,80 PERSIAN lQANWQRDS

BI8LIOCRAPHICA.1. REfERENCES Persian Loanwords

Asbaghi, Asya. 1997. Die semamisehe E/I/wiek­
Ilmg arabischer Wörter im Persm;hc". Sruttgart:
F. Sleiner. The hislOry of mankind is characttriud by
Elwell-SUllon, Law�nce I). 196j. Elemer/tary Pnsia" an ongoing culrural exchange betwcen differ·
grammar. Cambridgc:: Cambridge University ent narions and cultures. Generally speaking,
Press.
older culrures exert a much grearer inßuenct
Farsidvard, Xosrow. 1969. 'Arab, dar {tirs, [Arabic
in Persi:m[. Tc:hr:m: Ahuri. on rhe younger ones because they possess :a
Ja7.ayery, Mohammad Ali. 1970. �The Arabic element grearer number of achievements wirh regard
in Persian gramm:!.r: A prdimmary repo"�. lrtH!
[Q civilizarion. This process also has linguisric
8.115-11.4.
Koppe, Reiner. 1959-1960. MStatistik und St-mamik
implicarions. Because the Arabs lived in a rela·
der arabisc:hen Lehnworter in der Sprache 'Alawis". rively remare area before Ihe advent of Islam
Wisse,ucna{tliche Zelts,hrift der Humboldt­ and had only limited culrural exchange wim
UniversItät zu Berlm 9.,8 S-619. mher peoples, rhey did nOI possess words for
Lazard, Gilbert. 1975. "The ,isc of the- New Persian
languageM, Cilmb,idge history of Iran, IV, 595- rhings uncommon in Iheir culrural and eco­
631.. Cambridgl!: Cambridge Universiry Press. logical environment. Even in Ihe pre·lslamic
-- . 1990. �parsi CI dar;: Nouvclles rcmarqucs". ( '"
pcriod, rhe Arabs borrowed words from Ihe
Blllleiin or /hl! Asia Im/WIll! N.S., 4.' Aspccis of
Persi:an language, bUI Ihe process increase:d
/rallian eil/Illre, ill hO,lor of RicJJllrd Nelsoll Frye,
cd. O. Sixrv" and A. Sh. Sh:ahbazi, 11. 139-141. afrer the spread of Islam Ihroughoul rhe Middle
Ames,lowa. E.'\sr, which uniled peoples of different culrural
l\'lolnf:ar, Moh:ammad Djafar. 1.970. Le IlOcabulaire backgrounds.
ambe Jalls le Livre Jl!S rois de F"dallsi. Wiesb."Iden: In [he pre·lsbmic period, Arabs and Per­
O. Harrassowin.
Osmanov, M.N. 1970. �slo/n)'l slou"'" Unsllri sians had some coniaci in border areas of lhe
(Stalislical glossary of 'Un�uril. Moscow: Nauka. Arabian Peninsula. There wert, for ex:ample,
Pury, John R. 1.981. �Language reform in Turkey rhe Lakhmids, who were in the St'rviee of Sas­
and Iran. /nlernallo,w/ }aurlUd of Middle &Ulem
sanian Persia and secured Ihe border againsr
�

S/IIJIN 17.1.91-311. (Repr. wilh earrttlions,

Me'l of order: AII/hOT/larian modtnuullton 111 invasions from Bedou;n tribM from the d($Cn.
Tllrkey and Iran, cd. Toura; Alabaki and Erik-Jan AImosT half a cemury before the :advtnl of
Zureller, 138-11.9. London and New York: 1.8. Islam, Yemen came under the rule of Sassanians
Tauris, 1003.)
and Persian govemors, who mied Ihert C'o'tn
--. 1991a. Fonn and 11/c.lnillg m Persion
uocabulary: The Arabic femmlflt tnding. Cona after Ihe advent of Islam. These eonracrs had
Mcsa,Calif.: Mazda. linguistic implications, and we find a eompara·
. 1.9.9lb. "ArllblC loan vocabulary in Penian,
--
lively large number of Persian loanwords in IM
Turkish, Urdu, Hindi, Spanish: Comparalive
indicC$�. Paptr deliver«! ,11 Ihe 10lSI Annual
Arabic language already before Ihe advtm of
Mttting of .he Ameriean Oriemal Sociery, Islam, e.g. 'ibriq < Middle Persian abre:. 'iug';
Universiry of California, Btrkeley. !anj< Middle I)ers;an callg 'harp'; tdi< Middle
--. 1.993. �Early Arabic-I)ersian lexicography:
Persian ,ai 'crown'.
Thc Qsällli and ma$ddir gcnrc.'s". Procttllillgs
ur Ihe Colloquilllll on Arabic Lexico/ogy QI/d After Islam lx'Came the dominallI religion
Lcxicograph)', I, cd. Kinga Devenyi, Talmis Ivanyi, throughout the Middle EaSt, including Imn,
and Avihai ShlVlicl, 147-160. ßudaptsl: Eötvös this process chllngcd to a cerrain dcgrtt in Ihe
Lorand UniversilY.
opposile direction. However, since Iht ntw
--. 19.95. �I..exical doublels as a derivalional
device in )lersian: The Ar:abie feminine endins". Arab rultrs had no experienet in Ihe adminis·
Acta Oritmtalia Hmrgarica ,,8.117-1 jJ. tration of a greal empire and wtrt deptndtnt
R:1zi, Farida. 1 )66/1 .9117.
fQrha"g·e 'arabi dar rärsi­ on Iranian experts, lranian culrure still utntd
I mo'äser IAtabie vocabulaty in comemporary
a very remark3ble influenct. That inßutnce was
Persianl. Tehran: Markaz.
Telegdi, Zsigmond. 1.973. �Remarques sur les feh, for example, in Ihe transl:ltion of Middlr
cmprums arabes en persan�. Acta LingllistieQ Persian treatises on adminiSlralion inro ArablC
(BudapC5l) 13: 1-1. J 1-18. and Ihe 3daptation of such Middlt Ptrsi.ln
Ulas, 80. 1.977. A PU$tan Sufi PM".: Vocabllla".
amI urmlllo/ogy. London and Malmo: Cun:on. administrative It'rminology as da{tar 'rtgister,
accounl bock'; diwan< Middle Persian diwän
JOIIN R. PF.Mlty (UmvtrSlty of Chicago) 'archive, collected w r ilings ; ' iirya 'head lax,
tax' < Middle Ptrsian gatidag 'poll rax'; firma,.
'edict, deeree' < Middle Persilln {raman 'ordrr,
command'.
PERS'AN LOANWORDS ,8,

Administration was not, however, [he only e.g. ma;üs 'magicinn' < Middle Penian magu­
held in which the Arab language derived its pat 'the chief of [he Magi, i.e. main priesr of
terminology {rom Penian. Because their natural [he Zoroastrian clergy' < Old Persian magul
environment differed from mher, much richer Awestian m01/1; zindiq (pI. zanddiqa) 'dualiSt,
culrural areas, [he Arabs had 10 borrow names Manichaean' < Middle Persian umdik 'her­
for plants nOl familiar [Q them from mher lan­ erie, Maniehaean'; 'ddar;asn< Persian duu;asn
guages. Many of these were raken {rom Persian, < Middle Persian ddtir 'fire' + iasn 'celebra­
as in the {ollowing examples: banafsaj< Middle rion, festiva!'; ma"ra;d" 'festivity, celebrarion'
Persian wanafSag 'violet'; ydsmin< Middle Per­ < Penian mihrgdn < Middle Persian mihr 'rhe
siao ydsama" 'jasmine'; "arjis< Middle Persian Aryan god Mithra' < Avestan mi9rö, Mirhra's
nargis 'narcissus'; s,isan (or sawsan) 'lily' < birthday and [he day in which he fought and
Middle Persian sosart; warda 'rose' < Old Per­ defeatw [he dragon Dahak.
sian varX'>a 'rose, f1ower'. NOI only were many In the field of material culture, the Arabs
ßowers unknown [Q the pre-Islamie Arabs, but were acquail1led with SQme Persian achieve­
also some kinds of fruits. Their names were menlS, which explains why Ihey adopled the
,aken from Penian as weil as the names of terms from ehe Persian language. This may be
vegetables, herbs, spiees, and various kinds seen by expressions in [he field of architecture
of outs, as in rhe following examples: turunj denoring types of buildings nOl typical of the
'a kind of dlrus' < Persian torang; zard öiJ'ij Arabs, such as 'iwan 'palace, columned hall,
'apricot' < Persi:m zardöfii < Middle Persian gallery'; balk,ina 'balcony' < Persian bölkofl
zordöliig: bädimjö" (or bMinjtin or bä{J,ljön) < bdld + xöne < Middle Persian bola 'top,
'rggplant' < Persian bademjäfl; Sähdälla; 'hemp upstairs' < Old Persian bardista < Avestan
setd' < Middle Persian Sähdtinag: stihsbaram barzista + Middle Persian xdnag 'house'; dih­
(or Sähsbarham or söhsfarhamJ 'basil royal' < Ih. 'corridor, columned hall' < Middle Persian
Middle Persian sdhesprahm; isfami; (or isfdlldj dahliz 'porlico'.
or s
i balllJ;J 'spinach' < Persian aspalläx: uf faran There were differences in Arab and Iranlan
'saffron'< Persian zarparän 'with gold leaves'; clothing, as may be seen in certain expressions
bista; (or bastaq or f/lstukl 'pistachio'< Penian Ihat the Arabs borrowed from Ihe Persian lan­
peste< Middle Persian pistag. guage, e.g. sirbaf or, more frequently, sirwtil
The Arabs also borrowed expressions for (pI. sardwil) 'uousers, pants' < Middle Persian
herbs from Ihe Persian language, which the Ira­ salwdr; babtij (or babtis or btib,is) 'shoc'< Per­
nians themselves had learned from other peo­ sian !,ap'iS < Middle Persian pad 'foot' + plis
pies through, for example, trade with Central '[0 wear'.
Asia and Jndia, e.g. Arabic ddra,sini 'dnnamon' The Arabs were familiar wilh some Persian
< Penian dtirÜn. The natural environment of musical instruments, e.g. lallbtir< Middle Per­
the Arabian Peninsula was also less diverse sian tamb,ir 'zither, IUfe'; saflj , harp' < Penian
eompared to other areas of the Middle fast, ämg< Middle Persian Cang; tumbak 'drum' <
and it is nOI surprising Ihal Ihe various names Middle Persi3n tllll/bag.
of animals not known to the Arabs in their The natural sciences also drew from Persian
ancestral country were taken {rom Persian, e.g. expressions that found their way il1lo Arabic.
barasllik or ralher farasllik 'swallow'< Persian This may be seen in astronomy, e.g. 'asfal,r <
parasl,i< Middle Penian I,uristog: ,ayllli; 'small Middle Persian spihr 'sphere, sky, firmament;
gray partridge' < Middle Persian tihOg. fate'; kaywa" < Middle Persian kevafl 'Saturn'
The adaptation of words in the realm of or bahrtim< Middle Persian valJrdm 'name for
culture generally resul,s frOlll the fact that [hey the god of war'.
:Ire ,aken from another language by people On Ihe other hand, in Ihe fjeld of religion,
who do not have in their culture any equivalent the Arabic language lelt irs traces in Persian as
for the phenomena denoted by Ihese words. numerous terms and expressions were adapted
This proves especially true for the adaptation by it (-. !)ersian), e.g. q/lrbafl 'S3crifice', hard",
of the names for Iranian festivals, which wen: 'prohibilC�d', halal 'allowed, permitted',ha;; 'pil­
not widely observed by Arabs and for which grimage'.It should be nored, howevcr, thaI some­
they had no name of their own. Some expres­ times Persian words were also used [0 express
sions were connCCled wilh Old Iranian religion, cerrain Islamie ritual practices or concep[s,
PERSIAN lOANWORDS
" ,

such 35 the Persian lIomäz instead of the Ara­ Middle Persian gohr 'substance, essence,
bic �a/ar 'praycr', cr Pers;an nite instead of nature, jewel', which changed in Arabic
Arabic �/Um 'fast', Thc influence of the Arabic CO ;awhar and even developed the lexi­
language on Pers;an was certainly remarkable, cal plural form ;a,uähir. In this case, the
:lod even roday there exists a very great admi­ form gohar means 'origin', iohar 'ink',
ration for ir in Iran. In popular consciousness, and ;awäher 'jeweI'. Ir could also be
most people are convinced .hat more than 80 replaced by Arabie q, as in s,iq 'marker'
percent of the Pers;an language consists of < Middle Persian sog.
Ambic components. Many words, howcvcr, are e. A special case is the Persian 11. which
erroneously regarded as Arabic, :lod ir seems changed in Arabic tO the semivowel w,
more appropri:Hc TO speak of Arabicized words as may be scen in wazir 'minister' < Per·
than originally Arabic 00('$. Classical Ara­ sian valir< Middle Persian vicir. 80lh
bic encyc10pedias such as the LisO" 01·'Arab, sounds are realized by the sam� charac­
Tlij al·'ar/is, cr Mlt!li! al.ml/bi! contain many tcr in script.
expressiotls classified as färisiyyo. This is the 11. Some Persian consonants, although they
case for words borrowed from Middle Persian ha\'e equivalems in the Arabic sound sys­
which later, undet the influencc of the Arabie lem. wefe also occasionally replaced by
language, were adapted by Modern Persian in others, as may be scen in the following list:
their Arabicized form, e.g. fihrist< Middle Per­ a. The P�rsian plosive b was somelimes
sian pat-rast 'register', 'amrlid< Middle Persian replaced either by the Arabic fricative f.
IIrmoo 'pear'. as in Arabic 'i(rh 'frieze'< Persian ob"l,
Persial1 words transferred tO Arabie had 10 be or by the Arabk semivowel w, as in Ara­
adapted to the Arabic sound system. This proc­ bic darwalld 'lock'< Persian dorband<
ess occurred in thc following ways: Middle Persian dar-bOlid.
b. The Persian plosive I sometimcs changed
I. Although Arabie has a mueh rieher sound ro the Arabic emphatic plosive t, as In
system than Persian, some Persian sounds do Arabic !JUl; (or faUl) 'new, fresh'< Per­
not exist in Arabic. Since the Persian conso­ sian täu.
nams p, i, i, and g have no equivalems in c. The Persian fricarive x may change in
Arabic, they were replaced by certain Arabic Arabic in thrce different wayS: ir may be
ones: replaced (I) by the affricate;, as in Ara­
3. The Persian plosive p was repl:lced either bic 'is(äna; 'spinach'< Persian äspanQX;
by the Arabic fricative (, as in firdaws (1.) by the plosivc k, as in Arabic kma 'a
'paradise' < Persian pardis < Middle title for the Persian kings'< Persian xos,
Persian pardis and pafft< Avestan pairi· row< Middle Persian Jm-sraw 'famous,
dacza, or by the Arabic plosive b, as in of good reputc'; (3) by the fricalive g, as
bab,is, bab,;;, bab,iS 'slipper'< Persian in the Arabic bJdga)'s, bädga)'s 'name of
päp'iS< Middle Persian pad 'foot' + p,is a distri" in Xor:is:in'< Persian badxiz
'to wear'< Avestan päd. lit 'windy'.
b. Pershm i was replaced eirher by Arabic d. Thc Persian plosive d may change imo
s, e.g. sad"r 'veil' < Persian lädor, or the Arabie emphalic plosive/, e.g. btiJiyya
by the empharic Arabic sibilant �, e.g. 'jug, bowl'< Persian badi)'a.
fakk 'court file'< Persian ick; anothet c. The Persian vibram r may change imo

example is �awl;an 'polo game'< Persiall the Arabic lateral I. as 111 Arabic salband
cogän< Middle Persian lopgall. 'headgcar'< Persian sarballd.
c. The Penian sibilant i was replaced eirher f. The Persian sibilam <: may change m
by the Arabie a{(rieate;, e.g. bai 'tribute' Arabic (I) imo the aUrieate;. as in 'obnt
< Middle Persian bai< Old Persian baii. 'milking' < Pcrsian abri:, (1.) imo tht­
or by the Arabic sibilant z, e.g. qau emphatic plosive q, as in Arabic ';briq
'crude silk'< Persian kai< Middle Per­ 'watering can' < Persian abrh., ()) into
sian kill., the fricarive {l, e.g. oar)'äb 'gold'< Per­
d. Persi:m g was repbced by Arabic i. sian Ulr-e Itab 'pure gold', (..) into tht
seen in the example of Persian gohar< cmphatic sibilant �, as in ra�� 'lead,
PERSIAN LOANWORDS '"

pewter'< Persian arziz< Middle Persian Persian biirt/ame; anothcr example is

arbe. Arabic rdJultima; 'n3utical chart'< Mid­
g. The Persian sibilant s is replaced (I) die Persian rdh 'wa)', road' + "amok
by the empharic sibilant �, e.g. �fl;a 'book', Persian ralmame 'guide'.
'weight' < Persian sol/;e < Middle Per­ b. This chaf3cteristic also applies (0 words
sian SOli; 'weight', C�) by the sibilant z, which comain the fricative h ar the
e.g. razdaq 'row'< Persian raste< Mid­ beginning in their Arabic as weil as
die Persi:m rastak, (}) by the sibilant in their Middlc Persian form; the Per­
S, e.g. sarb'ts or sarbiis 'headgear' < sian form gcnerally lacks the h ar the
Persian sarp"s. beginning of the word. This may be
h. The Persian sibilant s sometimeschanged seen in Arahic hOlldaz 'scale' < Middle
into the Arabic sibilant s, as may bc seen Persian ha"daz 'tO plan, allat', Persian
in 'ibrfsam (or 'ibrisim) 'silk' < Persian ondaz. The secondarily developed Ara­
abrisam. bic handosa 'geomerry', with its deriva­
i. The long Persian vowel a sometimes tions, e.g. mllha"dis 'engineer', found
changed into the Arahic fricative " as irs W3Y back imo the Persian language.
in 'abqari 'a kind of carpet' < Persian c. Middlc Persian words having the long
abkärf < Persian ab 'gleam, shine' + vowel a ar the beginning changed in
karf 'working'. Other examples are 'ifrit Arabic tO the glottal stop '. In the New
'demon' < Persian afarid 'creature' < Persian form, [he vowel at (he beginning
Middle Persian afr/t; 'aynak 'glasses' < disappears, as in Arabic'lIst. llluäna 'c}'l­
dar; äynak, a diminutive from Persial1 inder' < Middle Persian östlin 'column,
äy"e 'mirror'. pillar, mast' < Old Persian st/imi. Per­
j. The Persian short vowel a also some­ sian has both forms, but with different
tirnes challged inro the Arahic fricative mC3nings: silt/in 'pillar' and ostol/dlle
',e.g.
'a)'yiir 'tramp, vagabond'< Persian 'cylinder'.
yiir 'ayyär 'friend' < Middle Persian ayar. d. In some words, the affricate e was
k. The Persian fricative g sometimes replaccd in Arabic by [he sibilant z, c.g.
changed into the 3ffric:ue ;. as in waür 'minister' < Middle Persian viar
'ur;lIwö" 'purpIe' < Persian argal/an < < Old Persian vicira.
Middle Persian argal/al/. e. The fricarive x was replaced in Arabic
I. The Persian plosive k changed into by the plosive emphatic q, as in luaqt
rhe Arabic emph3tic plosive q, as in 'time'< Middle Persian vextan 'tO flow';
qahrimäll 'm3jor'< Persian kobramäll< New Persian adopted the Arabic form
Middle Persian kof'mountain. hili'. of the word, although the pronunciation
m. Tbc Persian lateral I changed into the changed ro vagt. Unlike Persian, Kurd­
r, as in ;ar;alldllm 'wheat'
Arabic vibrant ish has vaxt, reraining the consonant x.
< Persi3n golgalldom. f. Thc plosive k was replaced in Arahic
n. Thc Persian fricative v changed imo the by the emphatic plosive q, as in fllra"iq
Arahic plosive b, as in 'osbdrdn 'cheva­ 'guide, leader' < Middle Persian par­
lief< Persian salldr < Middlc Persian wa"ak > Persian parwalle.
aSl/dr. g. The affricate " was replaced in Arabic
m. Some expressions were taken directly from by the fricative fJ, as in im/ab 'sin, crime'
Middlc Persian into Arabic. For rhis reason, < Persian gOllah 'sin' < Middle Persian
the Arabic forms somctimes look much //IinölJ.
more similar ro Middlc Persian than to iv. There are even some words in Arabic that
the Persian fonns of the word, as in the seem to have been borrowcd dircctly from
following: Old Persian and have no cquivalenrs in
a. Middle Persian words ending with (he Middle Persiall or New Persian, e.g. qaras
suffix -ok changed in Arabic into -ai; 'change' < Old Persi3nkada 'scalc', Arabic
these words appeared in Persian with qa�r 'palace' < Old Persi3n tocara 'palace'
thc suffix -e, as in Arabic bart/ama; (an alternative ctymoloy dcrives [his word
'program' < Middle Persian bärmimak, from Larin castra).
,8, PERSONAL PRONOUN (ARA8IC DlALECTS)

v. There are different vCr5ions of some Per- Tafazzoli, Ahmad and Jalch Amouugar. 1999.
513n wards in Arabic, whieh differ by the Tarix-e adubl)'ut-e Irall pis Ol Es/um ITht"" hislOry
of Iranian ltlcralurc before Islam I. Tehran: Soxan.
lIse of either a lang or a short vowel, C.g.
s,isall 3nd siisän < Persiall siisoll < Middle ASYA ASßAClU (lkrlinl
Persian SÖSOII 'Iily'.
VI. Metathesis: some word forms weft" devel­
oped by the transposition of twO pho­
nemes, as in iall�ir. whieh is derived from
Personal Pronoun (Ar.bic
Persian zall;ir ',hain',
VII. Same forms (ame infO lIse by confusion of
Dialects)
diacritics, C.g. Persian xoskpoll '3 generie
The pronominal system of Arabic dialecrs has
term for some kinds of swecrs, whieh
one characteristic in common with other varie·
are filled wirh nutS, t.g. almonds', whieh
ries of the Arabic language and other Semiric
exis!s in Arabic as xoikbdll as weil as
languages: it consists of a series of independent
xoikmill.
pronouns alld a scries of suffixed pronouns,
VIII. Some versions came inro use by different
whose form may vary from region 10 region
oral realiz:Hions, 3$ in Persian go/gall'
for various reaSOIlS, among which are rhe influ­
dom 'knapweed', whieh in Arabic became
ellct' of the substrarum (e.g. (he Aramaic sub­
realized 3$ joljondom, iorjalldom, :tnd
Stratum in the Syrian-Lebanesc areai see Diem
jar;a"dltm.
1971) and its own internal evolution, or even
ix. For some P�rsian words, a broken plu­
a mixrure of borh (see Behnste<h 199I). These
ral was formcd, e.g. Arabic 'asötig and
prOlloun scries pby different syntactic roles
'asatida from Persian ostdd 'master'.
thaI may aiso vary depending on geographical
x. Some Arabic verbs are derived from Per­
facrors.
sian nouns, e.g. tallllla
l ;a 'ro crown', from
Middle Persian ld; 'crown'.
I. INDEPENDENT PERS ONAL
PRONOUNS
BIBLIOCRAI'HICAL REFERENCE5
DClailed rderences in:
Asbaghi, Asya. 1987. Die semlmtisclle Elltwlck­ The various paradigms may be grouped into
IUllg arl/bischer Wörter im Persischell. Stullgart:
rhree C:Hcgories, according 10 rypes of dialccls:
F. Steiner.
--. t988. Persische ullllwörter im Arablschell. Bedouin dialects, withoul geographical distinc­
Wiesbaden: O. Harrassowltz. rion, and scdentary dialects, both Easlern and
Western.
Funher information in:
The forms of rhe independent persollal pro­
Bahar, Malek d-lo'ara. 1984 ...Ja.... nmardi�. AY;II'/
/OI'a/lll/ardl, cd. Henry Corbin and Ehsan Naraql, nouns for each of the three categories are given
109-11.0. Teh ran. in Table I.

Tablc I. Independent personal pronouns in three types of dialects: Bedouin ( Roscnhousc 1984:17-18),
Cairo Uomier alld Khouzam 1977:)6), and Moroccan koine (C.,uber '99):1, 159)

Free pronouns Ikdouin Easrern scdentary Western sedentary

J com m. sg. oni. dll;, lml! Q/la dnn, dl/Jyo

1 1113SC. sg. ;Iltll, illte, al/le, ;mtn Cl/to :mtll, .mIdYII. alltilla
1 f em . sg. i,lti, ;ml; enti flti. anriyn. a"lillll
) masc. sg Imlllwu, 111/ h owwo hlilllo
) fern. 5g. luyyo, IJi hey)'a hiYII
I co m m. pI. i/mll, ah,lIl, nJ/mo, Ja/mn elmo Ima, JmJya
1 masc. pI. elltlllll, e/ltam, c"t" e"tu, elIt11m I/llima
1. fem. pI. h,ta", imil/ CI/lu. elltllll/ nliimo
) masc. pI. Immma, Im", "Olllllla hiimd
) fern. pI hill/lIl, hin IIommo 'I/imn