Case Study Peran Teori Keperawatan PDF

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PERAN TEORI KEPERAWATAN DALAM PENDIDIKAN

1. STUDY KASUS: Henderson

Henderson used the term “nurse” to “refer to a man or woman with a minimum general
education represented by graduation from high school, having been prepared for nursing in a
recognized basic program of from two and a half to three years” (Harmer & Henderson, 1955,
p. 9). Her definition of nursing, which called for the nurse to be an expert in basic nursing care
and to be an independent practitioner, required a move from training to education in order to
promote nurses knowing the “why” of their practice over adhering to memorized rules
(Henderson, 1966). Henderson outlined basic programs of nursing that included the study of
biological and physical sciences, social sciences, medical sciences, and the nursing arts (Harmer
& Henderson, 1955). For Henderson, knowledge of the biological and physical sciences was
necessary in order for the nurse to understand body functions and to distinguish normal activity
from subnormal or pathological activity (Harmer & Henderson, 1955). For this purpose, she
recommended study of scientific principles in the areas of biology, chemistry, physics,
physiology, and pathology.Without knowing the scientific principles underlying their practice,
Henderson believed nurses would be limited in their ability to offer patients help in making
healthful decisions and in developing practices or assisting others in developing practices
leading to good health (Harmer & Henderson, 1955).

Study in the social sciences was intended to provide the nurse with a better understanding of
herself and therefore her patients. In addition, Henderson believed that the nurse must have
knowledge of personality development and of the beliefs and customs of different groups in
order to assess individual needs accurately (Harmer & Henderson, 1955). Henderson referred
to the following as the “medical sciences”: all that is known about the cause; the signs and
symptoms; and the occurrence, prevention, treatment, and probable outcome of disease
(Harmer & Henderson, 1955). She believed knowledge of the medical sciences was necessary
for the nurse to cooperate effectively with the physician’s therapeutic plan for the patient. The
nursing arts were described by Henderson as the application of knowledge of the sciences and
development of skills related to nursing activities(Harmer & Henderson, 1955). She stated: “It
may be that knowledge of the general with application to the specific is central to artistic
performances in all arts—including the art of nursing” (Henderson, 1966, p. 62).

In addition to recommendations about curricular content, Henderson had thoughts on the


sequencing of learning experiences, tools to facilitate learning, and evaluation of nursing
practice. She believed basic programs of nursing should begin with learning the “fundamentals
of nursing care” and progress through a sequence of increasingly complex experiences involving
mildly ill adults; medical and surgical services; and maternity, pediatrics, and mental health
divisions while working beside an older nurse (Harmer & Henderson, 1955). She believed that
working with an older nurse enabled the student to develop the ability to “size up” or analyze a
nursing situation. For Henderson, this analysis began with an assessment of patient health
needs and culminated in a developed plan of care.
Henderson’s 1955 revision of Harmer’s Textbook of the Principles and Practice of Nursing
included a chapter on the plan of care for the patient. She placed the responsibility for studying
the patient and planning his or her nursing care on the individual nurse assigned to the patient
or on the nurse team leader. Henderson stated: “In order to meet the person’s health needs it
is necessary to know him and his family, and this can only be accomplished by being with them
and studying them” (Harmer & Henderson Henderson, 1955, p. 3). Studying the patient
involved an analysis of factors influencing nursing care that included having knowledge of the
patient’s age, sex, race, nationality, and religion, along with an estimate of the patient’s native
intelligence, previous experiences,occupation, and economic status. The nurse also required
information about the physician’s diagnosis and plan of therapy. Henderson referred to the
collection of information about the patient as a “case study” (Harmer & Henderson, 1955).
Without the preparation of a case study, Henderson believed that the nurse could not analyze
individual needs of the patient required to develop an effective plan of care. She believed that
failure to prepare an adequate patient case study would result in a routine pattern of care.

Virginia Henderson also believed in evaluating the quality of basic nursing care provided to
patients. She was interested in developing tools that would assist instructors, students, and
graduate nurses to evaluate the quality of their care continually. Birnbach (1998, p. 45) recalled
Henderson discussing the following three questions that nurses could use to determine how
patients perceived their quality of care: What did I do that helped you? What did I do that
didn’t help you? and What did I not think of that might have helped you?
PERAN TEORI KEPERAWATAN DALAM PENELITIAN

1. Studi kasus: Henderson

Henderson has been heralded as the greatest advocate for nursing libraries worldwide.
Following the completion of her revised text in 1955, Henderson moved to Yale University. It
was here that she began what would become a distinguished career in library science research.
Of all her contributions to nursing, Virginia Henderson’s work on the identification and control
of nursing literature is perhaps her greatest. In the 1950s there was an increasing interest on
the part of the profession to establish a research basis for the practice of nursing. It was also
recognized that the body of nursing knowledge was unstructured and therefore inaccessible to
practicing nurses and educators. Henderson encouraged nurses to become active in the work of
classifying the nursing literature. Virginia Henderson and Leo W. Simmons, an anthropologist
at Yale University, were asked to make a survey of existing nursing research (Simmons &
Henderson, 1964). Working on a grant awarded to Yale University, Henderson went to 30 states
to determine what nursing research had been done there, what individuals knew about, and
what studies they would do if they had the necessary resources (Henderson, 1991). The results
of the survey indicated that awareness of nursing research was limited and that nurse
researchers were conducting studies from the perspective of the social sciences
(Henderson,sterilizing equipment, and serving food (Harmer & Henderson, 1955).

At the same time, Henderson was not in favor of the practice of assigning patients to lesser
trained workers on the basis of level of complexity. For Henderson, “all ‘nursing care’ . . . is
essentially complex because it involves constant adaptation of procedures to the needs of the
individual” (Harmer & Henderson, 1955, p. 9). As the authority on basic nursing care,
Henderson believed the nurse has the responsibility to assess the needs of the individual
patient, help individuals meet their health needs, and/or provide an environment in which the
individual can perform activities unaided. It is the nurse’s role, according to Henderson, “to ‘get
inside the patient’s skin’ and supplement his strength, will or knowledge according to his
needs” (Harmer & Henderson, 1955, p. 5). Conceptualizing the nurse as a substitute for the
patient’s lack of necessary will, strength, or knowledge to attain Florence Wald, dean of Yale
University School of Nursing, recognized the value of the bibliography developed from the
survey and pursued a grant from the U.S. Public Health Service to publish the bibliography.

An advisory committee and what would become the Interagency Council on Library Resources
for Nursing were formed to support the project. At its completion, the 11-year project was
published by J. B. Lippincott Company as the four-volume annotated index to the analytical and
historical literature on nursing from 1900 through 1959, known as the Nursing Studies Index
(NSI). The success of the NSI and the efforts of the Interagency Council on Library Resources for
Nursing led to the creation of the International Nursing Index (INI) in 1966. The INI is published
collaboratively by the American Journal of Nursing and the National Library of Medicine and
continues to be a major scholastic resource in nursing. The INI includes articles selected from
nursing and non-nursing journals, publications of organizations and agencies, nursing books
published, and nursing dissertations. In an effort to help nurses use the index more easily, the
nursing thesaurus was revised to include commonly used nursing terms as cross-references to
the Medical Subject Headings in 1968.

Virginia Henderson remained a strong advocate for nursing resource development throughout
her lifetime. In 1990, the Sigma Theta Tau International Library was named in her honor.
Henderson insisted that if the library were to bear her name, the electronic networking system
would have to advance the work of staff nurses by providing them with current, jargon-free
information wherever they were based (McBride, 1997).

PERAN TEORI KEPERAWATAN DALAM PRAKTIK KLINIK

1. Studi kasus: Henderson

Henderson’s definition of nursing has had a lasting influence on the way nursing is practiced
around the globe. She was one of the first nurses to articulate that nursing had a unique
function that made a valuable contribution to the health care of individuals. In writing
reflections on the nature of nursing, Henderson (1966) states that her concept of nursing
implies universally available health care and a partnership relationship between doctors,
nurses, and other healthcare workers. Based on the assumption that nursing has a unique
function, Henderson believed that nursing independently initiates and controls activities
related to basic nursing care. Relating the conceptualization of basic care components
with the unique functions of nursing provided the initial groundwork for introducing the
concept of independent nursing practice. In her 1966 publication, The Nature of Nursing,
Henderson stated: “It is my contention that the nurse is, and should be legally, an independent
practitioner and able to make independent judgments as long as he, or she, is not diagnosing,
prescribing treatment for disease, or making a prognosis, for these are the physician’s
functions”(Henderson, 1966, p. 22). Furthermore, Henderson believed that functions pertaining
to the care of patients could be categorized as nursing and non-nursing. She believed that
limiting nursing activities to “nursing care” was a useful method of conserving professional
nurse power (Harmer & Henderson, 1955). She defined functions that are not a service to the
person (mind and body) as non-nursing functions (Harmer & Henderson, 1955). For Henderson,
examples of non-nursing whole, highlights the complexity and uniqueness of nursing.

Sumber:
Berman, A., Snyder, S. & Frandsen, G. 2016. Kozier & Erb’s Fundamentals of Nursing: Concepts,
Process, and Practice

Parker, M. 2001. Nursing Theories and Nursing Practice. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Company

Potter P., Perry, A., Stockert, P., & Hall, A. 2013. Fundamentals of Nursing, 8 th Edition. St.Louis:
Elsevier Inc
Tugas:

1. Cari teori-teori keperawatan lain yang ikut berperan dalam pendidikan, penelitian dan praktik
klinik
2. Tuliskan sumber yang digunakan dalam mencari materi.

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