Unit 1  Relationships

1a A tradition in decline?
Reading friendships
1 Look at the photo. Then read the article. Which
of the following statements best summarizes the
difference in the French and American attitudes
to friendships?
a Most Americans have a lot of close friends.
b Americans are friendly with everyone; the
French only with a few people.
c The French view friendship as something
superficial.

2 Read the article again. Choose the correct

A tradition in decline?
option (a–c). Is intimate friendship a relationship that is dying
out in modern society? In our busy lives, we have
1 Which of the following relationships does the
many acquaintances and friends – the people we
author NOT mention?
work with, our neighbours, the people we chat to
a colleagues 5 at the local shop and so on. But how many really
b fellow travellers close friendships can we count? The truth for most
c fellow shoppers of us is probably not many. Some psychologists
2 Psychologists believe that in modern society say that while we still value strong family bonds,
… have become weaker. in recent times, friendships have lost the strength
10 and importance that they had in the past.
a family relationships
b friendships According to a study published recently in the USA,
c all relationships friendships in America have been declining in quality
and quantity since at least 1985. The study claims
3 According to the article, 25 per cent of Americans that 25 per cent of Americans don’t have anyone
don’t have … . 15 dependable, that they could call a close friend. Yet,
a strong family bonds on the surface, Americans seem extremely outgoing
b a strong friendship and friendly people. If you have ever visited the USA,
c any friends at all you will be familiar with the warmth and hospitality
that they show to complete strangers. Everyone can
4 Americans are known for being … people. 20 be treated as a ‘buddy’, even if they are just a casual
a lonely acquaintance.
b family-oriented
c friendly But in other cultures, acquaintances and friendships
have different qualities. In France, for example, when
5 French people are … about making friends. you are trying to get to know a person, they may seem
a careful   b  worried   c  relaxed 25 rather cautious or even unfriendly, and the length of
time it takes to form a strong friendship seems
6 The author thinks that in the West, we ignore greater than in other countries. This is because for the
the … of friendship. French there is still a clear distinction between a casual
a significance   b  qualities   c  security acquaintance and a true friend. Although France is
30 changing and perhaps becoming more like America,
3 Find nouns in the article which come from these there is no doubt that French people are still more
adjectives. private in their friendships and that they reserve real
1 true intimacy for their closest friends. This intimacy can
be found in many non-Western cultures too, where
2 strong
35 great importance is attached to the quality and
3 warm depth of friendships. It is something that many
4 long of us in the West have forgotten and need to rediscover.
5 deep buddy (n) /ˈbʌdi/ a friend (colloquial)
die out (v) /ˌdaɪ ˈaʊt/ disappear
intimacy (n) /ˈɪntɪməsi/ closeness in a relationship

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Grammar present tenses: 7 Which word in each group does NOT collocate
with the single word next to it? Cross out the word.
simple, continuous and perfect
1 (a) mutual friend/respect/student/interest
4 Look at the article. Find examples of the following. 2 a fellow student/companion/scientist/traveller
1 two changing situations (present continuous) 3 a close acquaintance/relationship/friend/relative
4 a flat/faithful/travel companion
2 three everyday activities (present simple) 5 a(n) odd/happy/blood couple
6 a(n) close/old/passing friend

8 Complete the sentences using the most appropriate

adjective. There are two extra adjectives.

3 two recent events with an impact on the considerate dependable energetic good fun
present (present perfect simple) laid-back  outgoing selfish serious  shy  unreliable

1 He seems very serious on the surface, but
actually he’s really when you get
4 one event that started in the past and continues to know him.
to the present (present perfect continuous) 2 She’s not stressed about arrangements for the
wedding. She’s very about it all.
3 I do like him, but he’s so . He always
5 Complete the questions from a survey on
forgets arrangements or cancels them at the last
friendship. Use present tenses.
minute.
1 What person or people 4 She’s so . I don’t know how she
(you / spend) most time with recently? manages to do a full-time job, look after three
2 (you / consider) this children and write books at the same time.
person or people to be close friends? 5 How could two people be so different? His
3 How many really close friends brother is very – he never says
(you / have)? a word, but Simon is the opposite – very
4 Do you think your friendship circle and loves to be the centre of
(still / increase)? attention.
5 (you/make) any new 6 She’s such a person. She not only
friends in the past month? bought a thank you present for us, she got
6 How long (you / presents for all the children too.
know) your closest friend? 9 Choose the correct option to complete the
7 How often (you / phrasal verbs.
see) this person?
1 I used to hang out with / around John a lot at
8 Generally, what qualities college because we were both keen swimmers.
(you / look for) in a friend?
2 I’m meeting with / up with a group of colleagues
on Friday. Would you like to join us?
Vocabulary friendships, describing 3 I don’t get off / on very well with my new boss.
character and phrasal verbs He’s really difficult to work with.
6 Look at the article again. Find the adjectives that 4 Do you want to come across / round to my house
collocate with these words. You may use the and watch the football? It starts at 8 p.m.
adjectives more than once. 5 It’s very important to stand by / with your
friends when they are in trouble.
1 a(n) , ,
friendship 6 Some people are very good at keeping up with /
on with their old friends. However, I’ve lost touch
2 a bond with practically all the people I knew at college.
3 a , friend 7 Lina and I were friends at school, but when we
4 a stranger met recently, we just seemed to pick off / up from
5 a acquaintance where we left off twenty years ago.

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1b Young and old
Listening the ageing 2 1 Look at the expressions from the radio
programme, with their definitions. Try to complete
population the expressions. Then listen to the programme
1 1 Listen to an extract from a radio programme again and check your answers.
about the ageing population. Are the sentences 1 the birth r : the number of babies
true (T) or false (F)? that are born per thousand of the population
1 People are not having so many children as in 2 a baby b : a sudden increase in the
the past. number of babies being born
2 People don’t eat and exercise as healthily as in 3 r age: the age at which a person
the past. stops working
3 Older people are not as much at risk from 4 a (healthier) l : a way of living
deadly diseases as they were in the past. 5 life e : how long on average
4 The average age that anyone in the world can people live
expect to live to is now around eighty. 6 the d world: countries which are
5 People retire later than they used to in the past. economically and technologically advanced
6 The ageing population has helped to bring
families closer together.
Grammar past simple and
present perfect
3 Complete the sentences with the correct form of
the verbs. Use the past simple, present perfect
simple or present perfect continuous.
1 There are a number of reasons. Firstly, the birth
rate (decline) over the last
twenty years. The second reason is that sixty
years ago, there (be) a baby
boom.
2 There’s also no doubt that people’s diets
(improve): generally we
are more knowledgeable about what foods
are healthy and unhealthy. So, people have a
healthier lifestyle than they
(do) in the past.
3 Nowadays, people eat better and they
(also / learn) the right way
to exercise and keep fit.
4 Lastly, we can’t underestimate the
enormous progress that medical science
(make) in improving the
health of old people. We
(not / have) things like flu jabs or pacemakers
fifty years ago.
5 These advances (increase)
life expectancy to around eighty in the developed
world. Fifty years ago it (be)
closer to seventy.
6 Also people are working longer: in the last ten
years, the retirement age
(rise) from around 62 to 67. Not only that, but
they (spend) more time
looking after elderly parents.

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Unit 1  Relationships

4 Choose the best option to complete the sentences. 6 Pronunciation auxiliary verbs have and has
1 It’s not just in Britain that people are retiring a Read the conversations. Underline the auxiliary
later. A lot of countries raised / have raised the verbs have and has that you think are stressed. Circle
retirement age. This wasn’t / hasn’t been very the auxiliary verbs that are not stressed.
popular, as you can imagine.
1 A: Have you finished using the computer yet?
2 In other countries, like France and Japan, the
I need to check my emails.
government encouraged / has been encouraging
people to have more children. For example, in B: Yes, I have. But the internet connection has
France, they have reduced / have been reducing been a bit funny.
people’s tax if they have more than two children. A: What do you mean? Haven’t you been able
3 Some people say that advances in medicine went / to connect or has it just been slow?
have gone too far. They say that it was / has been 2 A: How has your visit to Scotland been? Have
better when people didn’t live so long. you had a good time?
4 Old people seem younger now. My B: Well, the weather has been terrible, but
grandmother had / has had her seventieth apart from that, it’s been wonderful.
birthday a few weeks ago, but she looks about A No, it hasn’t been a very nice summer, but
sixty. She has gone / has been going to yoga I’m afraid that’s pretty typical.
classes lately too!
5 Emma looked / has been looking after her elderly b 2 Listen and check your answers to Exercise 6a.
parents for the last year. She had / has had to
take a lot of time off work to be with them. 7 Dictation old and young
5 Complete the sentences with an appropriate time 3 Look at the photo. The person is describing
expression. her family. Listen and write what she says. What is
she looking forward to when she is older?
all morning last year
before since the age of sixteen
in the past so far
just yet

1 They moved to Canada to

live on a farm.
2 Where have you been ?
I need your help moving some furniture.
3 Have you had your lunch  ?
I’m just going out to get a sandwich. Would
you like to come?
4 Have we met  ? I’m sure I
recognize your face.
5 I’ve been driving  .
6 Life was a lot simpler  ,
before we had a house and children. 1 I think my parents’ generation
7 I’m painting the house. I’ve painted three
rooms  . Just two
2 My parents
more rooms to go.
, but they both
8 Zoe? She’s not here right now. She’s

 gone out to get a coffee and
. So now they can relax
some lunch.
and enjoy themselves.
3 They’ve said

and that they don’t

4 Considering that my husband and I

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1c A dynamic society
Listening a study project 3 Look at the phrases in bold from the interview.
Choose the correct definition (a–c).
in Vietnam
1 We were really lucky to get to experience that
1 4 Listen to an interview with a student who first-hand …
recently returned from a study trip to Vietnam. a for ourselves
Which statement (a–c) best summarizes her b for the first time
views about the different generations in c something no one else has ever experienced
Vietnamese society?
2 We got to meet …
a There is a deep cultural divide between the old a had the opportunity to meet
and the young generations. b were obliged to meet
b All generations are confused by the changes c met by chance
taking place.
3 They take this new wealth for granted …
c The generations see things differently, but they
a are suspicious of it
all respect each other.
b are grateful for it
c assume it should be like this
4 They don’t know which way to turn …
a the rules
b what to do
c where to drive
5 The generation in the middle bridges
the gap …
a creates a space between two things
b joins two sides
c crosses from one side to another
6 The 30-somethings …
a the 1930s
b a group of 30 objects
c people in their 30s

4 Pronunciation word stress: -ic and

2 4 Listen to the interview again. Are the -tion/-sion
sentences true (T) or false (F)?
1 Both the presenter and Lauren went on study a 5 Listen to these words from the interview.
trips as part of their university courses. Underline the stressed syllable in each word. What
pronunciation rule can you make about words that
2 Vietnam is in a period of great economic and end in -ic and -tion?
social change.
1 dynamic 4 generation
3 Lauren had the opportunity to meet a lot of
ordinary Vietnamese citizens. 2 fantastic 5 restriction
4 The older generation has suffered to reach 3 economics 6 tradition
where they are now. Rule:
5 Younger people are very aware of their
country’s struggles in the past. b 6 Practise saying these words, putting the stress
on the correct syllable. Then listen and check.
6 Older Vietnamese people think it’s very
important to teach the young about the specific impression
country’s history. italics relation
7 Lauren felt that the different generations in the terrific interruption
family couldn’t understand each other. scientific transformation
characteristic comprehension
8 The older generation is increasingly ignored by
younger people.

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Unit 1  Relationships

1d What have you been up to?

Real life meeting people 3 Read the conversation. Choose the correct options
to complete the conversation.
1 Complete the sentences with the correct
preposition. Some sentences do not need a Ben: Hi Sam. a .
preposition. I’ve 1 wondered / been wondering how you were.
Sam: Oh, hi Ben. b  .
1 How’s everything going ? I’m fine. I’ve 2 worked / been working in
2 I’ve been studying my law exams. Scotland for the last three months.
3 You’re looking very well. Ben: Well, c .
You’re looking very well. Have you
4 Being self-employed obviously suits 3
decided / been deciding to move up there?
you.
Sam: No, it’s just a temporary job. I’ve 4 helped /
5 Georgia was asking you the other day. been helping to renovate an old castle. And
6 Please give her my best wishes. d
? Is Emily
7 How is your daughter getting at well?
university? Ben: Yes, thanks. She’s just 5 finished / been
8 Say hello to her me. finishing her nursing course.
Sam: Really? That’s fantastic.
9 I’m a bit of a hurry. e
.
10 Good luck the new job. Ben: Well, f .
I should probably go and do my shopping.
2 Grammar extra present perfect: simple Sam: OK. Could I have your phone number
and continuous again? I’ve 6 lost / been losing it.
Ben: Sure. It’s 07945 699636.
a Look at the verbs in bold in the sentences (1–4). Sam: Thanks. Well, speak soon, I hope.
Are they in the present perfect simple (PPS) or g
.
present perfect continuous (PPC) form?
4 7 Listen to the conversation in Exercise 3.
1 He’s moved to New York for his job.
Complete the phrases (a–g).
2 What have you been doing since I last saw
you?
3 I haven’t seen Hannah for ages.
5 Pronunciation word boundaries
4 She’s been preparing for her law exams. a 8 Listen to the expressions spoken at speed.
Complete the expressions.
b Look at the sentences in Exercise 2a again. Answer 1 How ?
the questions.
2 , thanks.
1 Which tense emphasizes how someone has
3 You .
spent their time recently?
2 Which tense emphasizes a present result? 4 It .
5 I to work.
6 Sorry, .

b Practise saying the expressions in Exercise 5a in

the same way.

6 Listen and respond meeting people you know

9 Listen to comments where someone meets a
friend by chance in the street. Respond with your
own words. Then compare your response with the
model answer that follows.
1 Hi. What a nice
surprise! How are you? I’m fine, thanks.
Good to see you.

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1e News from home
Writing an informal email 3 Look at the verb get in these sentences. Write a
synonym for get in each sentence.
1 Complete the email to a friend who is working
1 I’m sorry. I don’t get what you’re saying. Why
abroad. Use the sentences and phrases (a–g).
do I have to wait?
a So keep your fingers crossed for me. 2 Can you get off the phone? I’m trying to work.
b All the best,
c How are you?
3 I got this jacket for £20 in the sales.
d Anyway, do send me your news when you get
a moment to write.
e So, what’s been happening here? 4 Call me when you get to the station.
f I’m sorry I haven’t written sooner.
g Dear Esther 5 We had to get a taxi because there were no
buses.
6 It was a bad cold. It took me two weeks to get
1
over it.
2
I hope everything is 7 They got first prize in the dancing competition.
going OK. 3 I’ve been
really busy at work the last few weeks. Everyone has been
8 Could you get the map from the car so that we
asking about you. How is your Arabic coming on? I imagine
can plan our route?
you’re able to get by in most everyday situations by now.
4
Well, shortly after 4 Rewrite this informal email.
you left, I got a letter from a fashion designer in New York.
1 First write the verbs in the correct tense.
They saw some of my work in a catalogue for the shop that
2 Then see how many verbs you can replace
I work for and they want me to fly over to New York for an with get.
interview. I’m trying not to get too excited about it in case
they don’t offer me a job, but as you know, it’s always
been my dream to get a job with a top designer. Dear Martin,
5
I1 (receive) your email yesterday.
The other big piece of news is that Eva is going to get I2 (be) glad that you 3 (arrive)
married next year! I’ve met her boyfriend and he seems a there safely. It 4 (sound) as if you
really nice guy. They’ve fixed the date for 9th July. I hope 5
(have) a really busy time.
you’ll be back by then. Sorry to hear that you 6 (be) delayed at
6
the airport in the UK. I 7 (hope) you
It’d be great to hear how things are with you. 8
(recover) now from the long
7
journey to Chennai.
Sophie I hope the weather 9
(not / become) any hotter too – 45 degrees Celsius
10
(sound) quite enough! I 11
Word focus get (not / think) I 12
(ever / experience) temperatures like that.
2 Look at the verb get in bold in the email in Nothing much 13 (happen) here
Exercise 1, either on its own or as part of a phrasal since you left. I 14 (try) to find a
verb. Match the uses of get with a word with these new job, but I 15 (not / be) able
similar meanings. to find anything suitable yet. I’ll let you know when I
16
(find) one.
be  become  have  manage  obtain
Louis 17 (help) me to write a CV and a
received
covering letter, because I 18
(not / really / understand) the whole job application process.
Anyway, fingers crossed.
Good luck with everything there and write again soon.
Love,
Theresa

10

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Unit 1  Relationships

Wordbuilding forming adjectives

1 Complete the table. Form adjectives from these nouns and verbs.
ambition adventure care child confidence consider control decision depend  emotion  fool fortune
help humour love passion patience practice  respect  sense self succeed support tradition

-ful -ish -ive -ious/-ous -ent/-ant -al -ing -ate

respectful foolish sensitive ambitious dependent practical caring considerate

2 Complete the interview about a family. Use 4 Now write a word family for another word.

?
adjectives from Exercise 1. Choose two from the list.

fortune  immigration  influence  obey
Are you a close family? respect  support
Yes, we are. We all have our own lives and careers so we are
not 1 on each other, but we remain very close.
Why do you think that is? Check!
We were brought up in a very loving and 2
environment. Our parents taught us to look after each other. 5 Do the quiz. Choose the correct option. All the
answers appear in Student’s Book Unit 1.
Is there a clear head of the family?
It’s quite a 3 family in many ways. On
the face of it, my father is the head of the family, but actually
my mother is really in charge. She’s very calm and
4
and never loses her temper.
And do you all share a particular family characteristic?
I’m afraid we’re all quite 5 people: we
all want to be in charge and to manage everything.
Is there someone in the family you admire especially?
My uncle, who’s an inventor. He’s very 6
with his hands. He can fix anything. He’s also very
7
. He tells some really funny stories. I feel
very 8 to have someone like him in my life.
Has your family influenced your own path in life?
Yes. My father has been very 9 in his
business. He built it up from nothing. And I think that has made
us all 10 to succeed as well. My sister wants 1 Orang-utans are unusual in that they like to:
to be a film actor; my brother wants to be a top lawyer. a spend time with other animals.
b share their food.
c live independently.

Learning skills extending 2

Mutual respect is the respect that:
a two people have for each other.
your vocabulary b a person feels for their colleagues.
c an old person gets from younger people.
3 You can extend your vocabulary by making word 3 In which sentence(s) is the action finished?
families. Look at the word decide. How many a I’ve just read the new Elena Ferrante novel.
words can you think of that are related to it? b I’ve just been reading the new Elena Ferrante
Complete the words and expressions. novel.
c I read the new Elena Ferrante novel when it
• different parts of speech: decision (noun), first came out.
decisive (adjective), 1
(adverb) 4 The adjective from the noun rebel is:
a rebelful.  b rebellient.  c rebellious.
• collocations: make a decision,
2
a decision 5 An expression for saying things are always busy
• opposites: indecision, 3 for you is:
• synonyms: make up your mind, come to a a busy like always.
4 b busy as ever.
c busy in everything.

11

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