FINAL PROJECT

THEORIES OF LEARNING

This paper is submitted to fulfill

Foundation of English Education and Instruction

Supervised by
Dr. H. Fathor Rasyid, M.Pd.
and
Dr. Thoyyibah, SS., M.Pd

Written By:

Rizki Amalia Intias 926.001.18.019

ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING PROGRAM

GRADUATE PROGRAM
ISLAMIC STATE INSTITUTE OF KEDIRI
2018
THEORIES OF LEARNING

1. 1849-1936 Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

Key terms:
 Theory of stimulus-response associative conditioning
 Learning is a process of change that occurs the conditions then reaction
(response)
Impression:
This theory is suitable for learning that requires mastery of skills with training, or
requires certain behaviors in learning. And it also makes easy for educators to control
learning because individuals do not realize that they are controlled by stimuli that
come from outside themselves.
2. 1874-1949 Edward Lee Thorndike
Key terms:
 Connectionism
 The association between sense impressions and impulses to action a
bond or a connection
 Functional aspects of behavior is due mainly to the influence of Darwin
 Selecting and connecting
 Learning was incremental rather than insightful
 The spread of effect
 The law of readiness, exercise, effect.
Impression:
This theory teaches children to think linearly and convergent. Learning is a
process of forming or shaping which is to bring the child to reach or reach a
certain target.
3. 1880-1967 Gestalt Theory
Key terms:
 Cognitive
 Apply field theory from physics to the problems of psychology
 Perceptual phenomena
 The actual stimulation has changed radically
 To inhibit understanding is based on the doctrine of associationism
 Reaching an understanding involves many aspects of learner
Impression:
This theory looks the human as unique individu, they connect with the
environment around them, and this theory is more emphazise for the important
of the insight or understanding in learn anything, so they will more success to
reach comprehension in learning process.
4. 1884-1952 Clark Leonard Hull
Key terms:
 Quantitative experimental methods for learning
 Phenomenon of hypnosis
 Mathematical expressions for psychological theory
Impression:
This only happens when skills are well-learned. In contrast, if the athletic skill
is not well-learned, performance will deteriorate. This theory helps explain
why beginners find it difficult to perform well under pressure. Often beginners’
skill level decreases if they are competing in a relay race using new skills.
5. 1886-1959 Edward Chace Tolman
Key terms:
 Mixture of Gestalt and Behaviorism theory
 Learn behavior to determine cognitive processes
 Stimulus response controlled by rewards
 Physical phenomena and ignores mental aspect
Impression:
This theory shows that students should be faced with different topics and
different points of view. This process will allow students to develop cognitive
maps that will be used to answer questions about a particular topic and other
topics.
6. 1886-1959 Edwin Ray Guthrie
Key terms:
 The law of contingency
 Stimulus and response relationship variables to explain the occurrence
of the learning process
 The punishment given at the right time will be able to change a person's
behavior
 human behavior as a whole can be viewed as a series of behaviors
consisting of units
Impression:
The education process begins with stating the purpose, that is state what
response must be made to stimuli.
7. 1896-1934 Lev Vygotsky
Key terms:
 Sociocultural theory
 Social interaction plays a fundamental role in the development of
cognition
 The more complex cognitive activities of children that are governed and
influenced by several principles
 Zone of Proximal Development pertaining to the learning of children
Impression:
Vygotsky’s theory focused more upon the processes through which children
develop rather than the characteristics of that children of particular ages are
likely to demonstrate.
8. 1896-1980 Jean Piaget
Key terms:
 Sensorimotor schemata
 Interaction with the environment
Impression:
Piaget's theory argues that we have to conquer four stages of cognitive
development. First, the sensori-motor stage. Second, the pre-operational stage.
Third the concrete operational stage and fourth the formal operational stage.
9. 1904-1985 Donald Olding Hebb
Key terms:
 Cell assembly and phase sequence
 Sensory deprivation disrupts normal cognitive functioning
 An environmental cue has two function: conveys information about
environment, stimulates the reticular activating system
Impression:
This had incredible implications for physiology and psychology both, and has
recently been used in application as far-removed from psychology as
engineering and computer science
10. 1904-1990 Burrhus Frederic Skinner
Key terms:
 Theory of behaviorism
 There is interaction between stimulus (S) and response (R)
Impression:
This theory discusses problem solving and shows that it is that behavior
which is primarily effective, and hence reinforced, by producing the
controlling circumstances, principally SDS,for other, rule-governed
behavior.
11. 1916-2002 Robert Mills Gagne
Key terms:
 Learning is influenced by the growth and the environment, but the
greatest effect is the individual person's environment
 Learning is complex
 Three elements of learning: the individual study, the stimulus situation,
and respondents
 Eight types of learning, namely: signal learning, stimulus response
learning, chaining, verbal Association, discrimination learning, learning
concept, learn the rules, and problem solving learning
Impression:
This theory is only teacher centered learning, where the teacher is
authoritarian. The student only listens in an orderly manner the teacher
explains and memorizes what is heard and is seen as an effective way of
learning.
12. 1919-2011 (1997) William Kaye Estes
Key terms:
 Stimulus sampling theory
 Right and incorrect response (A1 and A2)
Impression:
The scope of the theory is very limited. Mathematical abstraction in this theory
in very limited experimental conditions.
13. 1925-1977 Albert Bandura
Key terms:
 Social Learning Theory (SLT) and Social Cognitive Learning Theory
(SCLT)
 Imitation involves the actual reproduction of observed motor activities
 Human behavior is largely self-regulated
 Intrinsic reinforcement comes from self-evaluation
 Working at goals that are too distant or too difficult can be
disappointing
 Observation, imitation, modeling
Impression:
This theory focus on how setting influences behavior places more weight on
the people and community that the child is part of, and not enough weight on
how the child handles and process new information. It neglects the child’s
accountability and may go too far in stating that society direct how the
individual behaves and acts.