BASIC ELECTRO-MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
(EE-170)
Lecture#02
Engr. Ayla Safdar
Lecturer
Electrical Department
Introduction
Electromechanical engineering deal with both the principles of
electrical and mechanical engineering in the workplace.
It refers to the analysis, design, manufacture and maintenance of
equipment and products based on the combination of
electrical/electronic circuits and mechanical systems.
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Electric Circuit
An electric circuit is a path in which electrons from a
voltage or current source flow. The point where those electrons
enter an electrical circuit is called the "source" of electrons.
The point where the electrons leave an electrical circuit is
called the "return“.
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Electrical/ Circuit Elements
Circuit elements are those components of an electric circuit or
electronic circuit which either can supply energy to the circuit or
can take energy from the circuit. All the components of an circuit
are connected together in required manner by conductors to form
a desired and complete circuit, such as
Resistor
Capacitor
Voltage Source
Inductor
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Resistor
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that
implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. In
electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow,
adjust signal levels, to divide voltages etc.
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Resistance
In a conductor, the voltage applied across the ends of the
conductor is proportional to the current through the
conductor.
The constant of proportionality is the resistance of the
conductor.
V
R
I
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Resistance (Cont…)
Units of resistance are ohms (Ω)
1 Ω = 1V / A
Resistance in a circuit arises due to collisions between the
electrons carrying the current with the fixed atoms inside the
conductor and with atoms.
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Plotting Ohm’s Law
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Plotting Ohm’s Law
Insert Fig 4.8
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Electric Current
Whenever electric charges of like signs move, an electric
current is said to exist.
The current is the rate at which the charge flows through the wire.
The SI unit of current is Ampere (A)
1 A = 1 C/s
q
I
t
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Electric Current (Cont…)
The direction of current flow is the direction positive charge
would flow
This is known as conventional current flow
In a common conductor, such as copper, the current is due to the motion of
the negatively charged electrons
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Current: amount of charge flowing
through a point per unit time
Current flows from higher potential to
lower potential
I
Ohm’s law
e e
e = IR
I
12
e
Example
In a tv tube, 5 x 1014 electrons shoot out in 4 s. What is the
electric current?
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Ohm’s Law
Experiments show that for many materials, including most
metals, the resistance remains constant over a wide range of
applied voltages or currents.
This statement has become known as Ohm’s Law
V=IR
Ohm’s Law is an empirical relationship that is valid only for
certain materials
Materials that obey Ohm’s Law are said to be ohmic
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V=RI
Resistance, R =
V/I
[R] = V/A = W
(Ohm)
For a fixed potential difference across a resistor,
the larger R, the smaller current passing through it.
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Equivalent Resistance
Req
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Parallel connection Series connection
R1
R1 R2 R3
R2
R3
1/Req =1/R1+1/R2+1/R3 Req = R1 + R2 + R3
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Q2. What is the ratio of the current flowing
through each resistor (I1:I2) in the circuit?
R1 = 10
R2 = 30
6V
1. 1:1
2. 3:1
3. 1:4
4. Need more info.
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Q2. What is the ratio of the current flowing
through each resistor (I1:I2) in the circuit?
R1 = 10
R2 = 30
6V
1. 1:1
2. 3:1
3. 1:4
4. Need more info.
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There are n identical resistors connected in parallel.
Req?
1/Req = 1/R + 1/R + 1/R + … + 1/R
= n/R
Req = R/n
Ra
(1) 1/Req = 1/Ra + 1/Rb
(2) Req is smaller than Ra and Rb
Rb
20 1000 = 1k
25 2
Req < 2
Req ≈ 10 Practically all the current flows
Though the bottom one!!
Ohm’s law:
e = R·I
R1 = 6 I = e/R
= (6 V)/(6 Ohm)
= 1.0 A
6V
What is the electric potential at ?
We cannot tell the absolute potential at this point.
If e at is +6 V, then 0 V at
If e at is +3 V, then -3 V at
For both, the potential diff. is 6 V.
To be able to specify absolute potential at a given point,
we need to specify a reference point “0” potential.
R1 = 6
6V e = “0”
Then, e at is +6 V. GROUND
e = 4 + 2 = 6 (V)
e = R2I = 4 (V) e = R3I = 2 (V)
R2=4 R3=2
6V
e=2V
Capacitor
A capacitor is a device used in a variety of electric circuits
and offer electrical capacitance in circuit.
The capacitance, C, of a capacitor is defined as the ratio of
the magnitude of the charge on either conductor (plate) to
the magnitude of the potential difference between the
conductors (plates).
Capacitor
Any two conductors separated by an insulator: capacitor
A d
Q =CV
[C] = Q/V = Farad
C C = eoA/d
eo = 8.85x10-12 F/m
Parallel-Plate Capacitor
The capacitance of a device depends on the geometric
arrangement of the conductors.
For a parallel-plate capacitor whose plates are separated by
air:
eo = A
8.85x10-12 F/m
C eo
d
Parallel connection Series connection
C1
C1 C2 C3
C2
C3
Ceq = C1 + C2 + C3 1/Ceq = 1/C1+1/C2+1/C3
Example
Three capacitors C1=1F, C2=2 F, C3=6 F. Find capacitance
of the equivalent capacitor.
Ceq
Applications of Capacitors – Camera
Flash
The flash attachment on a camera uses a capacitor
A battery is used to charge the capacitor.
The energy stored in the capacitor is released when the
button is pushed to take a picture.
The charge is delivered very quickly, illuminating the
subject when more light is needed.
Applications of Capacitors - Computers
Computers use
capacitors in many
ways
Some keyboards use
capacitors at the
bases of the keys
When the key is
pressed, the capacitor
spacing decreases and
the capacitance
increases
The key is recognized
by the change in
capacitance
QUICK QUIZ
A capacitor is designed so that one plate is large and the
other is small. If the plates are connected to a battery,
(a) the large plate has a greater charge than the small plate,
(b) the large plate has less charge than the small plate, or
(c) the plates have charges equal in magnitude but opposite
in sign.
QUICK QUIZ ANSWER
(c). The battery moves negative charge from one
plate and puts it on the other. The first plate is
left with excess positive charge whose magnitude
equals that of the negative charge moved to the
other plate.
Energy
The watt-second is too small a quantity for most practical
purposes, so the watt-hour (Wh) and kilowatt-hour (kWh)
are defined as follows:
Energy (Wh) power (W) time (h)
power (W) time (h)
Energy (kWh)
1000
The killowatt-hour meter is an instrument used for
measuring the energy supplied to a residential or
commercial user of electricity.
Energy
Energy is the fundamental capacity to do work.
In a power station, gas, coal, or nuclear energy is
transformed into electrical energy – much like a battery.
Note that energy can neither be created or destroyed, only
transformed.
Energy is measured in joules and symbolized by the letter
w. (lowercase w).
Energy is the amount of power consumed over time, which
can be written as w=∫p dt from t0 to t
Energy Conversion in a resistor
The power consumed by a resistor can be written as w=∫v*i dt
from t0 to t, since p=v*i.
As you’ve seen, when there is a current through a resistance,
electrical energy is converted to heat energy.
This heat is caused by the collisions of the free electrons within
the atomic structure of the resistive material.
When a collision occurs, heat is given off and the electron gives
up some of its acquired energy as it moves through the
material.
Power
W
P
t
1 Watt (W) 1 joule / second
Power can be delivered or absorbed as defined by
the polarity of the voltage and the direction of the
current.
Power
Power is the rate at which energy is used.
p = dw/dt, where w is energy and t is time.
Power in electrical circuits is measured in watts and
symbolized by the letter W. Note: energy uses a
lowercase letter and power uses an uppercase.
For example, a 60 watt light bulb uses 60 joules of
energy in 1 second.
Review
Ohm’s Law:
V= I * R; I = V/R; R = V*I
Energy
Definition: Capacity to do work.
Measured in joules.
Symbol is w
Energy can neither be created or destroyed, only transformed.
A battery stores energy
Review
Power:
Definition: The rate at which energy is used.
Measured in watts.
Symbol is W.
P=w/t
In electrical circuits,
P = V * I, P = I2 * R, P = V2 / R
Power can be negative, if something is supplying power.
Voltage drops: Charge loses energy as it travels through
circuits.
References
[Link]
elements-of-electrical-circuit/
Wikipedia
Introductory Circuit Analysis “Robert L. Boylestad”
Circuits 1,Fall 2005,Harding University “Jonathan White”
