ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 1

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS

ARCHITECTURE

- Defined as the art and science of designing and building Brainstorm Ideas
- Can carry several meanings:
Use of bubble diagram (Illustrates the
o The product/result of architectural work: approximate size and relative position of
buildings, urban areas and landscapes Schematic Design
spaces

o A style/method of building characteristics of It is an idea that will suggest the overall

arrangement and form for individual and
people, place or time groups of spaces
o The profession of designing buildings and other
habitable environment by architects. Sizes Depends on: occupants and furniture

o The conscious act of forming things resulting in

a unifying structure
- In simple form: Architecture is the design and Location (topography and other physical
Evaluate the site features), Orientation (winds, sun, and
organization of spaces. surrounding), Access (roads to and from)
- In common form: Architecture is the design of buildings, and zone codes

their interiors and surrounding spaces.

- ETYMOLOGY: Plan
o Greek word “arkhitekton”
o Arkhi “chief/master”
o Tekton “mason/builder”
- It appeared with human beings need of shelter to Form
protect himself from weather and danger outside.
- Evolved as the outcome of needs and means ANTHROPOMETRY
- Arts, Science, and Humanities
- Refers to the measurement of human individual
Louis Sullivan “Form follows function.”
ANTHROPOMETRICS
FUNDAMENTALS OF ARCHITECTURE
- Comparative study of the measurements and
1. De Architectura by Roman Architect, Marcus Vitruvius capabilities of the human body
a. Ten Books on Architecture - Greek: Anthropos “human”, metron “measure”
b. Earliest surviving written work on architecture - STATIC and FUNCTIONAL
c. Written in early 1st century
2. A good building must satisfy three main qualities:
a. Firmitas (firmness)
STAGES IN DESIGN PROCESS
b. Utilitas (functionality)
c. Venustas (aesthetics) Design Process – is a purposeful activity aimed at devising a plan
for changing an existing situation

Process – A systematic series of actions or operations leading or

Function
HUMANITIES
directed to a particular end

Phase – a particular stage in a process of change or development

Firmness ARCHITECTURE Beauty
SCIENCE ART 1. Initiation
- Identifying problem and its social economic and
Ultimate test of architecture:
physical context
1. Is the building functional? - Program: a procedure for solving a problem as a:
2. Is the building firm? o Statement setting forth the context
3. Is the building beautiful? o Conditions
o Requirements
o Objectives for a design project
2. Preparation
- Data collecting and analyzing relevant information and
establishing goals and criteria for an acceptable
solution

 SYNTHESIS
o Combining of separate often diverse parts or
elements so as to form a single or coherent
whole
o Discovering constraints and opportunities
 HYPOTHESIS
o Formulating a tentative assumption in order to 2 AREAS:
draw out and test its logical or empirical
consequences 1. Analysis of existing state
 ALTERNATIVE 2. Projection of what the future state should be
o Several ideas
o One of the propositions or courses of action to
be chosen from a set of two or more mutually EXISTING STATE FUTURE STATE
MISSION
exclusive possibilities
3. Problem Solution
CONCEPT
a. Develop: to work out, expand or realize the DATA GOAL

capabilities or possibilities PROG

. REQ.
b. Modify: to change the form, character, or
qualities in order to give a new orientation
c. Refine: to improve or elaborate in order to be
precise
d. Inflection: a bend, angle or similar change in PARTS OF AN ISSUE-BASED PROGRAM
the shape of a configuration
CONCEPT
e. Transformation: the process of changing in FACT
form or structure through a series of discreet GOAL PROGRAM
CONCEPT
FACT ISSUE VALUES REQ
permutations
i. Additive: adding design FACT CONCEP
T
ii. Subtractive: subtracting design
iii. Dimensional: changing the
o Fact: specific and verifiable
dimension of the form
o Issue: any constraints, questions and concerns that
demands a design
 DRAFT  Audibility (Acoustics)
o A preliminary version of a plan or  Behavioral Settings
design  Circulation (movement or flow of people)
 Comfort (ease and enjoyment)
4. Evaluation  Convenience (access to places)
- Simulating, testing and modifying acceptable  Durability (ability to endure design over time)

alternatives according to a specified goals or criteria o Values

 General Philosophy
 EVALUATE  Designer’s values
 SIMULATE  View of the designer
 MODEL (3D)  Honesty, Integrity, Hard work, Justice

 TEST
o Goals: intentions
 MOCK-UP (3D)
o Program Requirement: statement of criteria/guidelines
5. Feedback
o Concepts
- Evaluative information about an action or process  Functional
6. Action  Environmental
- Selecting and implementing the most suitable solution  Structural
 Cultural
 COMMUNICATE  Thematic
 PROPOSAL  Time-based
 SELECT BLOBITECTURE: Also known as blobism, is a term given to a post-
 IMPLEMENT modern architectural style characterized by curved and rounded
building shapes.

7. Reevaluation
- Assessing how well an implemented solution in use
satisfies the specified goals and criteria
 JUDGEMENT
o Function
o Purpose
o Amenity
o Economy
o Criterion
8. Datum/Decision Making DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
- An assumed, given or determined fact or proposition
1. Aesthetics
from which conclusion may be drawn or decisions made
2. Environmental (Natural and Man-Made)
3. Spatial Organization
4. Human Determinants
5. Utility Systems
6. Local Regulations
VISIBLE STRUCTURE ELEMENTS  Room for human habitation: 6m2 with at least
dimension of 2.00m
 Kitchen: 3m2 with at least dimension of 1.50m
1. Structural  T&B: 1.20m2 with at least dimension of 90cm

a. Wall 5. Orientation
b. Columns  Refers to the position and direction of the
c. Beams sunrise and sunset
2. Protective  Also include wind directions
a. Roof  Bedroom should not be oriented facing the
b. Dome afternoon sun
c. Ceiling  Kitchen, laundry and bathroom is better
d. Vaults oriented west for sunlight kills many types of
3. Circulatory bacteria
a. Openings 6. Zoning Laws
b. Corridors  Zoning ordinance shall be consulted first
c. Stairs before deciding on the final site of the house
4. Decorative or building
a. Mouldings 7. Height
b. Ornament  Moderate high ceiling allows fresh air
i. Abstract ventilation
ii. Non-pictorial  Room with low ceiling has warm atmosphere
iii. Pictorial and requires artificial ventilation
 Sec. 806 of the National Building Code on Air
PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS Space Requirements in determining the size of
the room:
Sound Planning Considerations: o The minimum air space shall be as follows;
 Habitable room: 14.00 cu. m. of air space per
room
1. Distribution  School room: 3.00 cu. m. with 1.00m2 floor
2. Circulation area per person
 Office workshops and facilities: 12 cu. m. of
3. Light and ventilation air space per person
4. Sizes, areas and shape
5. Orientation  Sec. 805 of the National Building Code on
6. Zoning laws Ceiling Heights:
o Habitable rooms with natural ventilation: ceiling
7. Height height of not less than 2.70m
8. Electrical and mechanical facilities o Habitable rooms with artificial ventilation:
 Ceiling heights not less than 2.40m
9. Location of doors and windows
measured from floor to ceiling
10. Superstition  for buildings with more than one story
high, minimum height for first floor
shall be 2.70m, second floor is 2.40m
1. Distribution
and succeeding floors shall have an
 Refers to the placement, location and unobstructed head room clearance
arrangement of each room unit in relation with of not less than 2.10m above the
finished floor
each other as to function and coordination
o Mezzanine (Upper half) Floors: clear ceiling height
of not less than 1.80m above and below it
2. Circulation 8. Electrical Layout
 Traffic inside the building must also be  The location of convenience outlet should be
considered planned simultaneously with the appliances to
 Should not be hampered by any obstacles be placed on
3. Light and Ventilation  Ideal convenience outlet is installed 30cm
 Artificial or natural above the floor line and not more than 1.00m
 Sec. 808 of the National Building Code on away from the appliances to be served
windows opening  Satisfactory electrical layout and installation is
o Every room intended for any use and not equipped with
artificial ventilation system, shall be provided with window or when you avail of its services without the need
windows with a total free opening area equal to at least ten of an extension cord
percent of the room floor area, and such window shall open
directly to a court, yard, public street or alley or open water  Light switches should be installed near the door
courses
of every room
4. Sizes, Areas and Shapes
9. Location of Doors
 All room shall be planned according to human
 A door should not be an obstacle that creates
scale
inconvenience to the occupant
 Always provide ample areas to
10. Superstition
accommodate furniture, appliances and
 If your client believes and insist that his life
other related facilities
success depends on luck brought about by his
 Shape should be strictly functional
superstitious belief, you have no choice but to
 Sec. 806 of the National Building Code on size
do what your client says
and dimensions of rooms
o The minimum size of rooms and their least horizontal
dimensions shall be as follows:
FLOOR PLAN SPACE PLANNING

- Drawing of the outlines - Collect information

- Beginning of the building or the foundation - Interpret
- TWO THINGS TO CONSIDER: - Consider spaces & spatial relationships
o Arrangement of unit according to practical - Bubble diagram
requirements - Review & reuse
o Arrangement according to the rule of abstract design
 PRINCIPLES OF CIRCULATION
- Efficiency: strive for shorter routes
- STEPS IN MAKING A FLOOR PLAN:
- Discreetness: avoid circulation that go through
o Black the overall dimension
and interrupt otherwise cohesive group
o Layout the position
- Fluidity: strive for smooth, flowing circulation
o Locate the position of the window or door
routes
o Darken the object lines
o Erase extraneous lines
TYPES OF ROOFS
o Draw the outline

DIMENSIONING

 Dimension line is used to show the measurement of an

object; solid lines are also used for dimension lines

SYMBOLS AND MATERIALS IN DRAFTING

Types of Lines:

 SOLID LINE: Used to indicate visible objects; used for

leader lines and dimension lines
o
 DASHED LINE: used to show hidden parts of an object
below or behind another object
o -------------------------------
 MOVEMENT, GHOST OR PHANTOM LINE: used to show
movement or imply direction
o – -- – -- – -- – -- – --
 LEADER LINE: Used to connect notes or references to GABLE ROOF
objects or lines in a drawing  Easily shed water
o  provide more space for the attic
 allow more ventilation
 BREAK LINES: are used when the extents of a drawing
 TYPES:
cannot fit on the size of paper being used; also used
o Side Gable
when you only need to illustrate a portion of the o Crossed Gable
design or a partial view o Front Gable
o o Dutch Gable
 CENTER LINE: used to indicate the center of the plan, HIP ROOF
 More sturdy and durable than gable roof
object, circle, arc or any symmetrical object
 Excellent for high wind and snowy areas
o – – –
 Offer extra living space with an addition of a dormer
 SECTION LINE: used to show cutaway view of a floor  TYPES:
plan o Simple Hip
o – .. – .. – ..– .. – o Cross Hipped
o Half Hipped
TYPES OF LANDFORMS MANSARD ROOF
 Also known as French Roof
1. Flat  Help create a great deal of extra living space
 Great to make furniture home additions
2. Gently rolling
FLAT ROOF
3. Hilly  Generally used for industrial and commercial buildings
4. Mountainous  Can be installed on residential houses with high and low rainfall areas
 Extra living space on the roof
PART OF HOUSE SHED ROOF “SKILLION”
 Mostly used for home addition, sheds, and porches
 Bathrooms, kitchen, bedrooms, dining room, living room, garage  Allow water to easily run off
 THREE BASIC AREAS: BUTTERFLY ROOF
 Gives the home more natural light
o SLEEPING AREA: includes bedrooms, dressing rooms,
 Valley in the midsection allow water to be collected
bathrooms and nurseries; quiet part of the house
 Beneficial for high drought area
o SERVICE AREA: supplies equipment and space for
maintenance, storage and service; include kitchen,
GAMBREL ROOF “BARN ROOF”
laundry, carport or garage, utility and storage
 Commonly seen in barns, farm houses and log cabins
 Provides extra living space for an attic

o LIVING AREA: part of the house where most guests

see; the “showplace”; location for family get-
together, dining, recreation, entertaining and just
relaxing; include living room, dining room, foyer,
recreation or family room and home office
TYPES OF KITCHEN LAYOUT

1. U-Shaped Kitchen

2. Galley Kitchen “Parallel Kitchen”

3. One-wall Kitchen “Single Wall”

4. L-Shaped Kitchen

5. Island Kitchen

6. Peninsula Kitchen “G-Shaped Kitchen”

THE LIVING ROOM

 In any furniture groupings, a minimum spacing distance

should be considered and established for convenience
as to:
o Space allocation
o Lanes or pathways between furniture
arrangement
 LIVING ROOM FURNITURE GROUPINGS
o Primary Grouping
 Chairs and sofas are grouped
around a fireplace (if there is)
o Secondary Grouping
 Chairs and love seat are grouped at
the end of the room or at the center
o Reading Group
 Chair, ottoman (seat without back or
arms), lampshades, etc.
o Writing or Study Group
 Desk, lamp, one or two chairs, book
cases
o Music Group
 Piano bench, storage space
o Game Group
 Game tables and four chairs

STANDARD SIZES OF DOORS

Entry Door: 2.10m H x 0.90m W

Bathroom & Utility Doors: 2.10m H x 0.80m W

TYPES OF WINDOWS