steel structures

·0 Riveting is the method of joining together pieces of metal by

inserting ductile metal pins called rivets into holes of pieces to be
connected and forming a head at end of rivet to prevent each metal
piece from coming out.

·1 Size of rivet hole is kept slightly more than size of rivet.

·2 Size of rivet hole is 1.5mm more for rivet diameter < 25mm

·3 Size of rivet hole is 2mm more for rivet diameter ≥ 25mm.

·4 Hammering is done in rivet to completely fill up rivet hole

·5 (i)Rivet connection is associated with high level of noise pollution,

(ii)needs heating rivet to red hot, (iii)inspection of connection is skilled
work, (iv) removing poorly installed rivet is costly, (v)labour cost is high.

·6 effective diameter of rivets = nominal diameter of rivet

Diameter of head for:

·7 (i) button head rivet = 1.6d,

·8 (ii) flat countersunk head = 1.5d,

·9 (iii) flat head = 2d, where d=nominal rivet diameter.

height of head for:

·10 (i) button head rivet = 0.7d,

·11 (ii) flat countersunk head rivet = 0.43d,

·12 (iii) flat head rivet = 0.25d, where d=nominal rivet diameter.

·13 Preferred nominal length of shank are 28,30,32,…..,225mm. Range of length

depends on rivet diameter. Tolerance on length = 1.5mm, for rivet diameter
≤ 16mm and tolerance on length = 3mm, for rivet diameter > 16mm.

·14 The assumptions for rivet connection are : (i) friction between plates is
neglected, (ii) distribution of direct stress on portions of plates between rivet
holes is uniform, (iii) shear stress is uniform on cross section of rivet, (iv)
bending stresses are neglected.

·15 Rivets in group subjected to direct loads share load equally.

·16 Strength of group of rivets = Strength of single rivet x number of rivets in

group.

·17 There aren’t any threads in rivets.

·18 A rivet is specified as a 20mm rivet means shank dia 20mm

·19 Die is a part of hammer in machine riveting.

·20 In hot riveting the shank portion is subjected to tensile stresses

·21 Among punching and drilling, which is cheaper? Punching

·22 Drilling has more accuracy and is more expensive.

·23 : Punching injures the metal in the vicinity of the hole.

·24 : Aluminium alloys have poor weldability and hence riveting is preferred.

·25 Riveting is preferred in joining heterogeneous materials.

·26 if thickness of thinnest outside plate is 10mm, then the maxi pitch f rivets
in tension will be taken as 300mm

·27 the axise of load lies in the plane of rivet group, then the rivets are
subjected to only shear stresses

·28 butt joint with double cover plates are type of rivites joint is freefrom
bending stresses

·29 as compared to field rivets shop rivets are stronger

·30 by providing sufficient edge distance the shear failure of plate is avoided

·31 minimum pitch of rivets shall not be less than 2.5d

·32 efficiency of riveted joint havind the mini pitch as per IS800 is 60%

·33 if the thickness of plate to be connected by a rivet is 16mm, the suitable

size of rivet as per unwins formula will be 20mm

·34 rivet hole is completly assumed to be filled by rivet

BOLTED CONNECTIONS

·35 the yield strength of bolt of class 4.6?For class 4.6, ultimate strength =
4×100 = 400 N/mm2

·36 size of hole = nominal diameter of fastener + clearances

·37 High strength bolt may be used for slip resistant and bearing type
connection. At serviceability, HSFG bolts do not slip and the joints are called
slip resistant connections. At ultimate load, HSFG bolts do not slip and the
joints behave like bearing type connections.

·38 The advantages of HSFG bolts over bearing type bolts are : (i) joints are
rigid, (ii) bolts are not subjected to shearing and bearing stresses as load
transfer is mainly due to friction, (iii) high static strength due to high
frictional resistance, (iv) high strength fatigue since nuts are prevented
from loosening, (v)smaller number of bolts results into smaller number of
gusset plates.

·39 Pitch is centre to centre spacing of bolts in a row, measured along direction
of load. Gauge is the distance between two consecutive bolts of adjacent row
measured at right angles to the direction of load.

·40 Pitch is centre to centre spacing of bolts in a row, measured along direction
of load. Distance between centre to centre of fasteners shall not be more
than 2.5 times nominal diameter of fasteners.

·41 Distance between centre of any two adjacent fasteners shall not exceed 32t
or 300mm, whichever is less where t is thickness of thinner plate.

·42 Pitch shall not be more than 16t or 200mm, whichever is less in tension
member where t is thickness of thinner plate. Pitch shall not be more than
12t or 200mm, whichever is less in compression member, where t is
thickness of thinner plate.

·43 Spacing between centres of fasteners may be increased by 50% when

fasteners are staggered at equal interval and gauge does not exceed at
75mm, subjected to maximum spacing condition.

·44 Edge distance is distance at right angles to the direction of stress from
centre of hole to adjacent edge. End distance is distance in the direction of
stress from centre of hole to end of element.

·45 Distance between centres of any two consecutive fasteners in line adjacent
and parallel to edge of outside plate shall not exceed (100+4t) or 200mm,
whichever is less in compression and tension members.

·46 Tensile strength of bolt is given by 0.9fubAn/1.25, where fub=ultimate

tensile stress of bolt, An= net tensile area.

·47 Proof stress for minimum bolt tension is 0.7fub, where fub= ultimate tensile
stress of bolt. Proof stress is an approximation for yield point for materials
which do not have a definite one because of their structure.

·48 : Bolt required to satisfy both shear and tension at the same time should
satisfy (Vsb/Vdb)2 + (Tsb/Tdb)2 ≤ 1 , where Vsb= factored shear force, Vdb =
design shear capacity, Tsb = factored tensile force, Tdb= design tensile capacity.

·49 Shear Capacity of HSFG bolts is μfnekhFo/γmf, where μf = coefficient of

friction(0.55), ne = number of frictional interfaces offering frictional resistance to
slip, kh = 1 for fasteners in clearance holes, 0.85 for fasteners in over sized and short
slotted holes, γmf = 1.1 (slip resistance designed at service load), 1.25 (slip
resistance designed at ultimate load), Fo = minimum bolt tension = Anbf0 , where
Anb = net area of bolt, f0 = 0.7fub , fub = ultimate tensile stress of bolt.

·50 Strength of bolt is minimum of shear strength and bearing capacity of bolt. Design
shear strength = nominal shear capacity/1.25, Design bearing strength = nominal
bearing capacity/1.25.

·51 : In connections subjected to tensile stresses, the flexibility of connected parts can
lead to deformations that increases tension applied to bolts. This additional tension
is called prying force.

·52 bolts are used as temporary fastenings whereas rivets are used as
permenant fastinings

·53 bolts are most suitable to carry axial tension

·54 dia pf bolt hole is usually taken as nominal dia+1.5mm

·55 the bolt subjected to reversal of stresses, the most suitable type of bolt is
high strength bolt

·56 Minimum edge distance and end distance from centre of any hole to nearest
edge of plate shall not be (i) less than 1.7 x hole diameter, in case of sheared
or hand flame cut edge, (ii) less than 1.5 x hole diameter, in case of rolled,
machine flame cut.

·57 Maximum edge distance should not exceed 12tε, where ε = √(250/fy), t =
thickness of thinner outer plate. If members are exposed to corrosive
influence, it shall not exceed (40+4t), where t = thickness of thinner
connected plate.

·58 In case of compression members where forces are transferred through

butting faces, pitch shall not exceed 4.5d, where d= diameter of fasteners
for a distance of 1.5 times width of member from butting faces.

·59 Shear strength of bolt = fu(nnAnb+ nsAsb)/(√3 x 1.25), where fu=ultimate

strength of bolt, nn=number of shear planes with thread intercepting shear
plane, ns=number of shear planes without thread intercepting shear plane,
Anb=nominal plain shank area of bolt, Asb=net shear area of bolt at threads.

WELDED CONNECTIONS

·60 Welding processes involving only heat and no pressure are called the fusion
welding processes.

·61 Capacity of welded joints to damp vibrations is poor.

·62 Thermite is a mixture of iron oxide and copper

·63 Wherever it is uneconomical to carry welding equipments, thermit welding is

used.

·64 In gas welding which of the following is generally used? Oxygen-Hydrogen or

Oxygen-Acetylene

·65 Gas welding has a gas temperature of about 3200’C while arc temperature is
about 40000’C.

·66 No filler material used IN ELECTRIC RESISTANCE

·67 Electric resistance welding is generally used in automobile sector

·68 The parameters control the quality of weld are size of electrode and the
current that produces sufficient heat to melt the base metal and minimizes
electrode splatter.

·69 The electrode is coated with a flux in shielded metal arc welding. Heat from
electric current causes the combustion and decomposition of electrode. This
creates a gaseous shield to protect the electrode, metal and molten pool
from atmospheric contamination due to oxidation.

·70 Shielded metal arc welding can be a low hydrogen process or non-low
hydrogen process, while submerged arc welding, gas-shielded metal arc
welding, flux core arc welding are low hydrogen process.

·71 Hydrogen causes weld to crack. Hence most of the welding processes are low
hydrogen welding process.

·72 The following are some advantages of shielded metal arc welding : (i)low
equipment cost, (ii)welds many different metals, (iii)welds can be performed
in any position, (iv)process less affected by wind, (v)can be performed under
most weather conditions. SomeThe disadvantages are : (i)not suitable for
metal sheets under 1.5mm thickness,(ii) entire electrode cannot be used,
about 25-50mm electrode is wasted.

·73 The following are some advantages of submerged arc welding: (i) high
deposition rate, (ii)high quality welds with good ductility, high impact
strength, good corrosion resistance, (iii)good for welding long joints(in
excess of 1m), (iv)no eye protection required. Some disadvantages are : (i)
long set-up time, (ii)slag removal needed, (iii)used for flat or horizontal
fillets only.

·74 Gas-shielded metal arc welding is also called metal-active gas welding. The
following are some advantages of gas-shielded metal arc welding : (i) suitable
for metals as thin as 0.58mm, (ii)all welding positions can be used, (iii) no
need to stop welding to change the consumed electrode, (iv)high deposition
rates. Some disadvantages are : (i)welding equipment is expensive and
complicated, (ii)cannot be performed outdoors in greater than 8km/hr
breeze.
·75 The structure and chemical composition of electrode wire is the
differentiating factor between flux core arc welding and gas-shielded metal
arc welding processes. Unlike gas-shielded metal arc welding, flux core arc
welding electrode wire is not solid and consists of thin-walled metal tube
filled with flux.

·76 The following are some advantages of flux core arc welding: (i)high
deposition rates, (ii)can be used to groove angles as narrow as 30˚, (iii)welds
in all positions can be made, (iv)has excellent weld pool control. Some
disadvantages are: (i) slag removal required, (ii) generates large volume of
fumes and smoke.

·77 Submerged arc welding, gas-shielded metal arc welding, flux core arc
welding, electro slag welding can be used when welding is done in fabrication
shop. For field applications, shielded metal arc welding is preferred.

·78 The following are some advantages of electro slag welding: (i) high deposition
rates, (ii) multiple electrodes may be used, (iii)low distortion. Some
disadvantages are: (i) welds flat or vertical joints only, (ii) complicated set-
up, (iii)cooling water is needed

·79 Flux core arc welding, gas-shielded metal arc welding, electro slag welding
have high deposition rates.

·80 Fillet welds are used extensively (about 80%) followed by groove welds
(15%). Slot and plug welds are rarely used (less than 5%) in structural
engineering applications.

·81 : Fillet welds are suitable for lap and T-joints and groove welds are suitable
for butt, corner, and edge joints.

·82 For groove weld, the root opening or gap is provided for the electrode to
access the base of the joint. The size of root gap and root face depends on
the following : (i) type of welding process, (ii) welding position, (iii) volume of
deposited material, (iv)cost of preparing edges, (v)access for arc and
electrode, (vi)shrinkage and distortion.

·83 The groove is made of double-bevel or double-V for plates of thickness

more than 12mm, and made of double-U or double-J for plates of thickness
more than 40mm. For plates of thickness between 12-40mm, single-J and
single-U grooves may be used.

·84 Groove welds will transmit full load of the members they join, so they should
have the same strength as the members they join.

·85 Fillet welds require less precision in fitting up two sections. They are
adopted in field as well as shop welding. They are assumed to fail in shear
and are cheaper than groove welds.

·86 Slot and plug welds are not extensively used in steel construction. They are
used to fill up holes in connections. They are assumed to fail in shear. The
inspection of these welds is difficult. They are useful in preventing
overlapping parts from buckling.

·87 Weld metal is a mixture of parent metal and steel melted from electrode.
The solidified weld metal has properties characteristic of cast steel. It has
higher yield to ultimate ratio but lower ductility compared to structural
steel.

·88 Pre-heating of joints help to reduce heat affected zone cracks but increases
the cost of welding. It is done to remove surface moisture in highly humid
conditions, to disperse hydrogen away from weld pool and heat affected
zone, to bring steel to ambient temperature in cold climates.

·89 The production of sound welds is governed by type of joint, its preparation,
root opening, etc. The choice of electrode, welding position, welding current
and voltage, arc length, rate of travel also affect the quality of weld.

·90 Incomplete fusion may result if surfaces to be jointed have not been
cleaned properly and are coated with oxides and other foreign materials.
Insufficient current supplied by welding equipment and high rate of welding
will result in incomplete fusion.

·91 Hot cracks form as weld begin to solidify and are caused by brittle
constituents (presence of sulphur, carbon, silicon and hydrogen). They can be
prevented by more uniform heating and slower cooling.

·92 Cold cracks occur under room temperature run parallel to but under the weld
in base metal. Use of low hydrogen electrodes along with proper pre-heating
and post-heating may reduce possibility of cold cracks.
·93 The types of welded joints depends on (i) size and shape of members
connected at joint, (ii) type of loading, (iii) area available for welding at the
joint, (iv) relative cost of various types of weld

·94 Butt joints eliminates eccentricity developed using lap joints. Butt joints
minimizes the size of connection and are aesthetically pleasing over lap
joints. Butt joint obtained from full penetration groove weld has 100%
efficiency.

·95 Face reinforcement is extra weld metal that makes the throat dimensions
greater than the thickness of the welded material. The provision of
reinforcement increases the efficiency of joint and ensures that depth of
weld is at least equal to thickness of the plate.

·96 When plates of two different thicknesses and/or widths are joined, the
wider or thicker part should be reduced at the butt joint to make thickness
equal to smaller part, the slope not being steeper than one in five. When
reduction is not possible, the weld metal shall be built up at the junction
with thicker part to dimensions at least 25% greater than those of thinner
part, or alternatively to the dimensions of thicker member.

·97 Lap joints offer ease of fitting and ease of jointing. It can accommodate
minor errors in fabrication or minor adjustment in length. They are well
suited for shop as well as field welding. Connection using lap joint requires a
small number of erection bolts. The main drawback of lap joint is that it
introduces some eccentricity of loads, unless a double lap joint is used.

·98 T-joints are used to fabricate built up sections such as T-shapes, I-shapes,
plate girders, brackets and stiffeners where two plates are joined at right
angles.

·99 The following are the assumptions made in analysis of welded joints: (i)
welds connecting various joints are homogenous, isotropic and elastic
elements, (ii) parts connected by weld are rigid and their deformations are
neglected, (iii) only stresses due to external forces are considered. Effects
of residual stresses, stress concentration and shape of welds are neglected.

·100 The minimum size of fillet weld should not be less than 3mm and not
more than thickness of thinner part joined.
·101 The maximum size of fillet weld is obtained by subtracting 1.5mm
from thickness of thinner member to be jointed. The maximum size of weld
should not be more than 3/4 of the thickness of section at toe when welds
are applied to round toe of steel sections.

·102 As per IS code, the actual length of fillet weld should not be less
than four times the size of weld. If this requirement is not met, the size of
weld should be one fourth of the effective length.

·103 Effective length of fillet weld is taken equal to overall length minus
twice the weld size. The deduction is made to allow for craters to be formed
at the ends of welded length.

·104 End returns are made equal to twice the size of weld to relieve the
weld lengths from high stress concentrations at the ends.

·105 Effective throat thickness is the shortest distance from the root of
fillet weld to face of diagrammatic weld(line joining the toes). The effective
throat thickness should not be less than 3mm and it should not exceed 0.7t
or 1t, where t is thickness of thinner plate of elements being welded.
Effective throat thickness = K x size of weld, where K is a constant which
depends on angle between fusion faces.

·106 The value of K varies with angle between fusion faces. Values of K for
different angles between fusion faces are :

·107 Angle between fusion faces 60˚-90˚ 91˚-100˚ 101˚-106˚

107˚-113˚ 114˚-120˚

·108 K 0.7 0.65 0.6 0.55 0.5

·109 The length of overlap of plates to be fillet welded in lap joint should
not be less than 4 times the thickness of thinner part.

·110 Effective length of groove weld should not be less than 4 times the
weld size. Effective length of intermittent weld should not be less than 4
times the weld size, with a minimum of 40mm.

·111 Design nominal strength of fillet weld = fu/√3, where fu is smaller of

ultimate stress of weld or parent metal.
·112 When welds are subjected to compressive or tensile or shear force
alone, the stress in weld is given by q = P/ttlw , where q=shear stress in
N/mm2, P = force transmitted, tt = effective throat thickness of weld in
mm, lw = effective length of weld in mm.

·113 When fillet welds are subjected to combination of normal and shear
stress, the equivalent stress is given by fe = √(fa2+3q2), where fa = normal
stresses, compression or tension, due to axial force or bending moment, q =
shear stress due to shear force or tension.

·114 The clear spacing between effective lengths of intermittent welds

should not be less than 16 times and 12 times the thickness of thinner plate
jointed in case of tension joint and compression joint respectively, and
should never be more than 200mm.

PIN CONNECTIONS

·115 When two structural members are connected by means of cylindrical-

shaped pins, the connection is known as pinned connection. It resists
horizontal and vertical movement, but not moment.

1. What are pin connections?

·116 a) structural members connected by bolts

·117 b) structural members connected by cylindrical pins

·118 c) structural members connected by bolts and pins

·119 d) structural members connected by welding

·120 View Answer

·121

·122 Answer: b

·123 Explanation: When two structural members are connected by means

of cylindrical-shaped pins, the connection is known as pinned connection. It
resists horizontal and vertical movement, but not moment.

2. Pin connections are provided when _______ required.

·124 a) hinge joint

·125 b) fixed joint

·126 c) irrotational joint

·127 d) rigid joint

·128 View Answer

·129

·130 Answer: a

·131 Explanation: Pin connections are provided when hinged joints are
required , where zero moments or free rotation is desired and horizontal and
vertical movement are not desired.

3. Pins used for the connection _________

·132 a) does not affect secondary stresses

·133 b) increase secondary stresses

·134 c) reduce secondary stresses

·135 d) doubles secondary stresses

·136 View Answer

·137

·138 Answer: c

·139 Explanation: Pins used for the connection reduce secondary stresses.
It serves the same purpose as shank of bolt.

4. Forces acting on pin are ______ those on bolt

·140 a) less than

·141 d) equal to

·142 c) half the force

·143 d) greater than

·144 View Answer

·145

·146 Answer: d

·147 Explanation: Since only one pin is present in the connection, forces
acting on pin are greater than those on bolt.

5. In which of the following cases pin connections are not used?

·148 a) truss bridge girders

·149 b) hinged arches

·150 c) tall buildings

·151 d) diagonal bracing connection

·152 View Answer

·153

·154 Answer: c

·155 Explanation: Pin connections are used in following cases : (i) truss
bridge girders, (ii) hinged arches, (iii)tie rod connection in water tanks, (iv)as
diagonal bracing connections in beams and columns, (v)chain-link cables
suspension bridges.

6. Shear capacity of pin when rotation is allowed is given by

·156 a) 0.5fypA

·157 b) 0.6fypA

·158 c) 0.7fypA

·159 d) 0.8fypA

·160 View Answer

·161
·162 Answer: a

·163 Explanation: Shear capacity of pin is given by (i) 0.5fypA, when

rotation is required, (ii) 0.6fypA, when rotation is not required, where
fyp=design strength of pin, A = cross sectional area of pin.

7. Bearing capacity of pin when rotation is not allowed is given by

·164 a) 0.8fypdt

·165 b) 0.6fypdt

·166 c) 0.7fypdt

·167 d) 1.5fypdt

·168 View Answer

·169

·170 Answer: d

·171 Explanation: Bearing capacity of pin given by (i) 1.5fypA, when

rotation is not required, (ii) 0.8fypdt, when rotation is not required, where
fyp=design strength of pin.

8. Moment capcity of pin when rotation is not allowed is given by

·172 a) 0.8fypZ

·173 b) 0.6fypZ

·174 c) 1.5fypZ

·175 d) 2.0fypZ

·176 View Answer

·177

·178 Answer: c

·179 Explanation: Moment capacity of pin given by (i) 1.5fypZ, when

rotation is not required, (ii) 1.0fypdt, when rotation is not required, where
fyp=design strength of pin, Z=section modulus of the pin.
9. Members joined by pin connections are separated some distance _____

·180 a) to allow friction

·181 b) to allow for bolt heads

·182 c) to allow bending

·183 d) to allow to be removed

·184 View Answer Answer: b Explanation: Members joined by pin

connections are separated some distance (i) to prevent friction, (ii) to allow
for bolt heads, if the members are built up, (iii) to facilitate painting.

10. Design of pin connections is primarily governed by

·185 a) shear

·186 b) bending

·187 c) flexure

·188 d) friction

View AnswerAnswer: C Explanation: Large bending moments are generated since

members joined by pin connections are separated some distance. So the pin
diameter is generally governed by flexure.

SIMPLE CONNECTIONS

·189 1. Simple connections are used to transmit ______

·190 a) forces

·191 b) moments

·192 c) stresses

·193 d) both force and moment

·194 View Answer

·195

·196 Answer: a

·197 Explanation: Simple Connection is required to transmit

force only and there may not be any moment acting on the
group of connectors. This connection may be capable of
transmitting some amount of moment. Simple connections
are also called flexible connections.

·198 2. Which of the following statement is true?

·199 a) lap joint eliminates eccentricity of applied load, butt

joint results in eccentricity at connection

·200 b) lap joint and butt joint eliminates eccentricity at

connection

·201 c) lap joint results in eccentricity of applied load, butt

joint eliminates eccentricity at connection

·202 d) lap joint and butt joint results in eccentricity of

applied load

·203 View Answer

·204

·205 Answer: c

·206 Explanation: Lap joints and butt joints are used to

connect plates or members composed of plate elements. Lap
joint results in eccentricity of applied load, butt joint
eliminates eccentricity at connection.
·207 3. In a lap joint, at least __________ bolts should be
provided in a line.

·208 a) 0

·209 b) 1

·210 c) 2

·211 d) 3

·212 View Answer

·213

·214 Answer: c

·215 Explanation: In lap joint, members to be connected are

simply overlapped and connected together by means of bolts
and welds. To minimize the effect of bending due to
eccentricity in a lap joint, at least two bolts in a line should
be provided.

·216 4. Use of lap joints is not recommended because

·217 a) stresses are distributed unevenly

·218 b) eccentricity is eliminated

·219 c) bolts are in double shear

·220 d) no bending is produced

·221 View Answer

·222
·223 Answer: a

·224 Explanation: In lap joint the centre of gravity of load

in one member does not coincide with centre of gravity of
load in other member. It results in eccentricity of applied
loads and bending. Due to eccentricity, stresses are also not
evenly distributed, Hence lap joint is not recommended.

·225 5. Why is double cover butt joint preferred over single

cover butt joint or lap joint?

·226 a) bolts are in single shear

·227 b) eliminates eccentricity

·228 c) bending in bolts

·229 d) shear force is not transmitted

·230 View Answer

·231

·232 Answer: b

·233 Explanation: Double cover butt joint preferred over

single cover butt joint or lap joint because (i) eccentricity
of load is eliminated, hence no bending in bolts, (ii) total
shear force to be transmitted is split into two parts, hence
bolts are in double shear. Shear capacity of double cover
butt joint is double the shear capacity of single cover butt
joint or lap joint.

·234 6. Clip and seating angle connection is provided for

·235 a) lateral support

·236 b) bending support

·237 c) frictional support

·238 d) hinged support

·239 View Answer

·240

·241 Answer: a

·242 Explanation: Clip and seating angle connection transfer

reaction from beam to column through angle seat. The cleat
angle is provided for lateral or torsional support to the top
flange of the beam and bolted to the top flange.

·243 7. In flexible end plate design, beam is designed for

the

·244 a) maximum bending moment

·245 b) shear force

·246 c) torsional moment

·247 d) zero end moment

·248 View Answer

·249

·250 Answer: d

·251 Explanation: In flexible end plate design. beam is

designed for the zero end moment and the end plates
augment the web shear and bending capacity of beams.

·252 advertisement

·253

·254 8. which of the following condition is true for web side

plate connection?

·255 a) HSFG bolts should be used

·256 b) Bolts should be designed to fail by shear of bolt

·257 c) Bolts should be designed to fail by bearing of

connected plies

·258 d) Edge distances must be less than two times the bolt
diameter

·259 View Answer

·260

·261 Answer: c

·262 Explanation: The following condition must be

considered for web side plate connection (i) only ordinary
bolts should be used, (ii) bolts should be designed to fail by
bearing of connected plies ad not by shear of bolt, (iii) edge
distances must be greater than two times the bolt
diameter.