55 to 56 cement, concrete, rough 20 to 30
chrome, polished 60 to 70 brick, red, new 10 to 15
vitreous enamel, white 65 to 75 paints
stage index Ra typical areas of application
lacquer, pure white 80 to 85 white 75 to 85
1A > 90 copper, highly polished 60 to 70 light grey 40 to 60
paint sampling, art galleries
brass, highly polished 70 to 75 medium grey 25 to 35
IB 90 > RA > 80 living accommodation, hotels, restaurants, offices, schools, nickel, highly polished 50 to 60 dark grey 10 to 15
hospitals, printing and textile industry paper, white 70 to 80 light blue 40 to 50
2A 80 > RA > 70 industry silvered mirror, behind glass 80 to 88 dark blue 15 to 20
2B 70 > RA > 60 silver, highly polished 90 to 92 light green 45 to 55
other materials dark green
3 60 > RA > 40 industrial and other areas with low demands for colour
15 to 20
oak, light, polished 25 to 35 light yellow
rendering 60 to 70
oak, dark, polished 10 to 15 brown 20 to 30
4 40 > RA > 20 ditto granite 20 to 25 light red 45 to 55
limestone 35 to 55 dark red 15 to 20
marble, polished 30 to 70
(?) Wall illumination, floodlight (K)) Shading angle (= 30740750°) (u) Colour reproduction of lamps

(6) Photometric distance principle Reflection factors for various materials

(7^)

145
^ W

LIGHTING: REQUIREMENTS DAYLIGHT

specific
"lOOIx
connected load P"
for height 3 m, area
W/m ;
-
for
100m 2
correction factor k Calculation of mean illuminance Light redirection (light from the side)
and reflection 0-7/0.5/0.2 height area reflection factor In practice, it is often necessary to obtain an estimate of the As the depth of a room increases (normally 5-7 m), the intensity
H Aim 2 070502 050201
) 000
mean intensity of illuminance of the daylight in the room diminishes (see daylight factor
dark (E n for a given level of )

A curve). Redirecting the light allows rooms to be completely

up to 20 0.75 0.65 0.60
electrical power supplied, or the electrical power P required
illuminated with daylight, even rooms of considerable depth.
3m for a given level of illumination. E and P can be estimated
6qt* 50 0.90 0.80 0.75 n The redirection of the light is based on the principle that the
> 100 1.00 0.90 0.85 from the formula in -> (§). The specific power P* required for angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. The aim of this
this calculation depends on the type of lamps used
3-5 m 20 0.55 0.45 0.40 (1), .
redirection is (-» @):
50 0.75 0.65 0.60
and relates to direct illumination. The correction factor k • to obtain a more uniform distribution of daylight;
> 100 0.90 0.80 0.75 depends on the size of the room and the reflection levels of • to obtain better daylight illumination in the depths of the
the walls, ceiling and floor -» (2). room;
5-7 m 50 0.55 0.45 0.40
> 100 0.75 0.65 If the calculation is to be made for rooms
with different
• to avoid glare when the sun is high, and to make use of
0.60
winter sun;
types of lighting, the components are calculated
©1 \ Specific connected load P*
for various lamp types © Table of correction factors individually and then added together -> (3).
Calculation of the illumination using the specific power
(50) Principle of light redirection
•
•
to mask out zenith luminance, or to make indirect use of it;
to redirect particularly diffuse radiation;
• eliminate the need for additional solar protection
to
example
is also applicable to offices. In the example, a
room area A = 100m 2 rectangular (possibly trees) by achieving glare protection on the inside.
room height H 3m room with an area of 24m 2 is equipped with 4 lights. From Light shelves (reflectors). These can be placed inside or outside
o •
reflection factor
=
0.5/0.2/0.1
-> ®, with 2 x 36W lamps (connected value, the window in the area of the abutment. Mirrored, polished or
including 90W
• a .a. a®. type of light
(medium reflection)
ballast), an illuminance of
ca. 375 lx is achieved.
white surfaces can be used as the reflection plane. They
. o® „© P* = 4W/m 2 (compact fluorescent lamp) In offices,
addition to conventional Iouvred mirror
in
improve the uniformity of the illumination, particularly if the
O HO ffl Offl
°
o P"
type of
= 9-45W
light
= 405W
lighting, square iouvred lighting with compact fluorescent
ceiling is shaped to correspond with the redirected light. If

necessary, glare protection can be provided in the region

•
o P' = 12W/m 2 (general purpose lamp} lamps -> ©, or structured lighting -> ©, are frequently
• ffl «ffi« ffl
. P" =8- 100 W = 800W between the abutment and the ceiling -> @.
type of light installed. Lighting structures use a combination of power Prisms. Optical prisms can be used to achieve a desired
o • P"
P'
=
- 16
10W/m
20W
2 • {halogen filament lamp)
= 320W
supply rails to carry spotlights. selection of radiation and redirection -> @. Prism plates reflect
formula
Floodlighting buildings
(3) Venetian
blind
@ while
surface
the sunlight with less deviation, and only allow diffuse light
100-405, 100-800 100-320 from the sky to pass through. In order to prevent penetration of
+ +
100-4 100-12 100-10, 1-0.9 '
The luminous lamps used to floodlight a
flux required for Mount Airy Public Library, NIC, USA
©2 \ Calculation of illuminance
for internal areas
=
180 ix building can be calculated from the formula in (9). The
(51) the sun's rays, the prism plates are mirrored. The prism plates
guarantee adequate daylight illumination up to a room depth of
luminance should be between 3cd/m 2 (free-standing approximately 8 m.
objects) and 16cd/m 2 (objects in very bright surroundings). Outlook, light deflection and glare protection. The
illumination in the depths of a room can be improved by
. 24 m 2

redirecting the light and by providing reflecting surfaces on the

= 0.75
(bright reflection) ceiling -> @. The outlook remains the same, but the zenith
(?) glazing
= 4 90W = 360 illuminance is masked
out. Glare protection is only required in
(g) glass prism
winter, but necessary, a means of enhancing daylight
if
100-4-90
0.75
24.3
(D mirror surface illumination may
be provided on the abutment.
= 375 Ix
(?) insulation Solar control glass, glass bricks and Venetian blinds are used
for radiation selection and redirection, and include the
(5) glass prism
100 -p following systems (-» @):
Calculation for offices
A • P' © glazing • solar control glass, i.e. mirror reflectors (rigid) between
E„-P-P" 1
the glass panes cause the light to be reflected in summer
100 '
k
and transmitted in winter;
: • glass blocks, i.e. polished prisms to increase the
• ill
3i uniformity of the light;
(52) Prismatic redirection of light
• Venetian blinds, i.e. adjustable bright outer blinds to
nominal illuminance tlx)
deflect the daylight.
connected load (W) Examples of light redirection in ceiling areas in museums are
specific connected load IW/m 2
)
--> (T)
shown in -> 1S5).

room floor area

correction factor (2)

(IT) Built-in iouvred lighting (8) Formula for mean illuminance E n and connected load P Neue Pinakothek. Munich

calculation formula <P = luminous flux required

for luminous flux L = mean luminance (cd/m 2 )

A = surface to be floodlit (53) Ceiling design for light redirection

= lighting efficiency factor
National Museum of
He
Western Art, Tokyo
o = reflection factor for the material
luminance for a floodlit
level of reflection from
object (cdm 2
) L illuminated materials

free standing 3 - 6.5

white
(^) Structured lighting dark surroundings 6.5-10
brick, vitrified 0.85

white marble 0.6

moderately bright 10 - 13
surroundings piaster, light 0.3-0.5
uhaus Archives, ]

very bright surroundings 13 - 16 plaster, dark 0-2-0.3

-4 L^T lighting efficiency factor light sandstone 0.3-0.4

dark sandstone
%

—
object 0.1-0.2

light brick 0.3-0.4

^ large area

small area
large distance
0.4

0.3
dark brick

light

granite
wood
0.1-0.2

0.3-0.5

0.1-0.2 Uffizi Gallery, Florence

towers 0.2 Diocese Museum, Guggenheim Museum,
Paderborn New York
(54) Redirection of light ^gA Redirection of light; light from above (the examples shown here
(T) Built-in Iouvred lighting
(IT) Luminous flux required for floodlighting 160 ^— are museums)

147
DAYLIGHT PANTRIES, LARDERS
Empirical evaluation of the quality of daylight from overhead When planning houses or flats, space should be allocated
SI k|
suspended
with
ceiling
artificial light
1

*|
I

_1_ illumination for rooms such as larders, pantries or cold stores. The most
o uooou u~o u o u o u o uu u uu uod The definitive evaluation of daylight conditions should be practical solution is to have a larder in or beside the kitchen
performed against the background of a clouded sky. However, -->
(2) - ©. It must be cool, well-ventilated and shaded from
rooflights are not only recipients of diffuse radiation, they are the sun. Connections for a freezer unit and a drinks cooler
also subject to direct solar radiation. These varying lighting should also be provided if the larder is of sufficient size and
conditions should be simulated, not only under an artificial sky,
but also under an artificial sun. In this process, the quality
criteria for the daylight on the model should be assessed by eye
h— - —
single sided
i t-

double sided
storage shelves are best arranged right up to the ceiling.
In very large households, there may be a need for a cold

store. These are supplied in modular form in a range of

-»© (^P) Typical larder plans sizes ^(9) and include separate cooling and freezer sections.
Design parameters for overhead illumination are listed
below (-» @
- @; see also @).
• Rooflights should not be orientated toward the south.
• Convert solar radiation into diffuse light radiation.
• Maintain quality criteria for daylight.
• Avoid excessive contrasts in luminance levels.
• Pay attention to variation in Dm.
• Ensure illumination of all room corners and enclosing
surfaces.
• Avoid glare by artificial shading.
• Treat room-enclosing surfaces according to their
separate technical requirements.
• Ensure that it is possible to see outside.

Larder and cupboard Corner larder (^) Larder behind dining area
(2^) (3^) (^) Spacious larder

(b) barrel vault (e.g. arcades) (d) light shafts for direct and
indirect incident radiation
(68) Large individual roof lights

n
larder
'
a
room

bath

(b) membranes (e.g. for sports halls) (d) transparent room under a freestanding
\
(72) Large rooflights with distinctive shapes
roof with directed outward vision and
passage of light (g\ Space-saving larder
V— adjacent to bathtub recess
^
v—
As (§) but adjacent to wc Sizes of cold stores
{useful area 1.23-3.06 m2 )

(b) inclined lantern lights (d) ridgelights (also

individual pyramids)
as
Side and overhead lighting STORAGE
(69) Continuous rooflights The choice between side and overhead illumination depends on
the use to which the building is to be put and also on the available
Apart from the cellar and attic rooms there should be at
external light sources, i.e. the geographical location. For example,
least one storeroom (1 m 2 or more, with a minimum internal

where there are extreme light and climatic conditions, appropriate width of 75cm and good ventilation) in the house. For larger
forms of construction must be developed and the shapes of dwellings at least 2% of the living area should be planned
buildings must be designed to match the prevailing light as storage room. The space is needed for storing cleaning
conditions at that latitude (i.e. to make optimum use of the diffuse equipment and materials, tools, ironing board, shopping
(c) opposed inclined surfaces
(note corner illumination) and direct sunlight ->@-@. baskets and bags, cases, stepladder etc. Doors should open
outwards to give more space and internal lighting must be
provided, perhaps by a contact switch on the door. A recess
close to kitchen for built-in cupboards is desirable » @.
(lO) Storeroom in hallway yj\ Storerooms in bedrooms
and hallway

(d) rounded with white

external surfaces
70) Northlights (concave, convex) horizon (scheme) horizon horizon (scheme)

Constructional style Constructional style suitable

(73 (74
suitable for southern for northern regions (high
utility
regions (high direct solar proportion of diffuse light), I

room i
radiation), side illumination side and overhead illumination
I I

mi
kitchen
(a) mtermeshed offset diagonal shells (c) cornice rooflights 3
dining T2 y
store- room
storeroom room

Storerooms and cupboards Storerooms in entrance Storeroom and shoe Larder and storeroom in
(12) (13) 15
cupboard in entrance area kitchen area
(b) butterfly rooflight with (di glass roof with slats for
translucent ceiling diffuse and direct light
Style with potential for Side and overhead
(7 l) Special shapes 75
illumination from the side illumination, room-enclosing
and overhead surfaces recessed
163 250
T

DINING AREAS
It is often desirable to have
space in the kitchen for eating
snacks, breakfast etc. and use
the dining room for main
meals only. This can be
provided by including a
retractable table, with a height
of 70-75cm, which is pulled
out of a base unit -> (4). A

Minimum table-to-wall Allow space between Allow for drawers and movement area of at least
distance depends on how ^— sideboard and table for doors 80cm is needed to the left and
food will be served walkway right of the table. If sufficient
space is available a fixed table
against a free-standing unit
T 25
T15J can be used (5). Another
85/90 I
85/90 t T
I
85/90 70/75 alternative is the breakfast bar
70/75 80/85
arrangement -> (6). This
1—60—1-50 - 110-1 requires less depth than the

D 45
1-45 + 40 -H-30f 30)
fixed table, even though the

n 4o4/214 D
20 I
60

f
11

II

11

it
30
30
surface
because of
this also
is also

means
its
40cm
elevation
that special
deep,
but
T 40
60 II
30
1
+ 01 30
stools are required. Depending
120 50 t II

80 4-
K
30
on their design, full dining
i
.

_[ 30 11

11
Di areas require far more space
but they can obviate the need
(7) Retractable table Fitted
Fi table Breakfast bar
for an additional dining room
I 1 70 !
- 3.00 - -> ® + ®- A comer seat and
dining table take up the least
T
27
a amount of space ^ (8).
1

a It is useful to be able to
1
a P extend the dining room
I-60H

similar space to railway restaurant cars

a
M.00-1
through wide doors or a
folding wall for special
I — 1 .80 1

> t
occasions -> @ + @. To eat
'
135 comfortably an individual
a D 1
T
oo
80 Q needs a table area of
G D i
J.
space-saving table
with corner seat
\ +
60 60 x 40cm. A strip of 20cm is
needed in the centre of the
Smallest space for dining Ensure clear access to rear Round table, four to six
table for dishes, pots and
table and recess ^-"^ seats with more than five — people
diners bowls ^ (T). Lighting should
390 —
and working (>8cm)
for baking and dish-washing
h 3.30 _ —
1-50H 155 — f
-t 150 -~i
not be dazzling: the ideal
distance from lower edge of
the light to the table top is

around 60 cm -> (T).

Suitable locations for dining

rooms are shown in - ©. @
3 .-, enlargement possible by
opening up folding 4 Q0
doors to adjoining room
I
^ T
(

1-60H-50-1.10H 1— 40 —H 20 -f
— - 40 —i

Extractor fan on outer wall Extractor hood: better than

Pull-out/swivelling table A breakfast bar arrangement 10
Minimum size for six diners Most comfortable seating arrangement in dining room for 12
13 14 (15) (16) (l2j Typical table cover
{A}, better if directly above just a fan with round table people (with sideboard)
cooker (B)

additional height —
I
»p 1
—
possible bulk head

35 35 recommended maximum height is 92cm

norma! height

8CSJ
I 65

60- I

80
i_8 oi
-35H j

50 50 «

75
85-92

(13) Dining room layout scheme /^\ Self-contained dining room Dining room between patio -jg\ Dining room and living
between kitchen and living and living room: folding room, as (jj>), on common
Section through kitchen /<jg\ Plinth depth varies height room (undisturbed dining doors allow combination patio giving good natural
(18) Kitchen fittings and standing areas required
units: preferred of work surface area) with the living room lighting
measurements

251 256
BEDROOMS BATHROOMS
Types of Bed Planning Examples

Specially designed polyester

baths (wide shoulder and
narrow foot sections) and
shower units offer space
savings that make small
rooms appear more
spacious >©-©•
Baths with chamfered
corners can be useful in
(T^) Sleeping bag ©Canvas bed; folds to give a
Low bed renovation projects @. >

«tnnl
(^T) steel tubular (7) Grandmother's feather bed

/J\ Planning example: small (JN As but 2 15

. m w jde (T) As -> ©, but 2.50 m wide
Couch/bed conversions

Sofa-bed: bedding rolls up ^\ Sofa-bed: bedding stored in (j\ Sofa-bed: bedding stored Sofa-bed: pull-out mattress
in zipped covers drawers under the mattress behind backrests 75 75 75

(^) Corner bath (^) Shower and bath on 7 m2

Bunk beds and units
second bed by
raising backrest

Bed on cupboard unit

Bed on cupboard for small Bunk for railway sleeping Pullman bed for caravans
\9j) (12
rooms, ships' cabins etc. cars, holiday homes etc. and railway sleeping cars

Fold-up beds -1
(To) Double-sided arrangement (Ti) Separate shower area
twin unit
separate storage \ can
required for serve as
bedding a double
bed

(13) Bed/chair (fold-out) (14) Sofa-bed (fold-out) Side-hinged folding bed Top-hinged folding bed 25' 40 '
25 '
90/90
(15) (16)
90 75 60

Castor-mounted folding and wall beds (1 4) WC and shower separate (15) Shower. WC, bidet, basin

store-
*
72 68
r 2-1 -r*

;
2.00
X room

D 1
2.20
73 L 140 i
V- \J
A-

(l7)
^-^
Folding bed on castors (\8)
VVa "
v-y beds
cuP 00 ""1 ' f » r folding
^
f^, Beds unfolded in front of
^
/£g\ Hinged/swinging folding -J
cupboard doors beds
90 1.75
f Bath with chamfered
Bath and shower with 19
(16) Spacious bathroom 1 7) Bath and shower separated corner (necessitated by
258 separate washing area limited space)
BUILDING FOR DISABLED PEOPLE BUILDING FOR DISABLED PEOPLE
An environment for disabled people needs to be designed Houses and Apartments
to accommodate wheelchairs and allow sufficient space for outside shelf

moving around in safety (see (T)-@ and for ®~© letter box Accessibility:
corridors
In

the most
the rented
common
residential
layout.
sector,
This enables
access via
large
dimensions and area requirements). Example door and is

corridor widths are given in All switches, handles,

numbers and corners to be avoided; a straight main
of angles
corridor is preferable. The entrance area should be of an
window fittings, telephone points, paper roil or towel
appropriate size, with shelves and coat hooks planned in. The
holders, lift controls, etc. must be within reach of an
outstretched arm (9)-@. The layout of the WC, in minimum area of entrance halls is 1.50 x 1.50 m, and 1.70 x 1.60
65- 70 1-25- 30-1
t 1

particular, requires careful planning: assess how many m for a porch with a single-leaf door. (It should be noted,
however, that minimum recommended dimensions are often not
© Side view of standard
wheelchair
(^) Front view (and folded) doors, light switches etc. are needed. Consider technical
aids (e.g. magnetic catches on doors and remote controls).
very generous and in practice can prove to be too small.) For

blind residents it is important to have an intercom system at the

Access paths to the building should be 1.20-2.00 m wide
apartment door and the building's main entrance.
and be as short as possible. Ramps should ideally be Deep entrance area with
Wide entrance area rooms should allow adequate
straight, with a maximum incline of 5-7%, and should be no recessed cupboard Living area: Living free

longer than 6 m (5). The ramp width between the handrails 20 2.00 3.10
movement for wheelchair users and have sufficient space for two
should be 1.20 m. Corridors should be at least 1.30 m or three more visitors' wheelchairs. For blind people, additional

(preferably 2.00 m) wide; clear opening of doors, 0.95 m;

height of light switches and electrical sockets, 1.00-1.05 m
(use switches and control devices which have large buttons
1 1 X&J I
8
space should be provided for their literature and tape equipment:
Braille books and newspapers are roughly three times bulkier
than their printed equivalents. Single disabled people need more
space than those in shared households. In apartments,
or surfaces).
recommended minimum areas for living rooms with a dining
-R = 83- During urban planning, consideration should also be
given to providing wheelchair users with easy access to
area are: 22 m 2 for one person; 24 m for two to four people; 2

26 m for five; and 28 m for six. The minimum room width is

2 2

© (4^) Turning circle

general amenities such as supermarkets, restaurants, post
offices, pharmacies, doctors' surgeries, car parks, public
I 3.75 m for a one- or two-person home — (5).
If an additional study area is to
>

be incorporated, the floor area

transport etc.
must be increased by at least 2 m 2.

140 80 90
I I I I

Dining area for two/four Kitchen: Ergonomic planning is of great importance in the
Porch with two-leaf door
people kitchen to allow disabled people to utilise their capabilities to the
>3.75
full.The arrangement of the storage, preparation, cooking and
washing areas should be convenient and streamlined. The
cooker, main worksurface and taps should be placed as close
together as possible. Storage spaces must be accessible to
wheelchair users (i.e. no high cupboards). The reach of the arm
is roughly 600 mm horizontally and between 400 and 1400mm

vertically. The optimal working height must be adapted to suit

each disabled person, within the range 750-900 mm, so it is

desirable to have a simple adjustment mechanism.

Single-family houses: The single-storey family house with

(b^) Wheelchair on a slope
© On stairs
© VDU workstation ( 8 ) At a window garden is often the preferred form of residence for disabled

120
Living
people
room for one/two ® Living/dining room
(4-5 people: 23.75m2)
people. Their requirements can be satisfied easily
accommodation: i.e. no steps at the entrance and no difference in
in this type of

100
*~ 200 I 6.50 1
level between the individual rooms and the garden; rooms can be
a
80 180 connected without doors and custom designed to best suit the
a b b
60 160 residents. However, two-storey family houses can also be
40 \ 140
suitable, even for wheelchair users, if a suitable means of moving
20 5 120
between floors (vertical elevator or stair lift) is incorporated.
20
40 il
# y
100
80
60 -
Multi-apartment dwellings: The grouping of apartments
multiple occupancy dwellings is a housing solution that offers
in

60
t — 40 f disabled people an environment which is both sociable and
80 <— /\ 20
supportive. In economic terms, it is rarely possible to convert
100
100 80604020 20 40 60 80 100 120 100 806040 200 20 40 60 80 100 120 100 80 60 40 20 20 40 60 80100120
ordinary apartments into adequate homes for the severely
disabled, so they need to be included at the preliminary planning

© Plan view
© Rear elevation (l2) Minimum turning circle stage. once again preferable to situate apartments for
It is

disabled people at ground-floor level to avoid the necessity of

90- installing lifts/elevators.

I
78

(1 3) Door access with one door (14) with 2 doors (1 5) with three doors (16) with four doors

old new old

Annex for disabled person 10) Installation of an elevator (iT) Three-person appartment 12J Four-person appartment
built onto existing house; including one disabled, two including one disabled,
ramps compensate for height apartments per floor three apartments per floor
differences 299
298
m m

SCHOOLS
BARRIER-FREE LIVING
shower area
A functionally efficient and well-designed
Primary schools
living space is of great
°D°[]°n°n°n no teaching I
importance to people with disabilities. To turn through 180° a materials
Classrooms: one classroom per class, square if possible, in
wheelchair user requires 1500-1700 mm. This requirement sets the
exceptional cases rectangular, max. 32 pupils, min. of
minimum sizes and circulation space of landings, rooms, garages DdDqD oQ
Q D°D D D D D 65-70 2 (approx. 2.00m 2 x 2.20m 2 per pupil) if possible
etc. shown here. Entrances should not have a threshold °D
or steps and
daylit on two sides -> (3) + (6). Furniture either in rows or
revolving doors are not permitted. Doors should have at least -I
informally arranged.
900mm clear width. Bathroom/WC doors must open outwards. The
J L Front of class: chalkboard with sliding panels, projection
minimum width for a landing is 1500mm, and landings of over 15m
space, socket for TV, radio, tape recorder, etc., wash-basin
in length should include a circulation area (1800 x 1800 mm). All
near entrance. Provision for hanging maps. Facility to black
levels and facilities inside and outside a building must be accessible
Architect: Yorke, Rosenberg, Mardall out windows. Group rooms divided into separate
without negotiating steps;
->®.
if necessary, include a lift -> @ or ramps
j \ Example of school library/media centre. Classroom lit and ventilated workspaces to accommodate mixed ability classes only in
©Movement area: shower Movement area around WC from two sides via cloakroom and corridor. Corridor opens out every special cases.
and bath ^2^j second classroom with a room for teaching materials
and wash basin Alternatives to individual classes and group rooms: 2-3

outside
classrooms joined together to make teaching spaces for
class space discussions between pupils and teachers, or lessons in
m
«
i i

°d °n °o qo larger groups; can also be divided by partitions. Draught

°D oQ =0 oO excluding lobbies and entrance areas also connect to
D °Q °Q °0 horizontal and vertical circulation (corridors, stairs, ramps)
bd be 0 °Q * °0 and can be used during breaks (0.50m 2 /pupil). Multi-use
O oD oQ °0°0
DD area for parties, play or exhibitions.
°0 °Q
handicrafts room
Room for teaching materials 12-15 2 centrally
nrmnm .
positioned, part of the staff area or in a multi-purpose room.
:

wheelchair user

Architect: Neutra

2 \ Example of joining classroom, outside

(5) Overlapping of movement areas in a bathroom
© ^ \ Space requirements:
wheelchair and movement
Space requirement beside a
bed for user and non-user of
classroom space and hobby room

a wheelchair
u [] nn

Q Q D
Jj 'LU L

°D °a °D °D cloakroom

°0 °D °D D D D
D
°o °n D Q °o

Architect: Schuster

© Multistorey building,
staircase, daylight
two classes around
from two sides
j

Architect: Carbonara

(3^) Saw-tooth layout, risk of disturbance between rooms

Architect: Carbonara Architect: Haefeli, Moser, Steiger

_ _n % 85
;

Ramp
, , ( KXX^ / (J
i
inc "ne
**^&J 95-135 ©4 \ Classroom with daylight from high window, but no window at
the back. Corridor opens out in front of each classroom with ©j \ Four classrooms/floor with daylight from two sides, extended
on one side for group teaching
(10)
(T?) Section of ramp cloakroom and store room
T5) Halls and passages
r-
S1 90 1

I
1

r|i| 2150

¥ > .
^wi .
:
,
:

t1 s t I
>120 covered access

handicrafts room Architect: Gottwald, Weber

L I Architect: Brechbuhlen

I
> 1 50
1
handicrafts room ©Hexagonal classrooms with no corridor, access through Hexagonal classrooms and internal triangulai
Lift car dimensions and cloakroom, lobby with no windows
Space requirement in Movement areas in front
movement area in front of garages 15 (16) ... in front of sliding doors
of hinged doors and ...
the lift door
311
301
^

SCHOOLS
Open-plan
class class 7 * class
Nowadays, it is often considered normal for offices to be
open plan. This sometimes influences school architecture.
teaching
The two have similar requirements regarding size of room,
material lighting, ventilation, acoustics, floor and ceiling finishes,
furniture, and colour.

class class class

Main advantage: flexibility ->© + ©. Team teaching in
groups of up to 100 pupils. Space per pupil (not inch core)
3.4m 2 -4m 2 .

The later addition of partitions should be possible

© Schoolroom without walls ^\ Divided by movable
cupboard-walls There are many US examples. German model example:
(4). »

Tannenberg School, Seeheim -» (3). However, vertical

/ertical blinds K
drainpipes and service ducts, etc. are a problem because of
the need to fix sound-insulating partitions -> (4). Ceiling
panels should be removable so that services in the ceiling
LB ° ° void are accessible -» ©.
Large groups of 40-50 pupils, divided into medium-sized
groups of 25-26 pupils, small groups of 10 pupils (3). .

Planning grid 1.20 x 1.20m throughout; clear room

height 3m. Movable partitions which can be taken down
bti
provide a solution for the transition from old fixed
classrooms to open plan -> @. Also, building forms which
(jT) Tannenberg School in Seeheim, practising team teaching create small spaces ~> ©
+ (2) and -> ©
- ®. Examples of
seating arrangement for watching films, slides etc -> ®- ®.
Educational experts maintain that, during conscious
learning, people best retain information that they have
suspen-
ded obtained themselves, more precisely:
ceiling
dividing
wall
10% of what they read;
20% of what they hear;
30% of what they see;
reflected 50% of what they hear and see;
sound 70% of what they say themselves; and
90% of what they do themselves involving their own actions.

® Floor and ceiling

connections for partitions
( 5
^— )
_ ... .
Ceiling void for services

Seating arrangement for 80 pupils (over 10 years old) for film,

(10) for 117 pupils over 10 years old
slideand overhead projection
312
313
CHILD DAYCARE CENTRES PLAYGROUNDS
Child daycare centres provide social and educational facilities Play makes
fundamental contribution to the development
a
1 terrace for daytime care of pre-school children and school children up of a child's personality. It is mainly through play that small
2 common room children adapt to their environment. Play areas must be
3 dining to the age of 15. Children's needs should be taken into
4 kitchen consideration in the planning. Division according to age groups: varied, changing and changeable. They must meet
5 entrance
6 rote-play Creche from 8 months to 3 years, groups of 6-8 children; children's needs. Play is a social experience, through it
7 building
kindergarten from 3 years to school age groups of 25-30 children learn to understand the consequences of their
8 bonding
children; children's after-school care centre from 6-15 years,
oo i
9
10
group room
washroom/WC
groups of 25-30 children. If possible, provision should be made (^T) Playhouse (2^} Group of houses
behaviour.
Requirements of play areas: traffic safety, no pollution,
or 3)0 1

o o4 for age groups to be combined. The centre should be near adequate sunshine, ground water level not too high.
housing and traffic-free. Play areas should be focal points within residential areas
Size of rooms, schedule of accommodation and details and should be connected to residential and other areas by
Architect: Franken/Kreft

(T) Kindergarten: typical pi.Ian

->© + ©• simple networks of paths. They should not be pushed out
Creche 2-3 m2
floor space/child (babies, crawlers and
on to the periphery but planned in connection with
toddlers) nappy changing table, playpens,
plus spaces for:
communication systems. Guidelines for planning
cupboards, toy racks, child-size tables and chairs.
H = 1.50 playgrounds take into account the following data: age
Kindergarten 1.5-3m 2 floor space/child. 15-30 children/ 1.80
common room 47.5 m> 2.00 group, usable space per person, play area size, distance
2
1

WC/washroom
room plus spaces for cupboards, toy racks, child-size tables and
from dwellings, etc.
3 group room 20.0 nV chairs, chalkboards, etc.
4 care room 16.0m'
5 cloakroom 42.0m' After-school care centre 1.5-4m 2 floor space/child. 20
6 storeroom 3.0m' children/room plus spaces for cupboards, toy racks, child-size age area distance from home
7 play equip. 11.0m'
8 hall 37.0m' tables and chairs, chalkboards, storage facilities, homework group <m 2 ) (m) (minutes)
9
10
multipurpose
staff WC
66.0
7.0m'
m'
room with cupboard for teaching material, shelves, desks and 0-6 0.6 110 - 230 2
n kitchen 13.0 m' chairs. Arts and crafts room with cupboard for tools and 6-12 0.5 350 - 450 5
12 supervisor 10.5m?
13 lobby 34.0 nV
materials, workbench, carpentry bench, etc. (^) Swings (7) Slides 12 - 18 0.9 700 -1000 15
14 heating 6.0 m' With more than two group rooms a multipurpose room is
15 mains intake 4.0 m?
required, preferably next to the group rooms and with a view of
16 cleaner 2.5m' When building housing, private outdoor playgrounds in the
them. Good sound insulation, so as to help concentration in
grounds of the housing complex should be provided for
group learning processes, e.g. play rehearsals, etc.
younger children up to the age of 6, for children from 6-12
If the room is large enough (min. 60 m
2 it can also be used
)
and for adults. A basis for calculating the size of all public
Architect: Franken/Kreft as a gymnasium and for afternoon naps. Apparatus store.
playgrounds can often be found in planning regulations.
(2^ 'Robin Hood' daycare centre: ground floor There is a trend towards two-storey buildings with staircases
For example, 5m 2 play area per housing unit, minimum size
and emergency stairs, especially in high-density urban areas; and
1 common room 4 multipurpose of playground 40 m 2 Open spaces for play must be
child daycare centres with longer opening hours for working or
.

2 group room 5 head

3 terrace single parents (07.30 - 17.00). Facilities for disabled children, WCs enclosed by a barrier at least 1 m high (dense hedge, fences,
runway etc.) to protect them from roads, parked cars, railway lines,
and washrooms accessible to wheelchairs, therapy room. Min. 6 (5^) Aerial
(^) Toddler's swing
parking spaces and space for bicycles and prams. deep water, precipices and other sources of danger.
Driveway and parking for staff and people collecting
children, playground.
1 lobby
2 shared area
3 office
4 parent visits
5 first aid
6 laundry 1 open octagonal house
7 cloakroom 2 lilliput castle
8 group room 3 rocking cockereis
1 common room
9 games hall 4 water play apparatus
2 group room
10 kitchen (milk) 5 bicycle stands
3 play hall
11 prams 4 quiet room
(T) Dough table (¥) Sandpit (planks)
6 table tennis tables
12 quiet room 7 benches and pergola
5 babies' changing
13 doctor 8 trampolines
6 kitchen
14 kitchen 9 castle with moving parts
7 staff
15 gardener 10 Robinson Crusoe's island
8 head
16 storeroom 11 water spring
9 WC/washroom
17 heating 12 turnstile
10 cloakroom
18 noisy area 13 paved area
1 1 storeroom
19 quiet area 14 amphitheatre
12 cleaning materials
Architects: Pankoke + Schmitt 20 play room 13 lobby
Kindergarten with central multipurpose room

5 group
Architect: Franken/Kreft

'Pusteblume' child daycare centre: ground floor (9) Sandpit (logs) (1 0) Exercise bars

1 multipurpose room
2 common room
3 homework
4 handicrafts
5 apparatus
6 WC
7 storeroom

— UJ

D/W/H 7.30/3.80/3.40

Architects: J. + W. Lippert
Child daycare centre 6 First floor (11) See-s (12) Slide and climbing frame 'Karnacksweg' playground
( ) (13)

325 326
TOILET FACILITIES TURNING AND PARKING
area served ^ 100 m To ensure a good working atmosphere it is essential to The type, size and shape of a turning place in a road
standard car depends on the road use in
design sanitary facilities which are both functional and that particular area. It also has
shop
.

» floor i
attractive.
tobe suitable for the needs of the road users and must meet
should be approximately 100m from each
Toilets
town planning requirements. It is difficult to make
workstation; 75m in the case of work at conveyor belts. In recommendations for a correct choice of road turning place
changing large companies it is useful to divide them into smaller which is valid in all cases.
rooms 4- v.v.v

units (e.g. on each floor next to the stairs on the landing). In The interests of the fire and refuse collection services

companies with more than five employees separate toilets have to be taken into account in deciding on road turning
unit 250 men places. Many authorities refuse to service areas with dead-
WC ^ 160 women must be provided for men and women, as well as toilets for
the exclusive use of employees where necessary. A lobby is end roads or lanes, where refuse collection lorries can turn
© Area served (2^) Arrangement of WCs not required if there is only one WC per toilet facility and no
only by manoeuvring backwards and forwards or must
reverse quite a long distance.
direct access to a work place or area used for breaks, for
changing, washing or first aid. Toilet cubicles must be Road turning places can be designed as hammerheads .

. 1 ) Standard car @-(5), turning circles or loops -> ©-(9). The hammerhead type
lockable. If ventilation is through windows on one side only,
turning place calls for backwards and forwards manoeuvring.
an area of 1700cm 2 is required, or possibly 1000cm 2
if

space is restricted. Turning circles and loops are preferable, as motor vehicles
clearance limit 0.5m can drive straight round them without having to stop.
In <250 men or <160 women a
toilet facilities for
\ To facilitate steering, road turning places should be
drainage point with smell seal and tap connection with stop
cock and hose union must be provided, and a sink for arranged asymmetrically on the left, or on the right in the
-125 1 155 150 115
cleaning case of those countries like the UK which drive on the left-
purposes. Flooring should be non-slip, water-
1
1 I 1

resistant and easy to clean. Walls should be washable hand side of the road ->©-(§). Adequate clear areas should
to
be left along the outside edges of the turning areas to
i
a D I [ a D ^] i
>2m
are required
high. Room
in
temperature 21°C. Well-ventilated lobbies
front of toilet facilities and should have one
safeguard fixed obstructions from the overhang of turning
vehicles. In the case of turning loops, the central area to be
wash basin per five WCs minimum and the means for
drying hands. driven around can be planted --> (8).
If soap dispensers are fitted, one is sufficient

fortwo wash basins. A minimum of one mirror for every Car turning circle Car turning circle radius for Hammerhead turning places are really only suitable for
©
2^ Single row WCs,
doors opening outwards
Single row WCs,
doors opening inwards
two to three wash basins should be fitted. The minimum
room height for toilets with four or fewer WCs can be
an entrance drive > 5-6.50 m cars. They are not required for carriageways over 6m wide,
if garage forecourts or footpath crossings are available for

clearance distance 50n m turning purposes.

2.20m. 1 clearance distance 1

190—
washing facility for disabled people, according to
1

Install
type of vehicle length width height turning circle
regulations, recommendations and types of activities. r-,4 25-f-4 00+450H (m) Im) (m) radius (m)

•dU| motorcycle
car
- standard 4.70 1.75 1.50 5.75
- small 3.60 1.60 1.50 5.00
- large 5.00 1.90 1.50 6.00
truck
Men Women _J - standard 6.00 2.10 2.20" 6.10
- 7.5t 7.00 2.50 2.40" 7 00
shown without I3.0O+3 00I
lf
-16 t 8.00 2 50 3.00" 8.00
of
toilets
im)
c
toilets
of
toilets
c
toilets bins
footpaths
— 6.00— \
-22t + 16 t trailer)
(

refuse collection vehicle

10.00 2.50 3.00" 9.30
trough trough .s .2 standard 2-axle vehicle (4 x 2) 7.64 3.30"
employees

additional additional
employees
additional
Hammerhead turning place C§\ Hammerhead turning place
-
2.50 7.80
number

C
number - standard 3-axle vehicle (6 x 2 or 6 1.45 2.50 3.30" 9.25
c
© for vehicles up to 8 m
urinals :
troughs urinals

© for cars
waste

t^N Doors opening outwards; Doors opening inwards; flush

JZ
flush flush flush
fire engine 6.80 2.50 280" 9.25
with urinal trough with urinal trough (refuse collection vehicles, furniture van 9.50 2.50 2.80" 9 25
1 1 0.6 1 1 103' 1 1 1 fire tenders, trucks up to 6t) (with trailer) (18.00)
standard bus 11.00 2.50 3 '
2.95 10 25
25 2 2 1.2 1 1 20 2 1 1
I

standard bus II 11.40 2.50 31 3.05 11.00

50 3 3 1.8 1 1 35 3 1 1 standard vehicle - bus 11.00 2.5031 2.95 11.20
-125 205- standard vehicle - articulated bus 17.26 2.5031 4.00 10.50-11 25
1

75 4 4 2.4 2 50 4 clearance
1 2 2
distance 1 m standard articulated truck 18.00 2.50" 4 00 12.00»>

D T 100
130
160
5

6
7
6
7
5 3.0

3.6

4.2
2

2
2

2
2

2 100
65
80
5

6
7
2

2 3
2

2
tractor
trailer
max. values of the road regulations
2-axle vehicle (4 x 2) 12.00
2.50"
2. 50"'

2.50 4
4.00
4.00

4.00

D J m
'

12.00
190 8 8 4.8 2 2 3 120 vehicle with more than 2 axles 12.00 2.50" 4.00 12.00
8 3 3
tractor with semi-trailer 15.00 2.50" 4.00 12.00
220 9 9 5.4 3 3 3 140 9 3 4
articulated bus 18.00 2.50" 4.00

D J
12.00
1 jf 1
250<> 10 10 6.0 3 3 4 160" 10 3 4 trucks with trailer 18.00 2 50" 4 00 12.00
notes:

: W 11

2>

3)
an increase of up to 1.5 times is possible
legislation stipulates that hot water taps must be situated above hand basins
the vestibules of toilet facilities in workplaces
A shared facility is permissible for up to five employees
in
" height of driver's cab;
4>
without wing mirrors;
2)

b>
totalheight with driver, about 2m; 3 with wing mirrors. 2.95m;
turning circle radius adjusted up to max. as per regulations
>

© With urinal bowls; doors

opening outwards
fo^t As (7) but with doors
opening inwards
41
WC facility should be no larger than for use by 250 men or 160 women

r§\ Turning area for trucks over

(10) Basic vehicle data

© Large WC facilities ^-^ 10m long and 24t 6x4

refuse collection vehicles
type of road

accessible lightly
type of
district

residential
standard
vehicle
car
R
(m)
6
notes

turning circle for car

used
residential road special regulations for refuse
I 125 1 200 1 ) 150 1 125 r 150 collection vehicles
1
t- 220 1

{e.g. iink road connection via lanes

with limited traffic access)

residential road mainly cars, 2-axle 8 turning circle for small buses +
residential (4 x 2) refuse most refuse collection vehicles
collection
vehicles room to turn by manoeuvring back
and forth for all vehicles permitted
under the regulations
residential road residential cars ,
refuse 10 adequate turning circle for most
area, heavily collection permitted trucks and buses
interspersed vehicles, trucks 11 turning circle for newer buses
with with 3 axles
12 turning circle for articulated buses
business (6 x 2 and 6 x 4),
premises standard bus,
articulated bus
mainly for truck 12 turning circle for the largest
business articulated truck vehicles permitted by the road
premises articulated bus regulations

1 m
wide clearance on the outside of the turning areas is provided to allow for the rear
Turning loop for articulated Turning circle for 4x2 overhang of vehicles
trucks and buses refuse collection vehicles
and 6 m
long delivery vans Recommendations for turning circle radius, R
TURNING AND PARKING YOUTH HOSTELS
Parking spaces are usually outlined by 12-20mm wide
area (m com men ts Youth hostels are often conversions of existing buildings partly
yellow or white painted lines. When parking is facing a wall,
)

because of a shortage of money and also because they are often

safety
these lines are often painted at a height of up to 1 m for entrance hall 14 with bench and shoe rack
located
sirips
office/reception/shop n hatch to entrance
in aesthetically sensitive surroundings. The Youth Hostels
hall; close
better visibility. Guide rails in the floor along the side have to warden's kitchen Association (YHA) in the UK is therefore reluctant to lay down
6.00 also proved popular for demarcation of parking limits, and drying room 14 preferably accessed via entrance definitive plans for typical hostels. Nevertheless, there are
1 can be about 50-60cm long, 20cm wide and 10 cm high. hallwithout passing through principal specifications and requirements to be considered, particularly
rooms; with racks or hangers; heated
Where vehicles are parked in lines facing walls or at the luggage room 14 if combined with drying room,
relating to fire safety, and the Department for Education and

edge of the parking deck in a multi-storey car-park, it is laundry and WC, 14-18. 5m J each Employment (DFEE) in the UK also has requirements, governing

common practice to provide buffers, restraining bars or common room 18.5-23 space in particular, for the hostels to which it allocates funds.

railings up to axle height to prevent cars from going over

dining room 46.5 or 0.7 m 2
/person
Fire safety
members' kitchen 16 direct access to dining room
h4.00-»-3.50*-4.00-i the edge. Where cars are parked face to face, transverse The YHA increasingly concerned with the application of more
is
2.00 2 00 warden's kitchen 16-23 if possible with combined door
I 7.50 1
I 11.50 1

barriers about 10cm high can be used to act as frontal stringent standards of fire safety to both new and existing hostels.
and hatch for direct service to dining

© Parking parallel to the road

© 30° oblique spaces, easy
entry and exit, but for use
stops. Overhang on vehicles must be talsn into account
©. For lining up in front of a wail, a stop rail or rubber buffer
-->
room; sink in kitchen preferred to
separate scullery; access to dustbins
Principal sources of danger have been identified as interference with
stoves or heaters, particularly in the drying room, electrical or gas
only with one-way traffic larder 3 each
faults and misuse of cooking stoves. Provision of means of escape
wiftbe sufficient (T). wash -
up ii with 1 or 2 sinks; table space for dirty
in old buildings can be problematic and protected stairs are difficult
crockery; easy access from dining
Garage parking spaces for cars should have an overall room and to warden's kitchen {for toprovide where there are timber floors. The distances to be
length of more than 5 m and a width of 2.30 m, but parking crockery return) if possible
covered on fire escape routes to reach safety are usually set out in
warden's lounge
spaces for the disabled should be more than 3.50m wide. 14 layout of these will usually depend regulations. Generally, 18 m to a place of safety is considered the
fire
warden's bedroom 11 on balance of convenience,
1
maximum in buildings with timbered floors; where floors are non-
warden's bedroom 2 9-3 privacy, aspect
combustible this distance is 30m. In small hostels, akin to houses,
warden's bathroom 3.25
the distances very rarely contravene the regulations. In larger
dormitories 158-167 i.e. 3.16m 2 /person
parking space arrangement area/space possible no. of possible no. of hostels a minimum of two staircases are normally required in such
{inc. open spaces/1 00 2 m spaces/100m of WCs for hostellers not less than 5; 1 for warden positions that no person on any floor has to go further than the
doors) area road (one side
washing facilities for each sex washroom with bath
only) 1

(partitioned off) or shower, footbath

maximum travel distance to reach a point of safety.
(T) 0° - parallel to road. Entry
and basins to DES standards
1-5 16-+3 501-5 16-t
•
2 4.4 17 Bed spaces
and exit to parking bay difficult -
airing cupboard 1 for warden's use
I 1382 1
suitable for narrow roads The following guidelines can be applied:
blanket store 3.75 warmed
m
45° oblique parking, one-
way traffic only © 60° oblique parking, one-
way traffic only
'
(2) 30° -angle to
access road.
Easy entry to parking bay and exit.
26.3 3.8 21 cycle store 28 for about 30 cycles, preferably in racks
3.1

1 WC
2 dormitory floor area per person
per 10 bed spaces
Uses a large area. note: floor areas are intended as minimum desirable but in alterations 1 hand basin per 6 bed spaces
much will depend on the existing building
*
(3) 45° -angle to
access road. 20.3 4.9 31 1 bath/shower per 20 bed spaces
Good entry to parking bay and For the purposes of calculating floor areas DFEE disallows any floor
exit. Relatively small area/parking (^T) YHA schedule of accommodation for 50 bed hostel space over which the ceiling is less than 2.10m.
space. Normal type of layout
The YHA has lower standards, depending on the grade of the
(4) 60° -angle to access road.
•
19.2 5.2 37
Relatively good entry and exit to hostel: simple or standard. For simple hostels (whichneed not have a
lighting garage
parking bay; small area/parking plant and resident warden) the minimum area per bed is 2.04m 2 for standard ;
space. Arrangement often used and fuel workshop
hostels (which must have a resident warden living within the curtilage
(5) Right-angles to road (parking
* 19.4 5.1 40 of the hostel at all times when open to members) dormitories should
spaces 2.50m wide). Sharp turn warden's blanket
drying rm.
men men s
needed for entry and exit (hot water
s
washroom have a minimum of 2.32m 2 per bed space (2.78m 2 is recommended).
bathroom store dormfs}
boiler) and WC As double bunks are normally used this means 6.31 m 2 per bunk must
(6) Right-angles to road [parking 19.2 5.2 37
spaces 2.30m wide. Small area be allowed if DFEE standards are to be met.
needed/parking space. Ideal for warden's reception common/
larder women s switch
compact parking layouts, used bedroom dry store
office dining
dorm(s) dorm(s)
Dormitories
/^\ 90° entry/exit to parking 90° entry/exit to parking frequently shop room
^—^ spaces for two-way traffic The YHA lays down that all hostels must have separate dormitories
spaces, for two-way traffic
for men and women, with separate access, and the layout should
Parking space 2.50 m wide Parking space 2.30 m wide warden's
warden's warden's
wash-up 8
members' women s
sitting crockery washroom allow them to be used by either sex as bookings demand. This means
entrance kitchen kitchen
room store and WC either sex must be able to reach the appropriate lavatory. The most
compact solution is to have a block of interconnecting rooms and
*230

-O -f-
© Schematic layout for single-storey youth hostel lock the appropriate doors to segregate the sexes. The YHA has been
switching to the four-bed dormitory arrangement used in many
t ground clearance
women s Continental hostels, with sanitary facilities accessed via a common
length I = 4 50m washroom DFEE has been pressing for improved degrees
corridor, motel style.
width w . 1.80 m women's washing arrangements. This can be achieved
of privacy for
front overhang O t
= 0.85m by arranging wash basins in cubicles with curtained entrances.
rear overhang O, - 1.35m
wheel base W . 2 30 m Amenities
height H = 1.65 m As hostels are generally closed during the day, a secure luggage
weight = 2 Ot - 20kN
1-5 16 + 3501 8 70 >-3 50-1-5 16^ t-5 16-1-3 50-1 10 32 H3.50-1- 5.16 -1 25
room without access to the rest of the hostel must be provided so
- 4 50 -
-M
I 26 02 1
|
27 64 1 - 5.00
-
arrivingmembers can store their gear. This could be part of the
45°-angled parking, one-
way traffic only —
Parking for one-way traffic
(with spaces for plants) © Standard car drying room, where hostellers remove their outer clothing before
booking in at the reception desk.
To allow visitors to cook their own meals a members' kitchen
should be provided in all hostels in addition to the kitchen for the
warden, who will also cook for hostellers. These kitchens should be
equipped with double cooking rings and grill units, fuelled by
propane if no mains service is available. Lockers and washing-up
space are also required.

l-1.10-H1.10-l
Warden's quarters
250
Large hostels (40 beds or more) are often administered by married
couples, possibly with children who will also need living quarters. The
largest hostels can have assistant wardens, who could potentially

T20 - 30 need their own recreation rooms and a staff kitchen and dining room.
-548-1-4 001 1039 14 00+- 5 48H -5 00 -t-5. 50-1-5. 00 -1-5. 00 -t-5 50-1-5-00- 1-5 16-13 501 8 70 13 501-5 16-1 I 40 - 50 ground floor first floor In large hostels, the chief warden's quarters should be in the
29 35 26 02
1 31.00
I 1

form of self-contained houses or flats, with three bedrooms, a

/g\ 60" angled parking, one- 90° parking, 5.5m wide road (3^) Youth hostel converted from existing house by YHA bathroom, kitchen, dining room and sitting room. In these
f^Q\ (l 2) Oblique parking layout (13) Stop rails and buffers
way traffic Parking spaces 2.5 wide m circumstances hostellers' accommodation should never be above or
below the warden's.

437
YOUTH HOSTELS
A distinction made by
the German Youth Hostel
is

Association between youth hostels and youth hotels. The

laundry
forecourt
= I staff
room former are usually in the country and include children's
"mam entrance
hostels for children up to 13 and youth hostels for 13-17-
year-olds, although there is usually an age overlap. Youth
living
space — [clnrj hotels are intowns and cities with tourist and cultural
attractions, and there is an international trend towards a 3-
star hotel standard with 120-160 beds.
Youth hostels and hotels have a variety of purposes:
accommodation and meeting point for conferences,
courses, seminars, educational courses for young people
and adults, recreation, school trips, individual and family
hiking.
The functional areas required include common rooms
and dayrooms (one per 20-25 beds), several dining rooms
(some of which can also be used for meetings and
functions), multi-use spaces with more
circulation
secluded bays, rooms, entrance
cafeteria, lecture
hall/reception and youth hostel warden. The
office for
areas required are dependent on the number of bed
spaces. Outside, there may be requirements for a camp
site (with doors to sanitary facilities), sports and games
pitches, parking for buses and cars, and a garden for the
hostel warden.
special dormitory free-access
There is a trend to reduce the numbers of beds in the
free-access
section section area, quiet area, noisy hostel rooms
to between four and six (eight maximum)
(jT) Schematic diagram of functions and have separate rooms for parents and children. In
to
youth hotels there are usually two to four beds and single
rooms are available for group leaders and visiting
speakers.
Showers and washrooms must be near to all rooms
and separate WCs provided. All should be accessible to
the disabled. A lockable luggage store and cleaning rooms
(?) Rucksack are desirable on each floor.

(5^} Spare mattress (fF) Camp bed

r
3 30 tt-3 30-H Architect: M. Ehringhaus

(iT) Youth hotel with youth hostel in Cologne-Riehl; 4- and 6-bed rooms 10 Habischried rural school hostel; 5-bed rooms

—} 3 K
4 74

Lf beds I I
4 74 ,
! 4 86 s

Kit
1.51'

t
I
-1 4 86"-

mm} |ebeh {„i

wc
shower ^

1 1 24 -
tt- 4 00 H 3 49 i
Architect: Schonwald
(9 ) Warden's flat and accommodation for other staff >
Uslar youth hostel; pavilion
(
02) Pavilion with 14 beds
with 18 beds

471