ULTRASONIC GLASSES FOR BLINDS

A MINOR PROJECT REPORT

(ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING)

JSS ACADEMY OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

NOIDA

SUBMITED BY
ABHISHEK RAO

ADITI

ADITI SHARMA

ABHISHEK CHAND KAUSHIK

ABHISHEK KUMAR

SUBMITTED TO:
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC AND COMMUNICATION
CERTIFICATE

I hereby certify that work which is been presented in the B.tech minor
project report entitled as Ultrasonic glasses for blinds , submitted to
the department of Electronic And Communication Engineering of JSS
ACADEMY OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION NOIDA is an authentic
record of our own work carried out during a period from June 2019 to
July 2019 (Year1) under the supervision of our respected Ma’am
CHHAYA GROVER .This is to certify that the above statement made
by students are correct to the best of my knowledge.

SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISOR

DATE:
CHHAYA GROVER
Faculty of Digital System and Design
ACKNOWLDGEMENT
In the very beginning we would like to thank the Almighty for
making this project a success. Then we would like to express our
heartful gratitude to our mentor in this project and faculty of Digital
System and Design, CHHAYA GROVER Ma’am whose valuable
guidance has been the ones that helped us patch this project and make
it full proof success. Her suggestion and her instruction has served as
the major contributor towards the completion of the project. Also we
would like to thank our parents who have helped us with their
valuable suggestion in various phases of the completion of the project.
Last but not the least we would like to thank ourselves for our hard
work and dedication towards the completion of project.
DECLARATION
I the undersigned solemnly declare that the project report is based on
my own work carried out during the course of our study under the
supervision of our mentor in this project, Ma’am Chhaya Grover. I
assert the statements made and conclusions drawn are an outcome of
my research work. I further certify that I. The work contained in the
report is original and has been done by me under the general
supervision of my supervisor. II. The work has not been submitted to
any other Institution for any other degree/diploma/certificate in this
university or any other University of India or abroad. III. We have
followed the guidelines provided by the university in writing the
report. IV. Whenever we have used materials (data, theoretical
analysis, and text) from other sources, we have given due credit to
them in the text of the report and giving their details in the references.
ABSTRACT
The motivation for this project came to us when we saw the blind
people who have to experience a lot of hardships while travelling on
the roads or any public places. All the objects coming in their way are
a really tough job to handle and they could be hurt or injured any time
. Every time it’s not necessary that there will be someone helpful
around them to protect them from the objects around them thus they
need something for their independent protection. We know there is a
stick which blinds use to detect the objects coming in their way but
it’s not that helpful as it cannot detect the objects coming at a height
but for only which has their base on the ground. Also it cannot detect
the objects at the left and right simultaneously at the same time. But
these glasses overcome all these problems and help the blind people
to keep themselves from most of the obstacles coming in their way.
INDEX

1. INTRODUCTION

2. LIST OF THE COMPONENTS

2. EXPLAINATION OF EACH OF THE

COMPONENTS

4. WORKING OF THE PROJECT

5. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF THE MODEL

6. THE CODES UPLOADED IN THIS PROJECT

7. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF

THIS PROJECT
CHAPTER - 1

INTRODUCTON

This ultrasonic glasses for blinds is a project which is something that would

benefit handicapped people in some way. This idea for glasses that would

help blind people sense if there was an object in front of them that they

might hit their head on. The white cane that they use when walking is used

for helping them navigate the ground but does not do much for up above.

Using Arduino Pro Mini MCU, Ultrasonic Sensor, and a buzzer, these glasses

that will sense the distance of an object in front, left and right beep to alert

the person that something is in front of them. Simple and inexpensive to

make
CHAPTER-2

LIST OF COMPONENTS

1. ARDUINO PRO MINI

2. ULTRASONIC SENSOR
3. BUZZER
4. ARDUINO UNO
5. JUMPER WIRES
6. SUNGLASSES
7. SOLDERING IRON
8. HOT GLUE GUN
9. ARDUINO IDE
ARDUINO PRO MINI

The Arduino Pro Mini is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328.

It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6
analog inputs, an on-board resonator, a reset button, and holes for mounting pin
headers. A six pin header can be connected to an FTDI cable or Sparkfun
breakout board to provide USB power and communication to the board.

The Arduino Pro Mini is intended for semi-permanent installation in objects or

exhibitions. The board comes without pre-mounted headers, allowing the use of
various types of connectors or direct soldering of wires. The pin layout is
compatible with the Arduino Mini.

There are two version of the Pro Mini. One runs at 3.3V and 8 MHz, the other at
5V and 16 MHz.

The Arduino Pro Mini was designed and is manufactured by SparkFun

Electronics.
As shown above the HC-SR04 Ultrasonic (US) sensor is a 4 pin module, whose
pin names are Vcc, Trigger, Echo and Ground respectively. This sensor is a
very popular sensor used in many applications where measuring distance or
sensing objects are required. The module has two eyes like projects in the front
which forms the Ultrasonic transmitter and Receiver. The sensor works with the
simple high school formula that

Distance = Speed × Time

Pin Pin Name Description

Number

1 Vcc The Vcc pin powers the sensor, typically with +5V

2 Trigger Trigger pin is an Input pin. This pin has to be kept

high for 10us to initialize measurement by sending
US wave.

3 Echo Echo pin is an Output pin. This pin goes high for a
period of time which will be equal to the time
taken for the US wave to return back to the sensor.

4 Ground This pin is connected to the Ground of the system.

ARDUINO UNO

Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P

(datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as
PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB
connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It contains
everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a
computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or
battery to get started.. You can tinker with your UNO without worring
too much about doing something wrong, worst case scenario you can
replace the chip for a few dollars and start over again.

"Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release of
Arduino Software (IDE) 1.0. The Uno board and version 1.0 of Arduino
Software (IDE) were the reference versions of Arduino, now evolved to
newer releases. The Uno board is the first in a series of USB Arduino
boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform; for an
extensive list of current, past or outdated boards see the Arduino index
of boards.
BUZZER

A buzzer or beeper is an audio signalling device, which may be mechanical,

electromechanical, or piezoelectric (piezo for short). Typical uses of buzzers
and beepers include alarm devices, timers, and confirmation of user input such
as a mouse click or keystroke.
TYPES
Electromechanical
Early devices were based on an electromechanical system identical to an electric
bell without the metal gong. Similarly, a relay may be connected to interrupt its
own actuating current, causing the contacts to buzz. Often these units were
anchored to a wall or ceiling to use it as a sounding board. The word "buzzer"
comes from the rasping noise that electromechanical buzzers made.

Mechanical
A joy buzzer is an example of a purely mechanical buzzer and they require
drivers. Other examples of them are doorbells.

Piezoelectric

Piezoelectric disk beeper

A piezoelectric element may be driven by an oscillating electronic circuit or
other audio signal source, driven with a piezoelectric audio amplifier. Sounds
commonly used to indicate that a button has been pressed are a click, a ring or a
beep.

Interior of a readymade loudspeaker, showing a piezoelectric-disk-beeper (With

3 electrodes ... including 1 feedback-electrode ( the central, small electrode
joined with red wire in this photo), and an oscillator to self-drive the buzzer.
A piezoelectric buzzer/beeper also depends on acoustic cavity resonance or
Helmholtz resonance to produce an audible beep
ARDUINO IDE

The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-platform

application (for Windows, macOS, Linux) that is written in the programming
language Java. It is used to write and upload programs to Arduino compatible
boards, but also, with the help of 3rd party cores, other vendor development
boards.[2]

The source code for the IDE is released under the GNU General Public
License, version 2.[3] The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++
using special rules of code structuring.[4] The Arduino IDE supplies a software
library from the Wiring project, which provides many common input and output
procedures. User-written code only requires two basic functions, for starting the
sketch and the main program loop, that are compiled and linked with a program
stub main() into an executable cyclic executive program with the GNU
toolchain, also included with the IDE distribution.[5] The Arduino IDE employs
the program avrdude to convert the executable code into a text file in
hexadecimal encoding that is loaded into the Arduino board by a loader
program in the board's firmware.
JUMPER WIRES
A jump wire (also known as jumper wire, or jumper) is an electrical wire, or
group of them in a cable, with a connector or pin at each end (or sometimes
without them – simply "tinned"), which is normally used to interconnect the
components of a breadboard or other prototype or test circuit, internally or with
other equipment or components, without soldering.Individual jump wires are
fitted by inserting their "end connectors" into the slots provided in a breadboard,
the header connector of a circuit board, or a piece of test equipment.

TYPES OF JUMPER WIRES

Jump wires at the end of a multi-coloured ribbon cable are used to connect the
pin header at the left side of a blue USB2 Serial board to a white breadboard
below. Another jumper cable ending in a USB micro male connector mates to
the right side of the USB2 Serial board. Red and black tinned jump wires can be
seen on the breadboard.
There are different types of jumper wires. Some have the same type of electrical
connector at both ends, while others have different connectors.

SOLDERING IRON
A soldering iron is a hand tool used in soldering. It supplies heat to
melt solder so that it can flow into the joint between two workpieces. A
soldering iron is composed of a heated metal tip and an insulated handle.
Heating is often achieved electrically, by passing an electric current (supplied
through an electrical cord or battery cables) through a resistive heating element.
Cordless irons can be heated by combustion of gas stored in a small tank, often
using a catalytic heater rather than a flame. Simple irons less commonly used
today than in the past were simply a large copper bit on a handle, heated in a
flame.

Soldering irons are most often used for installation, repairs, and limited
production work in electronics assembly. High-volume production lines use
other soldering methods. Large irons may be used for soldering joints in sheet
metal objects. Less common uses include pyrography (burning designs into
wood) and plastic welding.
CHAPTER - 4
WORKING OF THE PROJECT
Working principle
The project works on the principle of SONAR and RADAR system which is
used to determine the distance to an object.

Working of project

In this project we use :

1.Ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04

2.Arduino pro mini 328-5v 16 mhz

3.Buzzer

4.Battery 9v

Ultrasonic sensor emits an ultrasound at 40,000 hz which travels through the air
and if there is an object or obstacle on its path .it will bounce back to the
module considering the travel time and the speed of the sound. We can calculate
the distance.

The arduino is programmed to calculate the distance based on the input

perameters(speed and time).If the calculated distance comes out to be in the
range set in the program(to close to be harmful),then the buzzer start to buzz
and indicate the user of the obstacle infront of line,there are two
buzzers/arduino which indicate the obstacle either on right-front or left- front
depending which side the obstacle appears.

In the HC-SR04 ultrasonic module has four pins ground(gnd),vcc,Trig and

Echo.The ground and vcc pins of the module needs to be connected to the
ground and the 5V pins on the arduino pro mini board respectively and the trig
and echo pins to any digital I/O pin on the arduino pro mini board
CHAPTER – 5
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF THE MODEL
CHAPTER – 6
CODES UPLOADED IN THE ARDUINO
CHAPTER - 7

ADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT

1. It detects the obstacle strongly .
2. It can also detect the object in right front and left front
3. It reduces the head injuries

DISADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT

1. It cannot detect potholes on the road .

2. It cannot detect object at an angle.