Thermodynamics
Arnold R. Elepaño
Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Board
Examination Review
29 July 2019, 2:00-5:00 pm
Table of Specifications
• Describe and apply the the basic concepts,
theories and principles, processes, and laws of
thermodynamics - 2% of 30%
Definition
• Thermodynamics is the science of energy and
entropy. It deals with heat and work and those
properties of substance that bear a relation to
heat and work. It deals with transformation of
energy of all kinds from one form to another.
• Total energy = thermal + mechanical + kinetic +
potential + electric + magnetic + chemical +
nuclear
• Two important areas of application for
thermodynamics are power generation and
refrigeration
Basic Concepts
System and Surrounding
• Thermodynamic system is a collection of matter
in any form (material, momentum, energy),
delineated from its surroundings by real or
imaginary boundaries chosen for study.
• Everything outside the system is the
surrounding.
System Definition
• Closed system - consists of a fixed amount of
mass, and no mass can cross its boundary,
energy can cross the boundary
• Open system - usually involves mass flow, both
mass and energy can cross the boundary
• Isolated system - no mass and energy (heat and
work) can cross the boundary
Conservation Principle
Change (increase of charge) = Input - Output
Charge = mass, momentum, energy
Partial Differential Equation
of Mass Conservation
Partial Differential Equation
of Momentum Conservation
Laws of
Thermodynamics
Zeroth Law of
Thermodynamics
• If two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a
third body, they are also in thermal equilibrium
with each other.
Temperature Scale
• G. Fahrenheit (1686-1736)
• A. Celsius (1701 -1744)
• Lord Kelvin (1824-1907)
• William Rankine (1820-1872)
• At what temperature are Celsius and Fahrenheit
equal?
First Law of
Thermodynamics
• Conservation of energy and the
interchangeability of heat and different types of
work.
• It is a bookkeeping tool that defines the internal
energy change as a sum of heat plus work.
• Change in the total energy of the system = total
energy leaving the system - total energy entering
the system
Differential Total Energy
Balance
Second Law of
Thermodynamics
• dS >= 0 [L. Boltzmann 1874]
• The principle that isolated systems tend toward
their states of maximum entropy.
• Tendencies of systems toward equilibrium.
• Maximum entropy principle.
Entropy Generation
• Entropy not related to work
• Sgen > 0 irreversible, = 0 reversible, < 0
impossible
• Q/T (+) heating, (-) cooling
Clausius Statement
• It is impossible to construct a device that
operates in a cycle that produces no effect other
than the transfer of heat from a lower
temperature body to a higher temperature body.
Kelvin-Plank Statement
• It is impossible for any device that operates on a
cycle to receive heat from a single reservoir and
produce a net amount of work.
Exergy
• Exergy - availability or available energy
• First Law: QH - QL - Wrev = 0
• Second Law: Sgen = QL/TL - QH/TH >= 0 or
QL =QH TL/TH
• WQH = (1-TL/TH) QH
• Wlost = WQH - Wrev = TL Sgen
Questions
1. What is the value of the work done for a closed,
reversible, isometric system?
2. The property which expresses the work
potential of the energy contained in a system at
a specified state is called…
3. The entropy change for any closed system
which undergoes an adiabatic process…
Third Law of
Thermodynamics
• The entropy of a pure crystalline substance at
absolute zero temperature is zero - since there is
no uncertainty about the state of the molecules
at that instant.
• This provides for an absolute reference point for
the determination of entropy.
Thermodynamic
Processes
Pure Substance
Ideal-gas Equation of State
• Pv = RT
• R = Ra/ M
• Ra = 8.314 kJ/kmol.K = 1545 for.lbf/lbmol.R
• z = Pv/RT compressibility factor
• Is water vapor an ideal gas?
Thermodynamic Processes
Questions
1. The condition where all three phases of a pure
substance coexist in equilibrium is called…
2. When a system deviates infinitesimally from
equilibrium at every instant of its state, it is
undergoing…
3. At the critical point, the quality is…
Thermodynamics
Cycles
Carnot Cycle
• The Carnot cycle is the most
efficient cycle that can be
executed between TH and TL
• Thermal efficiency is 1 - TL/TH
Reversed Carnot Cycle
Rankine Cycle
Rankine cycle - the ideal cycle
for vapor power plants
1-2 Isentropic compression in a
pump
2-3 Constant pressure heat
addition in a boiler
3-4 Isentropic expansion in a
turbine
4-1 Constant pressure heat
rejection in a condenser
Eff = W/QH
How can we increase the
efficiency of the Rankine cycle?
Otto Cycle, eff = 1-1/r^(k-1)
Diesel Cycle
Eff Otto > Eff Diesel
Brayton Cycle
1-2 Isentropic compression
2-3 Constant pressure heat addition
3-4 Isentropic expansion
4-1 Constant pressure heat rejection
Questions
1. The maximum thermal efficiency for a power
cycle operating between 1,200F and 225F is…
2. In a diesel cycle, the ratio of the cylinder
volume after and before the combustion
process is called…
References
• Cengel, YA & Boles, MA. 2002.
Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach. 4th
edition. McGraw-Hill
• AENG 203 Notes.
