Biology 1002 Exam 1 Fall 2018

1. the branch of biology concerned with reconstructing phylogenies: Systematics

2. Organisms
in domain Bacteria and domain _________ are single- celled microorganisms with no nucleus or membrane-
bound organelles: Archaea

3. each
designated group on a phylogenetic tree should be _________, containing all descendants of a single common
ancestor. groups that contain some, but not all, descendants are _____________.: monophyletic, paraphyletic

4. theprocess of classification focuses almost exclusively on a reconstructing evolutionary history, or

___________________________: phylogeny

5. the cells of all organisms in domain __________ have a membrane-bound nucleus: eukarya

6. on
a phylogenetic tree, relationships among taxa are revealed by the occurence of ________________, traits that are similar in
two or more taxa because they derive from a common ancestor: synaptomorphies

7. biologists who examine questions of ancestry of living organisms are known as __________.: systematists

8. What
was the major proposal in Charles Darwin's "On the Origin of the Species"?: that all organisms are linked by
common ancestry

9. A scientific name is composed of two parts called ____________.: genus and species

10. What
would you say to someone who asked you to explain how the anatomical characteristics shared by related
organisms are expressions of underlying genetic similarities?: closely related species have similar DNA nucleotide
sequences

11. Howcan you tell the difference between two organisms that are indistinguishable on the basis of appearance and
structure?: look for differences in their genetic material

12. What
was the purpose of the recently completed Human Genome Project?: to determine the nucleotide sequence in
human DNA

13. Whatdoes a phylogenetic reconstruction generally look like tree-like?: so scientists can see the sequence of branching
events where ancestral species split to give rise to descendant spicies

14. You
are working on a phylogenetic tree for a particular group of organisms. Assume that you know the ancestral
species had the short DNA sequence of CGT AGA TAC. You have discovered two other similar species - one has CGT AGT
TAC and the other has CCT AGA TAC. How would you represent this in the construction of your phylogenetic tree?: It is
possible that the ancestral population split into two descendant species and could be represented by a fork in the tree

15. What
term is used to indicate that all members of a designated group are descendants of a common ancestor?:
monophyletic

16. What
contribution did Carl Woese make to your understanding of the evolutionary history of prokaryotic organisms?:
Woese showed that prokaryotes actually can be divided into two groups - Bacteria and Archaea

17. How many "main" branches are found on the tree of life?: three

18. Whatmakes the group called "protists" unique or different?: Protists are a diverse collection of eukaryotic organisms
but they are not plants, fungi, or animals
19. Prokaryotic cells are found in the domain(s) ___________________.: Bacteria and Archaea

20. A human is classified in domain ________ and kingdom ___________.: Eukarya/Animilia

21. A rose bush is classified in domain _________ and kingdom __________.: Eukarya/Plantae

22. Which domain(s) inculdes unicellular organisms?: Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria

23. Fungi are classified into which domain: Eukarya

24. There is/are ___________ eukaryotic domain(s).: one

25. Why
is it particularly difficult for the systematist to classify asexually reproducing organisms as a species?: Asexually
reproducing organisms do not interbreed

26. HIV-1 has not always been found in humans, where could it have originated?: in non-human primates

27. What will be the result of deforestation in the tropical rain forests?: A wealth of life will be removed and biodiversity
lost

28. Assume that while on a biology field trip, you find an unusual insect that you and several other biologists are unable to
identify upon further study you find that no one has reported its existence and you want to classify it. What approach
would you take?: Associate the organism with a particular clade

29. How can an understanding the evolutionary origin of HIV help researchers devise better ways to treat and control the
spread of AIDS?: It may be possible to use an animal model, such as the chimpanzee, to study treatment and spread of the
disease

30. Scientists
have compared DNA sequences from humans around the world. What have they learned from their work?:
Their findings strongly indicate that Homo sapiens (humans) originated in Africa

31. When did the "tree of life" split into three parts: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya: before the appearance of plants,
animals, and fungi

32. What would cause hypotheses of evolutionary relationships to change?: acquisition of new data

33. The
cladistic approach is used by most systematists to reconstruct phylogenetic trees. What is required for this
approach to work?: synaptomorphies

34. Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying organsisms. What is phylogeny?: the study of evolutionary history

35. From a classification viewpoint, how are plants associated with animals: They both belong in the Domain Eukarya

36. Where is the greatest accumulation of Earth's biodiversity?: tropical rain forests

37. Whatcontribution did Carolus Linneaus make to modern taxonomy?: He introduced the two-part scientific name that
designates the genus and species

38. What is the definition of DNA sequencing?: the determination of the sequence of nucleotides in segments of DNA

39. Reptiles are a monophyletic group only if _________ are included: birds
40. Whatwould be valuable to biologists trying to discover the evolutionary history of two organisms thought to be closely
related?: Discover a similarity that exists in the two kinds of organisms and show that both inherited it from a common
ancestor

41. Biodiversity is defined as: the total range of species diversity on Earth

42. Bioremediation is ____________________: the breakdown of pollutants by living organisms, particulary bacteria

43. What is the major difference between a virus and a viroid?: Viruses can have a protein coat and viroids do not

44. Which structure helps bacteria to attach within the tissues that they will infect?: Capsule

45. True or False: Bacteria reproduce by an asexual process in which one parent cell gives rise to identical daughter cells:
True

46. Thereare four bacteria in an egg salad that is left out at room temperature. After two hours, how many bacteria will be
in the egg salad?: 256

47. What is an advantage of having a flagellum?: ability to migrate toward nutrients

48. Why
do virologists consider viruses to be nonliving: They are not cells nor are they composed of cells, the basic
components of life.

49. In terms of abundance, which of the following is Earth's predominant form of life?: Prokaryotes

50. What is the size range of bacteria and archaea?: 0.2 to 10 micrometers

51. Whyis it possible for different microorganisms to extract energy not only from carbohydrates and other biological
molecules but from a large variety of substances, such as petroleum, methane, benzene, toluene and even inorganic
molecules, such as hydrogen, sulfur, ammonia, and iron?: Where energy sources were available, life adapted to use them
through processes of natural selection.

52. Whatis considered to be the most effective biological agent used in terrorist attacks?: bacterial endosphores of the
agent that causes anthrax

53. Life
as we know it cannot flourish on the moon but it might be possible for it to survive. What life form on Earth might
survive on the moon?: bacterial endospores

54. Some bacteria have an impact on human nutrition. What vitamin does our intestinal bacteria synthesize that we absorb
for our use?: vitamin K

55. What is a major role of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Monitor and report the state of the U.S. citizenry

56. What makes it difficult to distinguish between bacteria and archaea?: They are small and structurally similar

57. The genetic material of HIV consists of ______________: single- stranded DNA

58. these proteins on the viral envelope recognize and bind to receptors on the host cell: glycoproteins

59. What is the function of reverse transcriptase?: It catalyzes the formation of DNA from an RNA template.

60. What is the source of a viral envelope?: host cell membrane 61. What enzyme is responsible for the process seen here?:

Reverse transcriptase
62. Double-stranded viral DNA is incorporated into a host cell as a _____.: Provirus

63. How is cholera, a disease that is a major killer in poorer parts of the world, spread?: contaminated drinking water

64. Describethe end result of bacterial conjugation?: One cell has given a copy of a plasmid to another cell and kept one
copy for itself.

65. From which cell does the sex pilus originate during bacterial conjugation?: The donor cell

66. True or False: During bacterial conjugation, the recipient cell receives a single-stranded loop of DNA: True

67. What
is the definition of an anaerobic cells?: A cell that does not require oxygen for its energy-producing metabolism
and consequently, can survive in an oxygen-free environment

68. Whyis it that prokaryotic cells evolve more quickly than eukaryotic cells?: Rapid reproduction provides additional
opportunity for mutations that are responsible for genetic variability

69. Why are prokaryotes the most abundant living organisms on Earth?: They are able to adapt to a wide range of habitats

70. What is the major means of reproduction in prokaryotes?: binary fission

71. The
polymerase chain reaction requires a heat-resistant enzyme. What is the relationship between this fact and hot
springs in Yellowstone National Park?: Heat-resistant enzymes can be extracted from heat-resistant bacteria growing in
Yellowstone National park hot springs

72. Lyme disease is transmitted by: ticks

73. What is one of the biggest indicators of Lyme disease?: bullseye rash

74. Your
aunt takes a canoe trip through the Boundary Waters in Northern Minnesota. She later finds out she contracted
Lyme disease while on the trip. What is most likely to have caused her infection?: Borellia burgdorferi

75. Yourdog is diagnosed with Lyme disease, which your veterinarian treats the same as a person would be treated. What
is she most likely to prescribe?: an antibiotic

76. Whatwould initiate sporulation in bacteria?: environmental conditions, such as dessication, that make the environment
inhospitable

77. Which disease is caused by the bacterium, Clostridium tetani?: tetanus

78. Which genera contains spherically shaped bacteria?: Micrococcus

79. What is the smallest infection agent that infects humans and exists and replicates as a single protein?: prion

80. Whensome bacteria are exposed to harsh conditions, they produce ____________, thick coated protective structures that
form within the bacterial cell: endospores

81. In prokaryotes, ________________ is the transfer of DNA from one cell to another via temporary connection: conjugation

82. Organisms that can live and grow in the absence of oxygen: anaerobes

83. the use of organisms to remove or detoxify toxic substances in the environment: Bioremediation

84. viruses that only infect bacteria: Bacteriophages

85. Dentalplaque is one example of a(n) _______________, a colony of different prokaryote species that secrete slime that
sticks the cells to a substrate and to each other: biofilm

86. In
the process known as ____________________, a single bacterium divides in half, producing two identical offspring:
prokaryotic fission

87. Therapid and inexpensive routine laboratory procedure used to classify the bacterial world into two major groups is
called the ___________.: Gram stain

88. What is a major difference the domains, Bacteria and Archaea?: peptidoglycan in the cell wall of bacteria but not the
archaea

89. Some bacteria can produce slime that allows them to aggregate into colonies on surfaces. The result is a biofilm. How
could biofilms be responsible for tooth decay?: Biofilms are not removed by brushing, so bacterial growth and activity
initiates tooth decay

90. What
is the role of nitrogen-fixing bacteria?: Nitrogen-fixing bacteria capture nitrogen gas from the air and using
hydrogen produce ammonium, which can be used as a nitrogen source by plants

91. What is the purpose of a prokaryotic flagellum?: They provide a mechanism of motility for the cell.

92. Why did life begin on Earth using an anaerobic mode of metabolism?: The atmosphere contained no oxygen at that time

93. What is a possible outcome of conjugation in prokaryotic cells?: new genetic combinations within the species

94. Whyare we constantly warned to make sure that hamburger and other meats are cooked thoroughly?: to warn people
to provide enough heat to kill Escherichia coli O157:H7 contaminating the meat

95. Describe a viral particle: DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat

96. Manysingle-celled protists are considered predators because they ingest their food. How could this make them
predators?: One major group uses their flexible membrane to engulf living organisms and consequently, harm their prey.

97. Whattwo characteristics are useful for supporting the photosynthetic mode of energy generation found in euglenids?:
an eyespot (or photoreceptor) and a flagellum

98. You are a biologist who has just discovered that termites cannot digest wood, yet you have seen the damage termites
can do to wood in homes. It has been suggested to you that this may be an example of mutualism. What does this mean to
you?: A symbiotic relationship occurs where two individuals benefit from the relationship. The termite is providing food
in the form of wood for something in the termite's gut, which is digesting the wood that can be absorbed by the termite

99. excavates that live inside animals in a mutualistic relationship with their host: Parabasalids

100. euglenozoans with distinctly structured mitochondria: kinetoplastids

101. Photosynthetic protists are collectively known as: algae

102. Nonphotosynthetic protists are collectively known as:

protozoa

103. The flexible cell membranes of some single-celled protists can form extensions called ____________ that reach out
and engulf prey: pseudopods
104. Phytoplankton with glassy shells. These shells consist of identical top and bottom halves that fit together.:
Diatoms
105. Alveolates with a round shape and two whip-like flagella that propel them through the water: Dinoflagellates
106. Single-celled photosynthetic protists that live in the upper layers of Earth's lakes and oceans: Phytoplankton

107. Excavates with double nuclei and multiple flagella: Diplomonads

108. Foraminiferans are marine protists that produce beautiful shells composed mostly of _____.: calcium carbonate

109. Whichof the following groups does not form a clade because its members are not all the decedents of a common
ancestor?: protist

110. Species
of red algae are useful for a variety of reasons, such as forming reefs and producing gelatinous substances with
commercial uses. What is their important contribution?: During photosynthesis they capture solar energy to help support
nonphotosynthetic organisms in marine ecosystems

111. A
major difference in early development found in plants and animals but not found in protists is that __________________.:
Protist reproduction never includes the formation and development of an embryo

112. Which of the following are photosynthetic stramenopiles that encase themselves in protective shells of silica?: diatoms

113. What subgroup of protists swims with one flagellum, are photosynthetic and are common pond dwellers?: euglenids

114. Trichomoniasisis a sexually transmitted disease that causes unpleasant symptoms in females, including vaginal
itching and discharge. What symptoms are displayed in males?: There are no symptoms in males

115. Thechloroplast found within a photosynthetic protist is surrounded by four membranes. How can we account for
this?: Two are from the originally engulfed photosynthetic bacterium; one is a protist membrane; the other is from the
food vacuole produced by the protist originally containing the bacterium

116. What
protist was responsible for the "late blight" that destroyed nearly the entire potato crop in Ireland about 1845?:
water mold

117. What is an important distinguishing characteristic of a group of protists sometimes called sporozoans?: They are not
motile

118. What group lacks mitochondria?: excavates

119. Supposeyou are walking along a Caribbean beach at night and as you watch the water gently lapping upon the shore,
you notice small brilliant blue-green flashes of light. What do you suppose is causing them?: dinoflagellates

120. What is one negative impact protists have on humans?: Many human diseases are caused by protists

121. You
have been asked to diagram the life cycle of Plasmodium, the malarial parasite, in humans. In which organ would
you show several stages of development of sporozoites?: liver

122. A pseudoplasmodium is an aggregate of cellular slime mold that consists of individual cells with different
functions. What is unique about the aggregate of the cells?: It suggests that the pseudoplasmodium is a
multicellular organism.
123. A parasitic kinetoplastid is responsible for African sleeping sickness in mammals. What is the intermediate
insect host of this protist?: the Tsetse fly
124. What is an important characteristic of Giardia, a diplomonad that cause serious intestinal problems?: Each cell
has two nuclei
125. Where are we likely to find photosynthetic protists?: oceans, lakes, and ponds
126. Red tides caused by a species of dinoflagellate kill thousands of fish by depletion of oxygen. How are they
responsible for depletion of oxygen?: Oxygen depletion is caused by the decay of dinoflagellates
127. Paramecium is a ciliate that inhabits fresh water. Interestingly, this organism can avoid noxious chemicals or physical
barriers by reversing the beating of its cilia. What cell characteristic of paramecium is likely responsible for this
behavior?: an innate ability to respond to stimuli

128. Assume that you have been asked to build a highly invasive green algae. You can add or take away any characteristic of
the current algae. What would be the best way to insure invasiveness?: Add the ability to regenerate a whole new body
from a body part.

129. What is an apicomplexan that causes malaria?: Plasmodium 130. Some parabasalids cause human infections. Which
causes a

sexually transmitted infection?: Trichomonas vaginalis

131. Which of the following is a common protist that can swim using a flagellum and is photosynthetic?: green algae

132. Which of the following is the way biologists generally group protists?: according to shared characteristics
133. What are the two major groups of euglenozoans?: euglenids and kinetoplastids
134. Are ferns vascular or nonvascular?: vascular
135. Angiosperms are most closely related to ____________.: green

algae

136. What was the dominant plant group at the time that dinosaurs were the dominant animals?: gymnosperms

137. Plants evolved from green algae approximately _____ million years ago.: 475

138. _____ are an example of seedless vascular plants.: Ferns

139. The living plants that are most similar to the first plants to

bear gametangia are the _____.: Bryophytes

140. Ona recent field trip, you discover a new species of plant. Since you are interested in plant reproduction, you rear the
plant over several generations to study its life cycle. All of the reproductive cells you collect are haploid; however, those
formed by meiosis are able to develop into a new plant, while those formed by mitosis are unable to do so. You conclude
that the haploid cells formed by mitosis are _______.: gametes

141. Thesperm-containing pollen grains of seed plants are dispersed by wind or animals to fertilize egg cells. Why is this
type of sperm dispersal advantageous over that observed in nonvascular plants and seedless vascular plants?: Water is
not needed for fertilization to occur.

142. Many plants produce chemical compounds that humans have exploited for medical and culinary uses. What
advantage do these chemicals provide to the plants that produce them?: They provide protection against
herbivores
143. In a flower, female gametophytes develop from ovules within a structure called the ovary and male
gametophytes (pollen grains) are formed inside a structure called the _____________.: anther
144. What is peat?: It is an organic material composed of partially decayed Sphagnum, a moss

145. Which feature distinguishes plants from other photosynthetic organisms?: presence of protected, multicellular
embryos
146. What is considered to be the ancestor of modern-day vascular and nonvascular plants?: green algae

147. Describe a "alternation of generations" life cycle: alternation of a haploid gametophyte with a diploid sporophyte

148. The cuticle is an adaptation associated with which major event in plant evolution?: moving onto land
149. Which characteristic is shared by algae and seed plants?: chloroplasts

150. Gymnosperms that reproduce by means of seeds formed inside cones: Conifers

151. Pores
called ________ in leaves and stems open to allow gas exchange but close when water is scarce, reducing the
amount of water lost to evaporation: stomata

152. structures within the ovaries of flowers inside which female gametophytes develop: Ovules
153. A waxy coating that covers the epidermis of many land plants and limits the evaporation of water: cuticle
154. In the life cycle of most plants, a diploid ___________ generation produces haploid spores through meiotic cell
division. The spores develop into a haploid _____________ generation which produces sperm and eggs by mitosis.
These fuse and produce a diploid zygote, and the life cycle begins again.: sporophyte/gametophyte
155. tiny male gametophytes that carry sperm-producing cells. They are dispersed by wind or airborne insects:
Pollen grains
156. Ginkgos are ____________, plants whose seeds are not encased in an ovary. Apple trees are _____________, flowering
plants whose seeds are encased within ovaries that may mature into fruit: gymnosperms/angiosperms

157. The
ancestors of modern plants were probably aquatic. What is an important advantage of being aquatic?: access to
nutrients in solution

158. Whydo plants that use a wind dispersal mechanism for pollination have to produce a large number of pollen grains?:
Much of the pollen never reaches a female plant.

159. Describe the way seedless vascular plants reproduce sexually.: They form spores that develop into gametophytes

160. What represents the sporophyte in the life cycle of a pine tree?: the embryo

161. Haploid spores are produced in structures called _____________: sporangia

162. What is unique to flowering plants?: double fertilization

163. The male gametophytes of flowering plants are also

referred to as ____________: pollen grains

164. In flowering plants the integuments of the ovule develop into a(n) _____.: seed coat
165. A carpel is composed of _____.: stigma, style, and ovary

166. In flowering plants one megaspore gives rise to _____ nuclei.: eight haploid

167. A stamen consists of _______: anther and filament

168. In
angiosperms, pollination is the transfer of pollen grain to the _________ of a flower on the same plant or another plant
of the same species.: stigma

169. Why are conifers often called "evergreens"?: They retain their green leaves throughout the year.

170. Stomata
are pores found in the leaves and stems of plants. What is the function of stomata?: Stomata open to allow gas
exchange and close to conserve water

171. In
all nonvascular plants, sperm must swim to the egg through a film of water. Which of the following would seem
appropriate for nonvascular plants living in drier areas?: These plants time their reproduction to coincide with rains

172. What type of plant is a fruit tree: angiosperm

173. Green plants are able to convert water and carbon dioxide
into sugar and store it as _____.: starch

174. What is found at the base of the woody scales of a female conifer cone?: two ovules

175. Which group of plants is characterized by a dominant gametophyte generation?: nonvascular plants

176. Whydoes all life on land depend, directly or indirectly, on plants?: Plants are able to convert solar energy into a form
of energy other organisms can use

177. What is the main advantage of having seeds enclosed within an edible fruit?: It aids in seed dispersal

178. How
would you distinguish between nonvascular plants, seedless vascular plants, and seed plants?: Seed plants
produce both pollen and seeds

179. Certain cells of sporophytes undergo meiosis to produce haploid reproductive cells called ________.: spores

180. Whatname is given to a widespread group of plants that is characterized by especially well-protected and well-
provisioned embryos and by waterless dispersal of gametes?: seed plants

181. You
have found a plant that appears to have a poorly developed conducting tissues. What features what you expect to
be associated with this nonvascularity?: limited body size

182. Whatis the role of chlorophyll in plants?: Chlorophyll captures solar energy that the plant can convert to other forms
of energy

183. Identify
the group of seedless vascular plants that has scale-like leaves arranged in whorls around silica-coated stems,
and is represented by the genus Equisetum?: horsetails

184. Fungi produce several antibiotics. What is the name of the first antibiotic discovered?: penicillin

185. Which fungus forms a zygosporangium?: black bread mold

186. Sexualreproduction in fungi results in fusion of two mating types of hyphae to produce a diploid zygote. The zygote
then forms haploid spores that disperse to produce new colonies. What is unique about the new colonies?: The colony is
genetically distinct from either parent.

187. An interwoven mass of a fungus composed of one-cell thick, threadlike hyphae is called the _________: mycelium

188. Why is understanding the Basidiomycetes called rusts and smuts significant for humans?: They cause billions of
dollars' worth of damage to grain crops annually.

189. Suggesta mechanism for nutrient distribution to individual cells throughout a septate mycelial mass: pores found in
septa, allowing cytoplasm-carrying nutrients to "stream" between cells

190. Explain
why fungi are such efficient decomposers, allowing them to undergo rapid and extensive growth.: Because
fungal hyphae is only one cell thick, fungi present an enormous surface area for enzyme secretion and nutrient
absorption.

191. What is the name of the organism in the symbiotic relationship with fungi that produces lichen?: cyanobacteria

192. If climate change is brought under control, what is likely to happen: A decrease in ocean temperatures and a
decrease in coral bleaching
193. What celestial body likely plays the largest role in coral reproduction: the moon
194. You are an engineer specializing in biomimicry. You wish to engineer a product that works in a similar fashion to
cryptochromes. What will your product respond to?: light
195. You are a marine biologist. What is the best way for you to follow reproducing corals?: As spring progresses,
move north.
196. _____________ are called club fungi because they produce club-shaped reproductive structures like toadstools.:
Basidiomycetes

197. ___________, also known as sac fungi, include morels, yeasts, and the species that produces penicillin: ascomycetes

198. A(n)
_______________ is a symbiotic association between a fungus and a single-celled algae or cyanobacterium. The fungus
protects the photosynthesizer from harsh conditions while consuming the extra nutrients it produces.: Lichen

199. A(n)
_____________ is a symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a plant. The fungus receives energy-rich
sugar molecules produced by the plant while passing minerals and nutrients from the soil to the root.: mycorrhiza

200. Zygomycetes reproduce asexually through the haploid spores formed in __________, or sexually through diploid nuclei
formed in ______________: Sporangia/zygosporangia

201. Thevegetative body of most fungi is called a(n) ______, which consists of an interwoven mass of threadlike filaments
called _____.: mycelium/hyphae

202. How
does a plant benefit from association between the plant's roots and a fungus?: The fungus processes soil nutrients
and minerals and passes those from soil to the root cells of the plant.

203. Explain
the circular pattern seen in a mushroom fairy ring.: An underground fungal mycelium growing outward from a
central point over many years produces mushrooms in an enlarging ring as the fungus spreads outward

204. What is the definition of an endophyte?: an organism that lives inside another organism

205. Animportant drug derived from fungi is cyclosporin. How is this drug used?: It is used to surpress the immune system
after organ transplantation

206. Glomeromycete fungi form _______ with plants to create a beneficial relationship: Mycorrhizae

207. What is a serious disease of the lungs caused by a fungus?: histoplasmosis

208. Whatis a characteristic of an Ascomycete?: An ascus forms to produce a diploid nucleus, which divides by meiosis to
produce four haploid nuclei, which then divide by mitosis to produce eight ascospores.

209. Whatis an important characteristic of some members of the Zygomycetes fungi?: Haploid spores can be produced
sexually or asexually

210. Currently, how many major taxonomic groups of fungi exist?: six

211. What is the principle way fungi reproduce?: spore production

212. What part of the fungal body is typically visible to the

unaided eye?: differentiated reproductive structures

213. What organism does nature depend on to decompose dead trees and other woody plants?: fungi
214. Mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi, and stinkhorns are familiar fruiting structures of which group of fungi?:
Basidiomycetes
215. What was a possible benefit of a mycorrhizae association of an aquatic fungus and a green alga at the time of
plant invasion of land more than 400 million years ago?: The fungus could have helped the alga acquire the
water and mineral nutrients it needed to survive out of water.
216. You
have been looking for organisms that you suspect will colonize a lava flow field on an uninhabited island in the
South Pacific. What do you believe will be the first colonizers? Lichens

217. What is the genus name of the largest fungus on earth?: Armillaria

218. The production of beer, wine, and bread is possible because of the fermentative abilities of __________.: single-celled
fungi

219. Trichoderma harzianum is a fungus that is successfully used as a biocontrol agent for diseases caused by Rhizoctonia
solanii, a fungus plant pathogen that attacks beans and tomatoes. Why is this important to humans?: The use of T.
harzianum as a biological agent to control plant diseases would reduce our dependence on toxic and expensive chemical
agents.

220. Whatdo the names of Roquefort, Camembert, Stilton, and Gorgonzola have in common?: They are all cheeses flavored
by the growth of ascomycete fungi.

221. Arelationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed is called
________________.: parasitism

222. Some
fungi that grow on grains produce toxins that are highly toxic and carcinogenic. Which carcinogen is produced
by Aspergillus?: aflatoxin

223. Assume that while viewing a fungus microscopically, you notice that the hypha do not appear to be composed of
individual cells. What would you expect to find associated with this elongated cell upon closer inspection?: numerous
nuclei within each elongated cell