True and False Monetary Economics
True and False Monetary Economics
Please state, if the following statements are true (T) or false (F). If they are false
correct them accordingly.
Money supply
1. ____ Current account deposits always perform the functions of money.
2. ____Money has to be a store of value as agents do not immediately spend
money which they receive as a means of payment.
3. ____ The double coincidence of wants problem refers to the fact that the
representative consumer has a double problem when deciding about its
consumption which is referred to as the income and the substitution effect.
4. ____The double coincidence of wants problem refers to the store of value
function of money.
5. _____ Base money is defined as cash plus deposits.
6.______The monetary aggregate M2 is defined as cash plus deposits plus
reserves of banks held at the central bank.
7.______There are three principal sources of base money: the central bank
buys foreign assets, government bonds or lends to banks.
8. _____ When banks hold reserves at the central bank base money is
destroyed.
9.______ When the central bank sells foreign exchange base money is
destroyed.
10._____ The central bank lends to banks based on collateral provided by
banks.
11.______When a central bank buys government bonds from commercial
banks the money supply rises.
12.______When a central bank buys government bonds from the resident non‐
bank sector the money supply rises.
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13.______When a central bank buys government bonds to create base money
this always indicates quantitative easing.
14.______Initially the central bank is not involved when banks create money.
15.______Banks create money by buying foreign assets, lending to the
government and lending to the private non‐bank sector.
16.______When a private household deposits money at a bank the money
supply rises.
17.______When a private household withdraws money from a bank in the
form or cash the money supply declines.
18.______When a bank issues a loan to a company it needs access to base
money if the minimum reserve ratio is larger than zero.
19._______By requiring banks to hold reserves a central bank ensures that any
creation of money by banks implies that banks need access to base money.
20.______There is no way a central bank can control base money.
21.______The ECB provides base money elastically at the interest rates it sets
for banks borrowing from the central bank.
22.______In the euro area the money market rate fluctuates between the
marginal lending and the deposit rate set by the ECB.
23.______When the money market rate is below the deposit rate there will be
no lending by banks to banks.
24.______When the marginal lending rate is below the money market rate
liquidity deficit banks borrow at the central bank.
25._______The ECB sets the main refinancing rate at a level that it deems to be
consistent with full employment.
Conventional Monetary Policy
1. ____ Empirical evidence suggests that in the short‐run monetary policy, i.e. a
change in the monetary policy rate, has real effects, while in the long‐run it
only affects the price level, i.e. inflation.
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2.______The monetary policy transmission mechanism describes how
monetary policy is conducted.
3._______The theory of relative prices is based on the idea that a monetary
policy impulse disturbs an existing portfolio equilibrium of investors.
4._______Tobin’s Q refers to the relationship between the nominal and the
real interest rate.
5._______An expansionary monetary policy leads to a rise in Tobin’s Q because
it raises the prices of existing financial and real assets.
6._______Tobin’s Q shows that monetary policy works by creating asset price
bubbles.
7._______Price stability has the benefit of reducing information‐ and
transaction costs.
8._______Menu costs refer to the costs of nominal wage stickiness.
9._______Menu costs arise because of unanticipated inflation.
10._______Unanticipated inflation leads to a misallocation of resources by
blurring the distinction between absolute and relative prices.
11._______The Phillips‐Curve relates inflation to nominal wage developments.
When nominal wages rise, inflation rises.
12._______The Phillips curve is downward sloping as long as inflation
expectations are not taken into account.
13. _______ In the 1960s and 70s policymakers believed that it is possible to
“ride” the Phillips curve by reducing unemployment via a rise in interest rates.
14.________Adaptive inflation expectations take into account errors in the
expectation of inflation in the previous period.
15.________The Phillips curve is vertical in the long‐run because agents finally
adjust inflation expectations to actual inflation.
16.________The Phillips curve has its optimal point at the natural rate of
unemployment.
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17.________The natural rate of unemployment is the unemployment rate
central banks target.
18._________Milton Friedman calls the unemployment rate at which the
Phillips curve is vertical the non‐accelerating inflation rate of unemployment
because any sustainable reduction of unemployment below this rate does not
require high or higher but accelerating inflation.
19.________The time‐inconsistency problem suggests that it useful to have a
central bank that can employ all instruments at full discretion in the current
period in order to achieve price stability in the future. It is the problem of
quantitative easing policies.
20.________ If central banks do not pursue an unemployment level below the
natural rate, there is no time‐inconsistency problem.
21.________Central bank independence solves the time‐inconsistency problem
by giving central banks full discretion with regard to decision‐making.
22.________Time‐inconsistency means that a future policy decision that forms
part of an optimal plan formulated at an initial date is no longer optimal from
the viewpoint of a later date.
23._______The case for central bank independence was empirically supported
by the fact that countries with more independent central banks record
consistently higher GDP growth.
24._______The new Phillips curve debate has been triggered by the empirical
observation that despite a long‐lasting recovery and declining unemployment
price pressures have remained low.
25._____Central banks claim that advancements in monetary policy credibility
have led to a flattening of the Phillips curve. Agents understand that central
banks will keep inflation at target irrespective of developments in growth and
unemployment.
26.______Globalisation has led to a flattening of the Phillips curve because
with increasingly integrated goods, labor and capital markets wage pressures
due to labor market tightening in one country are less likely to emerge due to a
high degree of competition on a global scale. Thus, nominal wages do not rise
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as strongly with tightening national labor markets compared to the 1960s and
1970s.
27.______A balance sheet recession is characterized by creditors and debtors
agreeing on a reduction of claims and liabilities. Thus balance sheets shrink.
Monetary policy strategies
1._____The monetary targeting strategy is based on the quantity theory. This is
reflected in the “potential formula”.
2.______The potential formula links actual money growth to potential output
growth.
3.______The policy rule of monetary targeting implies that central banks
should increase monetary growth when output falls below potential.
4.______The reference value for monetary growth under monetary targeting is
calculated by estimations of potential output growth, the trend of the velocity
of money, and inflation expectations by the general public.
5. ______The Federal Reserve does not represent an inflation targeting central
bank because it pursues a dual mandate.
6._______Inflation targeting implies that central banks decide upon the rate of
interest by comparing inflation expectations held by the public with the central
bank inflation target.
7. ______If inflation expectations rise above the central bank inflation target, a
central bank pursuing an inflation targeting regime will lower interest rates.
8.______The Taylor rule has been developed by assessing US monetary policy
in the inflationary 1960s and 70s. At that time the Federal Reserve raised the
nominal interest rate when inflation rose, i.e. it followed the Taylor Principle.
9._______The neutral real rate of interest is the real interest rate consistent
with a zero output gap and actual inflation being equal to the inflation target.
10.______The neutral real rate of interest has been found to be stable over
time, namely at 2%.
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11.______If a central bank applies the Taylor rule based on an output gap
estimate which suggests that output is closer to potential than it is actually the
case, it will pursue a too restrictive policy stance.
12._____If the neutral real rate of interest in the Taylor rule is zero, the actual
real interest rate has to be negative if actual inflation is below the inflation
target.
13.______The Taylor rule nominal interest rate cannot be negative.
14.______The current debate on monetary policy in mature economies largely
reflects different opinions on the value of the neutral real rate of interest.
Economists arguing that policy rates should be raised more aggressively argue
that the neutral real interest rate is substantially higher than zero.
Unconventional monetary policy (UMP)
1._____UMP (crisis management) can be justified even if monetary policy does
not face the zero lower bound (ZLB).
2.______By expanding the monetary base central banks engaging in UMP (crisis
management) prevent a decline in the money multiplier.
3.______A breakdown of the monetary transmission mechanism is observed
when the interest rate signal by the central bank, i.e. a decline in the rate, is
not transmitted to other financial markets as these markets have become
dysfunctional.
4.______The ECB OMT programme was justified as UMP addressing a
breakdown in the monetary policy transmission mechanism.
5._______Under the OMT programme (“whatever it takes”) the ECB purchased
massively government bonds (EUR 60 billion per month) in order to calm
markets at the ZLB.
6._______The ZLB refers to the monetary policy challenge that interest rates
cannot fall (much) below zero, as the non‐bank as well as the banking sector
always have the option of holding cash, which pays zero interest. Thus,
negative central bank interest rates are not transmitted to the economy even
though markets are functional, which implies that the interest rate instrument
cannot be used.
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7._______Quantitative easing (QE) means that central banks purchase assets
issued by distressed borrowers to ensure monetary policy transmission.
8._______Asset purchases under QE do not directly effect the money supply
when the central bank purchases these assets from the resident non‐bank
sector.
9._______When the central bank purchases assets from commercial banks the
monetary base rises and the money multiplier falls.
10.______The banking sector as a whole can reduce base money created by
central bank asset purchases by increasing lending operations.
11. ______Portfolio rebalancing effects refer to financial transactions taken by
residents and non‐residents after having received the receipts from selling their
assets to the central bank. Portfolio rebalancing transactions may shift funds
outside the money‐holding sector or towards instruments that are not included
in M3, thereby 'destroying' money, or may end‐up shifting deposits towards
the money‐holding sector, thereby 'creating' money.
12._____ When a euro area non‐bank sector resident sells government bonds
to the ECB and buys US treasury bills he/she engages in portfolio rebalancing.
Everything else equal it will lead to a depreciation of the euro thereby
underlining the expansionary effect of QE with regard to economic activity and
price developments.
13._______In principle asset purchases follow a similar transmission
mechanism as changes in the policy interest rate, relying on signaling, direct,
and portfolio rebalancing effects.
14._______The empirical evidence suggest that QE has had a strong effect on
economic and price developments, while financial market effects have been
rather disappointing.
Monetary policy in open economies
1._____Capital account openness refers to a liberalization of cross‐border trade
of goods and services.
2.______In countries with a closed capital account a resident cannot borrow
from a bank in another country.
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3.______The degree of capital account openness can be measured by checking
government and central bank regulations, which is called de facto capital
account openness.
4.______The Lane and Milesi‐Ferretti index depicts the sum of gross foreign
assets, i.e. claims of the household, corporate and government sector on non‐
residents, and gross foreign liabilies, i.e. liabilities of the household, corporate
and government sector on non‐residents, scaled by GDP.
5. ______Mature economies have a rather closed capital account.
6._______A currency board is a hard peg exchange rate regime.
7. ______Independent (free) floating implies that the central bank usually does
not intervene in the foreign exchange market.
8._______A country with a fixed exchange rate and an open capital account
cannot have an independent central bank.
9._______Autonomous monetary policy refers to a central bank that is able to
use the interest rate instrument to achieve domestic policy objectives, such as
price stability and full employment.
10._____The impossible trinity suggests that a country cannot pursue an
autonomus monetary policy and a fixed exchange under an open capital
account.
11.____The uncovered interest rate parity theorem explains why the inpossible
trinity holds.
12._____The uncovered interest rate parity theorem implies that the central
bank of a country pursuing a fixed exchange rate and having an open capital
account cannot set the interest rate in line with the Taylor rule.
13.______The uncovered interest rate parity theorem states the return of
domestic and foreign assets with equal risk and maturity have to be identical
given an open capital account.
14.______The uncovered interest rate parity states that with a fixed exchange
rate and an open capital account the domestic interest rate has to be equal to
the neutral rate of interest.
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